. , , ,

,,,

,

- , , : (), .

(Wide Area Networks, WAN) .

- . , . TCP/IP. , , , . (URL-) (, ) , , , , .


1.

20 , ARPAnet. ARPAnet , - , , , , , , . Internet. ARPAnet - - ( ). : . Internet IP. IP . , IP- , IP ( ..). (Organization for International Standardization ISO) , , , . Internet IP- . . , . , , .

10 ARPAnet (LAN), , Ethernet . , . UNIX. Internet (IP). : ARPAnet . , , IP . , , , .

NSFNET, (National Science Foundation NSF). 80- NSF , . , . . : . ARPAnet, , .

NSF , IP ARPAnet. 56 KBPS (7 KB/s). , , , .. , . . . , . , .

, , . , . , , . () , , . 1987 . Merit Network Inc., IBM MCI. ( 20 ) . .

. , . , , Internet - . , , .


2.

- , .

(service provider) , . , , , , - .

, . : , , , .

- , . DCE (Data Circuit terminating Equipment) , . . , DSU/CSU.

DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) , . DTE , , . DTE - , , , - .

, . : (Data Service Unit - DSU), (Channel Service Unit - CSU). DSU , DTE. CSU , . CSU , (). , DSU/CSU.

DTE , , DCE. DTE DCE. DTE DCE , CPE (Customer Premises Equipment). - .

, . . , . : ; ; ; ; , , , ; . 3 : , , . , , , . . 512 4 . .

- , . , . . , . .


3. .

1. IP-. IP- ( : 123.123.123.123).

, , IP . IP- : 127.12.232.56 , 8- ( 0 255 ), . IP 4 . IP , . IP . IP-: (, 127.0.0.1 , , 255 ).

: ( ). , , IP- , ? "" , , ? , , , , , . . , , . , 1 , 11 ( ) . . , , HTTP, WWW (World Wide Web, ).

, "", . , , , . , ( , , ).

, , 1 10 - IP-. , IP- , . . , 10. . , " " . IP- A, B, C D.

: 1, . 1 , 3 . 224. ( 1.0.0.0. 126.0.0.0.)

: 128, . 2 , 2 . 216. ( 128.0.0.0. 191.255.0.0.)

: 192, . 3 , 1 . 28. ( 192.0.0.0. 223.255.255.0.)

D: 224, D. ( 224.0.0.0. 239.255.255.255.) D, .

E: 240, E. ( 240.0.0.0. 247.255.255.255.) .

2. (DNS). , , . DNS IP- . .

DNS , . (RU, UA ..) (COM, NET ..). , (msk, nsk, spb ..), - , , . .. "" : ....ru

. , , .

: COM ~20000000, NET ~7000000, DE~6000000, RU ~200000 . (COM - 12 , RU - 7 ). COM NET , , . RU , , .. .

3. (). . (.ru, .ru, .ru, .ru). , : .ru ( ). (-.ru, -.ru). . .

RU 10 - 25% RU, .


4.

4.1

IP

IP (Internet Protocol) , , . IP ArpaNet, , .

IP , , , . . IP- , , , . ( (intranet) , ), . , . , . . 2.1 IP-.


4.1. IP-

A 1-126 126
B 128-191 16382
C 192-223 2097150
D 224-239 -
E 240-247 -

, . , , , . D, : , . 127 , , IP-, , , . , IP-, . . 2.2.

4.2. IP-

IP-
0.0.0.0
. 0.0.0 IP-
0.0.0. IP-
1.1.1.1 IP-
. 1.1.1 IP-

.

IP- , , , . IP- - (Stanford Research Institute, SRI International), -, , . IP- , . SRI International, Room EJ210, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA, no 1-800-235-3155 , http://www.sri.com. , 510 , IP- , IP-. , IP- , . IP- , . , , . IP-, 197.112.., , , . , IP, IP- . IP-, . , IP-, : , IP-, , , , . IP- 255.255.255.0: 256 , 254 . , , , 256, 255.255.255.195. 1024 , 60.

, IP, IP- : , 192.112.85.7 Localhost. IP- hosts, ; , Microsoft Windows XP flKCK:\Windows\system32\drivers\etc\. IP- : , IP- , , IP- . , #. hosts :

192.112.85.7 localhost # 192.112.85.1 server # 192.112.85.2 director # 192.112.85.5 admin #

, hosts - , . , IP-, , , . IP-, , IP IP- IP-, . . IP- networks, , hosts. , : < > < > [...] [#<>] , , IP- ( , , ), , : , - ; , , , . networks :

loopback 127 marketing 192.112.85 # buhgalteria 192.112.81 # workshop 192.112.80 # workgroup 192.112.10 localnetwork #

hosts networks IP , .

IPX

IPX (Internet Packet Exchange) , , Nowell Netware. , . Nowell, TCP/IP , . IP, IPX 576 , 30 . IPX , , , , . , IPX, . IPX , , . IPX , . IPX , :

  , (2 );

  (2 );

  (1 );

  (4 );

  (6 );

  (2 );

  - (4 );

  - (6 );

  - (2 );

  (0-546 ).

.

4.2

. .

TCP

IP . , TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), IP.

TCP , , , IP-. . TCP IP , : TCP/IP. TCP/IP- , , 1 1500 , .

. TCP. - , TCP , .

, , , - . TCP . , , -. - , . , TCP .

, TCP - . - -, . . , . , TCP , .

TCP . , , . TCP TCP/IP, , .

SPX

, TCP IP-, , IPX, SPX (Sequenced Pocket eXchange). SPX :

  ;

  ( );

  ;

  ;

  .

SPX IPX , IPX/SPX. Nowell Netware, Microsoft Windows 9x/Me/NT/2000/XP, Unix/Linux OS/2.

NetBIOS/NetBEUI

IBM NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System) , Nowell Netware OS/2, Microsoft Windows, Unix- . , : IPX/SPX, , .

, NetBIOS , , . NetBIOS 16 , (permanent name), . , NetBIOS , * , . , , , .

NetBIOS ; , .

, NetBIOS, IBM , NetBEUI (NetBIOS Extended User Interface). , 150-200 , , ( NetBEUI , , ), Microsoft Windows XP, Windows 9//2000.

4.3

, . IP- TCP , . TCP/IP.

FTP

, FTP (File Transfer Protocol) . . FTP , , . FTP, .

SMTP

, , SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) (Post Office Protocol), , .

e-mail . , SMTP , , . , SMTP , .

HTTP

HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) , , HTML XML, -. -, -, , Microsoft Internet Explorer Netscape Communicator.

HTTP http- ; HTTP (DNS, Domain Name System), , URL (Uniform Resource Locator) http:/ /www.domain.zone/page.htm (.html).

TELNET

TELNET ASCII. , TELNET , telnet-, , , . , (, ). , , , , , , . , Telnet . , UNIX , MS Windows.

UDP

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) .

, . , .

UDP, , , TCP, : UDP , . UDP : UDP-, . , .

, UDP , : - UDP , TCP.

ip


4.4

, 13 000 , . , , IP. , , IP, . .

, . , , , . , , , IP- IP-


5.

5.1

VBA (Visual Basic for Applications - ) , , . VBA Word, Excel, Access, PowerPoint, Visio, Outlook, CorelDraw, Open Office . , VBA Excel, , Excel, VBA for Word - Word .

, . : -- Visual Basic. Project Explorer ( ) (Insert - Module), ( 1) . (), .

(. 1.)


Excel, : - - : . - . . , , , , . , . - !

Visual Basic Project Explorer, Insert Module (.1.). : Visual Basic Insert-Module (.2.).

(.2.) (.3.)

(.4.).


(.4.)

5.2

, , .

5.3

, , , (. 1, .1.). (. ), , , 0, . , (. 1, .2.) , .


5.4

Dim vrtP As Variant ' P

Dim vrtS As Variant ' S

Dim vrtT As Variant '

Dim vrtI As Variant ' I

Private Sub Cmd_Click() '

vrtP = Val(TextBox1.Text) ' vrtP TextBox1

vrtS = Val(TextBox2.Text) ' vrtS TextBox2

vrtT = Val(TextBox3.Text) ' vrtT TextBox3

If vrtP = 0 Or vrtP < 0 Then ' , vrtP 0

MsgBox ("Chislo dolzno bit' bol'she 0!") '

Else '

If vrtS = 0 Or vrtS < 0 Then ' , vrtS 0

MsgBox ("Chislo dolzno bit' bol'she 0!") '

End If '

If vrtT = 0 Or vrtT < 0 Then ' , vrtT 0

MsgBox ("Chislo dolzno bit' bol'she 0!") '

End If '

If vrtP >= vrtS Then ' , vrtP vrtS

MsgBox ("Summa k vozvratu dolzna bit' bol'she summi kredita!") '

Else '

vrtI = (vrtS - vrtP) / vrtP * vrtT ' vrtI

TextBox4.Text = vrtI ' vrtI TextBox4

End If '

End If '

End Sub '

Private Sub Cmd1_Click() '

TextBox1.Text = " " ' TextBox1

TextBox2.Text = "" ' TextBox2

TextBox3.Text = "" ' TextBox3

TextBox4.Text = "" ' TextBox4

End Sub '


Internet , . . Internet 400%, 300%. . Microsoft 21 , 5-10 . , Internet .


:

1.  . , . , . ; , - , . 2002.

2.  .. , , -, . 2004

3.  .., .., ո .., ո. : . / . 1999.

4.  . . Visual Basic 6.0: Visual Basic 6.0 / -, 2003.

5.  .


.1

.2

- , , : (),

 

 

 

! , , , .
. , :