. , , ,

,,,

Internet :

-    (e-mail);

-    FTP;

-    World Wide Web.

.

- Internet.

Internet . , . Internet .

. - , () - , , , , .

, "". , - , .

1

1.1 OSI (Open System Interconnection)

, . , 堠 ࠠ 蠠 .

, .

, . , , (ISO International Standards Organization).

ISO , . .

(ISO) (Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)). .

:

1: - ;

2: - , ;

3: - , ;

4: - ;

5: - ;

6: - ;

7: - .

, , . , . - .

, , .

, .

( 7 1) ( 1 7). , .

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1.

, , . 1- .

2.

, 1- , "", . , , , .

3.

. , . , , . , , - .25 ( ).

4.

. , , , , .

5.

, . , , . , , , .

6.

, . , .

7. .

. .

( : "0" "1").

- . 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- 8- .

: 16 , 5- - 32 , 6- - 64 , 7- - 128 8- - 256 - .

:

1) 7- , , .

2) 7- . 8- .

, , . .

:

1.2

1.2.1 NetBEUI

NetBIOS Extended User Interface NetBIOS

NetBEUI , . , , . , , . , . .

-      

-      

-      

-       , Lan Manager Windows 3.11

-       -

1.2.2 IPX/SPX

IPX/SPX , . . IPX/SPX , , .

IPX/SPX , .

1.2.3 TCP/IP

TCP/IP , , TCP, UDP, ARP . . , . , TCP/IP:

-       Unix

-       ,

-       WindowsNT Socket SQL Server

-       .

-       DHCP WINS TCP/IP. DHPC WINS IP- NetBIOS.

TCP/IP . , -. - TCP/IP , - IPX/SPX.

1.3

, . :

-      

-      

-       ( - ())

-      

, , , . .

 

1.3.1

. , .

, ( ). 1 10 /, 50 /. .

 

1.3.2

, , . 500 /. 1,5 , (). 10 .

 

1.3.3 thernet-

Ethernet- 50 . Ethernet (thick) (yellow cable). 15- . . 500 , Ethernet - 3000 . Ethernet-, , . .

1.3.4 heapernt-

, Ethernet- Cheapernet- , , (thin) Ethernet. 50- 10 / .

hnt- . Cheapernet- . (-50). . (T-connectors).

300 , Cheapernet- - 1000 . Cheapernet , ,

 

1.3.5

" " UTP (twisted pair). () , , .

, . . (STP), .. , , . . . , .

100 /, 1000 1 /.

. 1 2 . 3 10 /. 4 16 /, 5 100 /. 5 .

1.3.6 - .

, . , . , - , , . . . .

. 50 . . ( ). , . , . .

1.3.7

-

-

. .

1.4

1.4.1

, . .

. () .

, . , .

: .

. ( ) , . .

. . .

- . .

1.4.2

, .. 1 2, 3 4 .. . .

, (, ).

. , . , . . , .

, , . .

, . , , , .

. 蠠 ࠠ 堠 . 堠 (Hub - ), 򠠠 . 򠠠 ࠠ 頠 󠠠 蠠 蠠 堠 . 򠠠 4  16 . 頠  ( ).

, . , ( ). () , .

1.4.3

, , . , .

, . . . () , , , . , .

, , . .

Ethernet Cheapernet-ae . , .

, / .

, , , .. .

( ) , . , . , , .

(Terminal Access Point - ). . .

, , , . , .. . . , ( ), .

1.4.4

-

1.5

, . , . , , , .

1.6

. , , . , , , . , , . , , . , , . , , . , , . IPX/SPX TCP/IP. , , . .

1.7

(, NetBEUI). - . . (transparent routing ), (source routing ). . . Lan Manager, Windows NT Server.

1.8

1.8.1 X.25

X.25 (9600 /) ( ) . X.25 ISDN . , X.25 , .

. . " X.25 X.25". X.25 . , . , , , .

, , .

1.8.2 .

. 28,8 / 57,6 152 /. , . , , .

. , . 28,8 / . , - .

, 33,6 56 /, . , , , , , . , 56 / , . , "-".

1.8.3 ISDN

ISDN X.25 . , ISDN . , , X.25. , ISDN .

2

TCP/IP : SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ), POP (Post Office Protocol ) MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions ). , . , (IMAP Interactive Mail Access Protocol), RFC 1176 , POP. , POP. PCMAIL, RFC 1056, . , .

"-". . - SMTP (Internet Mail, Netscape Messager, Eudora, Outlook Express ..) (sendmail, smail, ntmail ..), - , - POP2 IMAP

2.1 SMTP.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP, RFC-821, -822) . SMTP - , . SMTP , Internet.

SMTP : - - (TCP, 25). . SMTP- . .

, MAIL, . , . RCPT, . , . , . .

, SMTP:

Helo <->

SMTP-

Mail from: < >

Rcpt to: < >

Data

Rset

Vrfy <>

Help []

on-line

Quit

SMTP-

SMTP

Data . , . , , .

SMTP , . , . -, - . POP.

TCP/IP SMTP. , , , TCP/IP (Fido, Goldnet, AT50).

2.2 POP (Post Office Protocol)

POP -. SMTP Internet, POP .

Telnet , . , DOS.

POP POP2 POP3. POP2 RFC 937 109. POP3 RFC 1725 110. , , .

POP3.

POP2 POP3:

Helo

Fold _

Read [n]

, n

Retr

Acks

Ackd

Quit

POP2

POP2

User

Pass

Stat

/

Retr n

n

Dele n

n

Last

List [n]

n

Rset

1

Top n m

m n

Quit

POP3

POP3

-, , 110- - , . -, TCP- 110 . . . - .

- - , , - . 512 . - : ("+") ("-ERR"). - , , .

- . . , "." ( - 046) , . . "CRLF.CRLF".

- . TCP- - , (AUTHORIZATION state). -, . . .

- (TRANSACTION state). .

( QUIT), UPDATE - . - ( - COMMIT) TCP-.

, , - .

- . "" ("idle") . , TCP-, UPDATE ( , - ROLLBACK).

2.3

Internet RFC-822 (Standard for ARPA Internet Text Message). 47 , . : , . . . . RFC-822 . . . ":". Date, From To, :

Date: Wed May 10 18:31:21 2000

From: postcards@postcards.mail.ru

To: hetene@mail.ru

Date , From - , To (). , To , . , www.anekdot.ru anekdot-daily@lists.cityline.ru . , , . , 9- , , 10-, 11- . . . .

:

Date: Tue May 9 12:21:18 2000

From: ykovrizhnykh@online.kz

Sender: admin@online.kz

To: hetene@mail.ru

Message-ID: <4231.629.XYzi-admin@online.kz>

Sender , ykovrizhnykh@online.kz . , admin@online.kz. Message-ID . :

Date: 16 Mon Feb 2000 16:53:33

From: Ken Davis

Subject: Re: The Syntax in the RFC

Sender: KSecy@Other-host

Reply-To: Sam.Irving@Reg.Organization

To: hetene@mail.ru

cc: Important folks

Comment: New company launced.

In-Reply-To: , George`s message

Message-ID: <4331.629.XYzi-What@Other-Host

Subject , Reply-To - , , Comment - , In-Reply-To - , " , , ...".

, . RFC-1327 X.400. , , RFC-822. , From, UUCP- , , "". Received: . .

2.4

2.4.1

hetene@mail.ru

, "@". @ , , - , .

, . (, polina), (korotaev), ). @ ()

2.4.2

, , , . ( ":" ), - , , , .

, , , , ; - , , , , . . , , , , , .

( ru) , . ru - , kz . . , uk , mathew@montis.co.uk JANET.

- . , , , edu - , gov :

lamaster@george.arc.nasa.gov

, , , us . ARPANET , , . , , , . .

, , RFC822. ࠠ @., .

, , ( ru, mil, BITNET bitnet). , avg@hq.demos.ru demos , hq demos.

lamaster@george.arc.nasa.gov gov , , nasa , - NASA, arc NASA - Ames Research Center, george .

, , () - - . , , .

, , ux.cso.uiuc.edu, . , () DNS, . DNS . :

-    , , .

-    , - . , DNS(Domain Name System) , -. .

-    , , .

? , , ( , , edu). , edu. , uiuc. cso. , cso ux, , .

2.5 Cookies

Cookie - , Netscape Microsoft Internet Explorer , cookie. cookie . , Netscape Navigator "cookies.txt". , .

Microsoft's cookie "Cookies." "Windows" . cookie . .

Cookie - . Cookie , , . Cookie , , . , , Wall Street Journal, cookies .

ookies . Infoseek. Infoseek . . , cookie - "B94FD6E51D3352909227124F8A3D0AC3". , , , . , , -, .

2.5.1 Cookies?

Cookies - , . Cookies . BirdgePath, , Mail.ru cookies . cookie . .

Cookies , . , Cold Fusion .

, Cookies. Cookie . . . . Cookie, , . , .

2.5.2 Cookies Mail.ru

www.mail.ru Cookies . . , . , , , .. Cookies . 2 . .

, , , . ( Cookie - ). , - , . .

:

-      

-      

-      

-      

-      

" " , Mail.Ru . " " " " . , .

" " Mail.Ru . , .

" ", Mail.Ru , HTML-, "Back" "Forward" .

" " , IP- .

. (SMTP), (POP) TCP/IP. , , , . , , , . Cookies.

, . , , .

1.     TCP/IP , BHV, 1997

2.     Windows NT4 : , 1998

3.     .. - . .: , 1995.

4.     COMPUTERCLUB . , 11, 1999

5.     http://cp.ru/goods/common/html/tech/cookies.html

6.     http://www.netscape.com/newsfer/std/cookie_spec.html

7.     http://www.citforum.ru ,

8.     http://astu.secna.ru/russian/students/personal/

SMTP

telnet www.mail.ru 25

220 f10.mail.ru ESMTP Exim 3.14 #4 Tue, 20 Jun 2000 09:18:49 +0400

helo smtp.mail.ru

250 f10.mail.ru Hello host7.online.kz [212.19.133.7]

mail from: hetene@mail.ru

250 is syntactically correct

rcpt to: miracle46@mail.ru

250 verified

data

354 Enter message, ending with "." on a line by itself

Hello, Helen!!! I'm doing my work. Checking!!

.

250 OK id=134GSH-000I8j-00

quit

250 f10.mail.ru closed connection

, , , . DATA , .

POP3

telnet www.mail.ru 110

+OK mPOP POP3 server ready <68437.961478642@mail.ru>

user hetene

+OK Password required for user hetene

pass parol

+OK hetene's maildrop has 8 messages (20832 octets)

stat

+OK 8 20832

list

+OK 8 messages (20832 octets)

1 1731

2 1621

3 2223

4 3308

5 2031

6 5753

7 2401

8 1764

.

quit

+ok mPOP POP3 server exiting

Connection close by foreign host.

Internet : - (e-mail); - FTP; - World Wide Web

 

 

 

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. , :