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Internet :
- (e-mail);
- FTP;
- World Wide Web.
.
- Internet.
Internet . , . Internet .
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1
1.1 OSI (Open System Interconnection)
, . , 堠 ࠠ 蠠 .
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ISO , . .
(ISO) (Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)). .
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1.2
1.2.1 NetBEUI
NetBIOS Extended User Interface NetBIOS
NetBEUI , . , , . , , . , . .
-
-
-
- , Lan Manager Windows 3.11
- -
1.2.2 IPX/SPX
IPX/SPX , . . IPX/SPX , , .
IPX/SPX , .
1.2.3 TCP/IP
TCP/IP , , TCP, UDP, ARP . . , . , TCP/IP:
- Unix
- ,
- WindowsNT Socket SQL Server
- .
- DHCP WINS TCP/IP. DHPC WINS IP- NetBIOS.
TCP/IP . , -. - TCP/IP , - IPX/SPX.
1.3
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1.3.1
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1.3.2
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1.3.3 thernet-
Ethernet- 50 . Ethernet (thick) (yellow cable). 15- . . 500 , Ethernet - 3000 . Ethernet-, , . .
1.3.4 heapernt-
, Ethernet- Cheapernet- , , (thin) Ethernet. 50- 10 / .
hnt- . Cheapernet- . (-50). . (T-connectors).
300 , Cheapernet- - 1000 . Cheapernet , ,
1.3.5
" " UTP (twisted pair). () , , .
, . . (STP), .. , , . . . , .
100 /, 1000 1 /.
. 1 2 . 3 10 /. 4 16 /, 5 100 /. 5 .
1.3.6 - .
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. 50 . . ( ). , . , . .
1.3.7
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1.4
1.4.1
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1.4.2
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1.4.3
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Ethernet Cheapernet-ae . , .
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1.4.4
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1.5
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1.6
. , , . , , , . , , . , , . , , . , , . , , . IPX/SPX TCP/IP. , , . .
1.7
(, NetBEUI). - . . (transparent routing ), (source routing ). . . Lan Manager, Windows NT Server.
1.8
1.8.1 X.25
X.25 (9600 /) ( ) . X.25 ISDN . , X.25 , .
. . " X.25 X.25". X.25 . , . , , , .
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1.8.2 .
. 28,8 / 57,6 152 /. , . , , .
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, 33,6 56 /, . , , , , , . , 56 / , . , "-".
1.8.3 ISDN
ISDN X.25 . , ISDN . , , X.25. , ISDN .
2
TCP/IP : SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ), POP (Post Office Protocol ) MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions ). , . , (IMAP Interactive Mail Access Protocol), RFC 1176 , POP. , POP. PCMAIL, RFC 1056, . , .
"-". . - SMTP (Internet Mail, Netscape Messager, Eudora, Outlook Express ..) (sendmail, smail, ntmail ..), - , - POP2 IMAP
2.1 SMTP.
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP, RFC-821, -822) . SMTP - , . SMTP , Internet.
SMTP : - - (TCP, 25). . SMTP- . .
, MAIL, . , . RCPT, . , . , . .
, SMTP:
Helo <-> |
SMTP- |
Mail from: < > |
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Rcpt to: < > |
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Data |
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Rset |
|
Vrfy <> |
|
Help [] |
on-line |
Quit |
SMTP- |
SMTP
Data . , . , , .
SMTP , . , . -, - . POP.
TCP/IP SMTP. , , , TCP/IP (Fido, Goldnet, AT50).
2.2 POP (Post Office Protocol)
POP -. SMTP Internet, POP .
Telnet , . , DOS.
POP POP2 POP3. POP2 RFC 937 109. POP3 RFC 1725 110. , , .
POP3.
POP2 POP3:
Helo |
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Fold _ |
|
Read [n] |
, n |
Retr |
|
Acks |
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|
Quit |
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POP2
User |
|
Pass |
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Stat |
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n |
Last |
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List [n] |
n |
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1 |
Top n m |
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Quit |
POP3 |
POP3
-, , 110- - , . -, TCP- 110 . . . - .
- - ,
,
-
-
.
- . TCP- - , (AUTHORIZATION state). -, . . .
- (TRANSACTION state). .
( QUIT), UPDATE - . - ( - COMMIT) TCP-.
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2.3
Internet RFC-822 (Standard for ARPA Internet Text Message). 47 , . : , . . . . RFC-822 . . . ":". Date, From To, :
Date: Wed May 10 18:31:21 2000
From: postcards@postcards.mail.ru
To: hetene@mail.ru
Date , From - , To (). , To , . , www.anekdot.ru anekdot-daily@lists.cityline.ru . , , . , 9- , , 10-, 11- . . . .
:
Date: Tue May 9 12:21:18 2000
From: ykovrizhnykh@online.kz
Sender: admin@online.kz
To: hetene@mail.ru
Message-ID: <4231.629.XYzi-admin@online.kz>
Sender , ykovrizhnykh@online.kz . , admin@online.kz. Message-ID . :
Date: 16 Mon Feb 2000 16:53:33
From: Ken Davis
Subject: Re: The Syntax in the RFC
Sender: KSecy@Other-host
Reply-To: Sam.Irving@Reg.Organization
To: hetene@mail.ru
cc: Important folks
Comment: New company launced.
In-Reply-To:
Message-ID: <4331.629.XYzi-What@Other-Host
Subject , Reply-To - , , Comment - , In-Reply-To - , " , , ...".
, . RFC-1327 X.400. , , RFC-822. , From, UUCP- , , "". Received: . .
2.4
2.4.1
hetene@mail.ru
, "@". @ , , - , .
, . (, polina), (korotaev), ). @ ()
2.4.2
, , , . ( ":" ), - , , , .
, , , , ; - , , , , . . , , , , , .
( ru) , . ru - , kz . . , uk , mathew@montis.co.uk JANET.
- . , , , edu - , gov :
lamaster@george.arc.nasa.gov
, , , us . ARPANET , , . , , , . .
, , RFC822. ࠠ @., .
, , ( ru, mil, BITNET bitnet). , avg@hq.demos.ru demos , hq demos.
lamaster@george.arc.nasa.gov gov , , nasa , - NASA, arc NASA - Ames Research Center, george .
, , () - - . , , .
, , ux.cso.uiuc.edu, . , () DNS, . DNS . :
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2.5 Cookies
Cookie - , Netscape Microsoft Internet Explorer , cookie. cookie . , Netscape Navigator "cookies.txt". , .
Microsoft's cookie "Cookies." "Windows" . cookie . .
Cookie - . Cookie , , . Cookie , , . , , Wall Street Journal, cookies .
ookies . Infoseek. Infoseek . . , cookie - "B94FD6E51D3352909227124F8A3D0AC3". , , , . , , -, .
2.5.1 Cookies?
Cookies - , . Cookies . BirdgePath, , Mail.ru cookies . cookie . .
Cookies , . , Cold Fusion .
, Cookies. Cookie . . . . Cookie, , . , .
2.5.2 Cookies Mail.ru
www.mail.ru Cookies . . , . , , , .. Cookies . 2 . .
, , , . ( Cookie - ). , - , . .
:
-
-
-
-
-
" " , Mail.Ru . " " " " . , .
" " Mail.Ru . , .
" ", Mail.Ru , HTML-, "Back" "Forward" .
" " , IP- .
. (SMTP), (POP) TCP/IP. , , , . , , , . Cookies.
, . , , .
1. TCP/IP , BHV, 1997
2. Windows NT4 : , 1998
3. .. - . .: , 1995.
4. COMPUTERCLUB . , 11, 1999
5. http://cp.ru/goods/common/html/tech/cookies.html
6. http://www.netscape.com/newsfer/std/cookie_spec.html
7. http://www.citforum.ru ,
8. http://astu.secna.ru/russian/students/personal/
SMTP
telnet www.mail.ru 25
220 f10.mail.ru ESMTP Exim 3.14 #4 Tue, 20 Jun 2000 09:18:49 +0400
helo smtp.mail.ru
250 f10.mail.ru Hello host7.online.kz [212.19.133.7]
mail from: hetene@mail.ru
250
rcpt to: miracle46@mail.ru
250
data
354 Enter message, ending with "." on a line by itself
Hello, Helen!!! I'm doing my work. Checking!!
.
250 OK id=134GSH-000I8j-00
quit
250 f10.mail.ru closed connection
, , , . DATA , .
POP3
telnet www.mail.ru 110
+OK mPOP POP3 server ready <68437.961478642@mail.ru>
user hetene
+OK Password required for user hetene
pass parol
+OK hetene's maildrop has 8 messages (20832 octets)
stat
+OK 8 20832
list
+OK 8 messages (20832 octets)
1 1731
2 1621
3 2223
4 3308
5 2031
6 5753
7 2401
8 1764
.
quit
+ok mPOP POP3 server exiting
Connection close by foreign host.
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