. , , ,

,,,

:

: . . 51

. .

: - .

. 2002

.

. 3

STM. 4

ATM. 5

. 6

. 6

. 6

. 7

. 8

. 8

. 9

. 9

ATM. 13

. 14

B-ICI 14

PNNI. 16

DXI. 23

F-UNI. 23

NNI. 23

ATM. 24

. 25

ATM_ 26

. 27

.

. . , . . , 10Base-T, , , . , , .

:

- , .

- .

. , , , , .

 

STM.

ATM STM (Synchronous Transfer Mode), , . STM , , , . , , , , "". STM , . , , 1 N. . ( - 1 ), . . , . N, M .

STM . .

 

ATM.

. :

(, );

, , ( , , ).

, , . , , , , , , . , , , . STM .

ATM AT&T . (, ATM.) , . , , . , STM.

ATM , STM. , , - .

.

 

.

: , (cells). Ethernet , (frames). . -, , (.. ), . , . -, , : . .

, , , . (latency) - , , , . , (, ), .

, ATM ( , , ), . , . , . , ; , , , .

, , , , "" ( , ), , . , , .

 

.

ATM . , : , , - - .

, Ethernet Token Ring, - , , .

- , . . , . , , .

(Quality of Service - QoS), .. , . QoS , . - , - . , (""), , .

 

.

ATM , , , , . , , , . - .

, , . : , .

Ethernet , . Ethernet ATM: , .

ATM Ethernet. ATM , , .

ATM- Ethernet , ATM , Ethernet - . , ATM ; , "", . , .

 

.

 

.

ATM OSI - - . , , ATM , , ATM.

 

. 1 ATM OSI.

OSI, , - . (PL - Physical Layer), (ATM Layer) (AAL - ATM Adaptation Layer).

, , (User Plane).

(Control Plane) , , (Management Plane) - :

(Plane Management);

(Layer Management).

, .

 

. 2 .

 

.

ATM, . , SONET (Synchronous Optical Network)

- . : 51, 155, 622 2400 /, (SDH - Synchronous Digital Hierarchy).

SDH , , , .

ATM, OSI , . , ATM , , ATM.

ATM , ATM ATM . ATM Forum DS3 (45 /) . ATM 45 / WAN. ATM 25 155 /.

 

.

OSI , . ATM , ATM. ATM OSI, , OSI .

ATM , , , 5- ATM. , (QoS), ATM- .

ATM . , , , . : , ; , (VCI - Virtual Circuit Identifier) (VPI - Virtual Path Identifier). , VCI VPI .

 

.

ATM, ANSI, 53 : 5 , 48 - .

. 3 .

4 - , (UNI - User-to-Network Interface) (NNI - Network-to-Node Interface Network-to-Network Interface).

(GFC - Generic Flow Control) 4 UNI . NNI , .

 

. 4 .

VPI : 8 UNI 12 NNI. C 1992.ITU-T, ATM Forum.

16 . VPI VCI .

(PTI - Payload Type Identification) 3 , . , , ATM Forum , , - .

(CLP - Cell Loss Priority) - 1 , . - , 1; , , . , , , .

(HEC - Header Error Check) - , - . . , VPI/VCI .

 

.

ATM - ATM, . ; , , .

:

(PVC - Permanent Virtual Circuits);

(SVC - Switched Virtual Circuits);

(SPVC - Smart Permanent Virtual Circuits).

PVC - , . ATM- , , PVC .

PVC , , . PVC , .

SVC - , . , ATM , VCI VPI . SVC .

SVC , . ATM , , . QoS ATM.

, "": , . , , (CAC - Connection Admission Control).

SPVC - PVC SVC. PVC, SPVC . ATM- . , .

ATM PVC. SVC SPVC .

PVC SVC. , SVC, , PVC , . , PVC , ATM- , .

SVC PVC. SVC , PVC, , SVC, . , , . , SVC , , PVC , . SVC , , . , SVC : , , .

SPVC . PVC, SPVC , , . SVC, SPVC . SPVC : PVC, SPVC , - .

 

.

ATM (Virtual Path). - , , - , , , . , - "" , .

, , . . , 120 / 30 / .

 

ATM.

ATM Forum , ATM, :

User-to-Network Interface (UNI - "-") ;

Private Network-to-Network Interface (PNNI - "-") .

, ATM.

UNI, ATM Forum, , . 5 , . , -, .. - AAL . ATM, , . , .

 

5. .

 

.

.6, UNI (User-to-Network Interface), PNNI (Private Network-to-Network Inteface) B-ICI (B-ISDN Inter-Carrier Interface).

PNNI - , . PNNI : (Private Network-to-Network Inteface) - (Private Network Node Interface).

, - , , Private Public User-to-Network Interface (Private/Public UNI). Public UNI .

, B-ICI (B-ISDN Inter-Carrier Interface).

UNI, PNNI B-ICI , , , .

, B-ICI, .

. 6 B-ICI.

 B-ICI

B-ISND Public Carrier to Public Carrier Interface

. B-ICI .

(v.1.1) 1994 , PVC.

(v.2.0) 1995 PVC, SVC.

B-ICI, , 2.1 1996 . (VBR - Variable Bit Rate) , .

B-ICI :

ATM UNI

, Frame Relay, SMDS

, B-ICI .

, B-ICI , SMDS ICI, FR NNI ..

, B-ICI. -, SVC B-ICI ITU-T B-ISDN UNI 3.1. SVC B-ICI , :

- (point-to-multipoint)

CBR (Constant Bit Rate) VBR

E.164 (ATM End System Address - AESA).

2.1 B-ICI , , , .

, UNI. : (AESA) E.164.

AESA ISO NSAP : DCC (Data Country Code), ICD (International Code Designator) E.164.

E.164 - , . " E.164" E.164 AESA. ( ) " E.164": 441712506223. 44 - - , 171 - - , 2506223 - .

, B-ICI , , .

B-ICI B-ICI . , , , .

B-ICI :

,

PNNI.

Private Network to Network Interface (PNNI)

PNNI.

.7 .

PNNI - , . : , .. . PNNI .

, , PNNI , . PNNI . , , PNNI OSPF.

PNNI , .7. , 26 33 . , PNNI.

 

PNNI. .

(.7) PNNI , PNNI , - .

PNNI , Peer Groups (PG - ). Peer Groups - , , PG . (.8).

(PG) . , , ( ), .

PG , . Hello PG (PGID). PGID , PG. PG. PGID -, 13 (.10).

. .

.8 .

PG , , PG . - , - .

, VCC (Virtual Channal Connection - ), RCC (PNNI Routing Control Channel - ). Hello, -, ID ID .

, Hello . Hello PNNI PGID, PG . Hello , , .

 

. :

( )

( ), .. ,

PTSE (PNNI Topology State Element - PNNI), . PTSE , , PG PNNI. .

, .

. , SECURITY , .

- , . , .

, , . , , , . PNNI .

(Reachability Information - RI) . . RI . RI ( ) . RI , , , , - .

Hello, PG, , .. , . PTSE. PTSE PTSP (PNNI Topology State Packet - PNNI), PTSE.

PTSP PTSE , PTSE. PTSE , , .

PTSE . PTSE, , PTSE. PTSE. PTSE, , , PTSE . PTSE PG.

, PG (PGL). PG - PG. PG PG. PG - . . PGLE - - c PG. (Leadership Priority - LSP). PGLE . - , . .

, ID. PG . PG , .

PNNI PG, PG. PG . .

 

PNNI.

PNNI LGN (Logical Group Node). LGN PNNI. LGN , PNNI .

Peer Groups PNNI. LGN PG PG. , PG . LGN PNNI.

.9 LGN.

LGN ID (.9), PGID PG, . LGN -, , , SEL (.10).

PNNI Peer Groups, PNNI.

PG PG . PG , , .

PG PGID, PGID. PG .

.10

PNNI (.10).

AFI - PNNI -. SEL - PNNI. . 0 152 . 0 " -" (default route). 0 , , , .

PGID PNNI. , . , . , , PG ID "n", "0" "n-1". , , PG ID "m" PG "m+1" 104 (13 ).

PG. PG , PG, . PG . .

(.11):

( , , PG )

( , PG ).

, .

 

.11

PTSE (.11). PTSE PG PNNI.

PTSE . PTSE PG, , . PNNI . LGN PTSE PGL.

, PTSE PG.

Uplink

. , , .

. Hello. Hello, PG , , . - Nodal Hierarchy List.

Nodal Hierarchy List ( ) , (PG). ( ) , - - PG .

, , . , , UpLink.

UpLink UpNode (.12).

.12

Uplink, Hello, ULIA (UpLink Information Attribute - Uplink), Uplink.

ULIA Uplink Hello (.. ) .

Uplink PTSE, PG. PG Uplink. PG , , Uplink PG .

Uplink PTSE Uplink, (upnodes) PTSE . Uplink Hello .

PNNI.

.13 PNNI, . , PG . ..

 

.13

PNNI PNNI:

-

 

DXI.

(DXI) (, ) . DXI V.35 HSSI. HDLC. HDLC , . UNI.

F-UNI.

UNI (Frame-Based UNI - FUNI) DXI. , SAR . n64 /. . - , ( ) , Frame Relay. HDSL FUNI Frame Relay , SNMP MIB.

NNI.

UNI . GFC VPI 12 . . NNI . ( ) , , .

 

ATM.

ATM . , :

ANSI, ITU-T ITU

(ANSI) (CCITT, ) ATM B-ISDN (Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network). ITU (International Telecommunications Union - ITU). B-ISDN - , ATM . B-ISDN ATM User-to-Network Interface (UNI) Network-to-Network Interface (NNI). , :

(User Plane), UNI ATM - , ATM ATM.

(Control Plane). NNI ATM.

(Management Plane), .

 

ATM FORUM

ATM Forum, ATM, B-ISDN, , ATM . ATM, ATM Forum:

UNI;

Private NNI (PNNI);

Integrated PNNI (IPNNI);

LAN Emulation (LANE);

MultiProtocol Over ATM (MPOA).

.

, , , , . , , .

. , ,

( Public UNI)

, B-ICI

, .

, , "". , , .

. ATM . , . - , . . , , . , (Quality of Service - QoS ) . QoS , , . - , , , . , . ATM - ; - , , . ATM , , . , ATM ATM, , , .

ATM

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) - . , .

ATM Adaptation Layer - ATM. ATM, OSI. ATM AAL, - (, ).

ATM Forum. ATM, ATM.

ATM Layer - ATM. ATM, ATM. ATM OSI. ATM , , ATM.

Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN) - c . ATM, ANSI (CCITT, ). B-ISDN , ATM .

Latency - . , , , , .

Multiprotocol Over ATM (MPOA) - ATM. , ATM Forum, ATM. MPOA LANE, , .

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model - . , (International Standards Organization - ISO). OSI , .

Physical Layer - . ATM, OSI. ATM, OSI, , .

Service Categories - . , . ATM CBR, VBR, UBR ABR.

Switch - . , . , . , , .

.

1.      . .

2.      . 5, 1997.

3.      . Network Computing, 1996.

4.      , Lan Magazine, 1996.

5.      ., Lan Magazine, 1997.

6.      , 7, 1996.

7.      , 3, 1994.

8.      http://www.ruslan-com.ru/B_ICI_PNNI.htm

9.      http://www.osp.raid.ru/lan/1998/078/129.htm

 

 

 

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. , :