. , , ,

,,,

: , — ,


  1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 .

  2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 .

  3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 .

  4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 .

  5. TCP/IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 .

  6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 .

  7. Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 .

  8. Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 .

  9. - XX . . . . 19 .

  10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 .

  11. Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 .

  12. WWW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 .

  13. Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 .

  14. Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 .

  15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 .


1.

, . 15 30 150 . 7 10 . , , , . , . , - , , . , , , , . , , . , .


2.

1961 Defense Advanced Research Agency (DARPA) . , ARPANET, . ARPANET. TCP/IP.

ARPANET , , . 1975 ARPANET . Defense Communication Agency (DCA), Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA). ARPANET , TCP/IP .

1983 TCP/IP, Military Standards (MIL STD), , , , . DARPA Berkley Software Design TCP/IP Berkley (BSD) UNIX. TCP/IP UNIX.

TCP/IP , , . 1983 ARPANET MILNET, Defense Data Network (DDN) . : MILNET ARPANET. 1991 ARPANET , , , .


2.1

, TCP/IP, . . , Relcom, Sprint, Glasnet, Rosnet . : , , . , . TCP/IP, .


3.


3.1. .

- , () - , , . . - , .


:

  1. , :

) .

) ,

.

  1. .

  2. Internet.

:

  1. ,

BBS.

  1. Internet.

  2. - , .


, , . . : MNP 1,2,3 4; V.42 LAPM. : V.42, MNP4, MNP3, MNP2 MNP1. .


3.2. 1/3.

1/3 . 1 1,54 /, 3 - 44,76 /. 1 24 64 /, . , , - , . 1 , , Web-.


3.3.

Internet , . .

Hughes Systems DirectPC. DirectPC , , ISA . - 11,7 / ( ). , , , .. . Hughes , 400 /. DirectPC , , DirectPC. - , ; , Web. , , . , .


3.3.1 ( ).

AmericaOnLine Hughes Electronics .

Hughes Electronics DirectTV DirectPC, .

Hughes, , DirectTV DirectPC AOL. AmericaOnLine, , - AOL TV. 16 AOL CompuServe DirectTV/AOL TV. AOL TV 7 DirectTV.

AmericaOnLine DirectPC. AOL-Plus DSL, , , Hughes, .

AmericaOnLine Hughes SpaceWay, .


3.4. .

, . . , , . , , , , , . - ISDN, SMDS, xDSL, , , .


3.4.1. ISDN.

. - CCITT , . , - , ISDN - . ISDN , () , (, , ). ISDN - , 5 6 , .

ISDN , .


3.4.1.1.

ISDN - 20 .

ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) EuroISDN, . ISDN. ISDN, .


3.4.1.2. ISDN

, ? ISDN . ISDN ISDN. ISDN , ISDN. ISDN . ISDN , . -, . 7 .


3.4.1.3.

, .. . .

, .

ISDN , . , , , , .

LAN, LAN, Internet ISDN . , , , . , , .

, , (Connect on demand) - . . , , .

(ISDN). , , . . , LAN .

(Bandwidth on demand). B- . PPP, Internet, Multilink PPP (MPPP). - c .

ISDN " " , , , , ..

ISDN , () . ISDN . , , .

. :

ISDN

()

ISDN

4200

ISDN

3800

ISDN

1000

ISDN - ( 8 )

50

, . ISDN- (dial-up). ISDN- 64 /, . , , ISDN . , .


3.4.2. SMDS

SMDS - , 56 / 34 /. . SMDS , .. . SMDS , , . , SDMS. SMDS . , , .


3.4.3. xDSL

DSL - , , , . - , . - , .

DSL , . DSL - , . xDSL , , xDSL , .. .

xDSL , , , - .

"" . 11- , , ( HDSL ADSL). , DSL . DSL (ADSL, HDSL, IDSL SDSL) , DSL. , ( ) DSL , . xDSL.


DSL

160 /

160 /

ISDN,

HDSL

1,54 /

2

1,54 /

2

T1, LAN, WAN,

HDSL

2,05 /

3

2,05 /

3

E1, WAN, LAN,

ADSL

1,5-9 /

16-640 /

Internet, LAN, ,

VDSL

13-52 /

1,5-2,3 /

Internet, LAN, , , HDTV

Raid-Internet

()

MSDSL ( 2,3 / )

80

ADSL

80


3.5. World Water Web ( ).

(Deep Lake), , . , , .

, . , - . , , , . , ( on-line ). , , , , , , .


4. .

, Internet (Internet Society, ISOC), TCP/IP. TCP/IP , RFC (Reguest For Comments). , .

  • Internet (ISOC) 1992 . - , , .

  • Internet (IAB, Internet Architecture Board) ISOC. Internet, RFC . IAB IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), IRTF (Internet Research Task Force). Internet (IETF) Internet, . IANA , Internet. IRTF TCP/IP.

  • RFC. TCP/IP (Request For Comments). Internet. TCP/IP RFC.

TCP/IP , , . ISOC RFC. , RFC, (assigned a classification). , , . RFC:

  • Required () - TCP/IP .

  • Recommended () - RFC TCP/IP . RFC .

  • Elective () - . , .

  • Limited Use ( ) - .

  • Not recommended - .


5. TCP/IP


5.1. TCP/IP.

TCP/IP , DARPA 60- - 70- . TCP/IP .

1970 . ARPANet NCP (Network Control

Protocol).

1972 . . Telnet RFC 318.

1973 . FTP (File Transfer Protocol).

1974 . Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).

1981 . IP.

1982 . DSA (Defense Communication Agency) ARPA

TCP IP TCP/IP.

1983 . ARPANet NCP TCP/IP.

1984 . (DNS).


5.2. TCP/IP 20 ARPANet . TCP/IP, , Unix. TCP/IP. Internet .

TCP/IP : - Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, - SLIP, PPP, X.25 ISDN. IP , TCP .

TCP/IP . , FTP, SMTP, Internet, WWW .

TCP/IP . , Internet 10 , TCP/IP.

Internet - TCP/IP, Internet, - IPX/SPX Novell. , TCP/IP, , IPX/SPX, , . TCP/IP , .

TCP/IP Internet Internet , , , Internet, TCP/IP. Internet, TCP/IP IP-.

TCP/IP Internet, , , , . , , , . , , . (). , , . IP .


6.


6.1.

, , . : , , , , . . : . (com , edu , gov ..), , , . , , “ ” , . , ru su. , , . , . , " ” ur.etel.ru. ru , etel , ( ), ur . , , , . . . , . , , .


6.2. IP

, IP . IP , 0 255. IP ftp- Microsoft ( , ) 189.105.232.1. , , . , , , . ? -, , . , . , , . -, IP , .

( ) , , . . , ( ), . , Internet, IP-

, , IP-, .


6.3.

IP , IP- . : , 0 255. 255.255.255.???, , . .


6.4. Gateway ()

IP- , . .


6.5. DNS-

, IP-, , IP- , , (domain name service).


6.6. Proxy

, : , . , proxy-. , . , , . proxy- .

proxy- , . Proxy- , (, MS Internet Explorer). - .


6.7. (mirror)

. , , .


6.8. URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

, , ( ) . URL:

ftp://ur.etel.ru/distr/index.txt file //ur.etel.ru/distr/index.txt http //ur.etel.ru/default.htm news alt.hypertext telnet://dra.corn

URL : ( ) (file ftp FTP, http MS Internet Explorer Netscape Navigator, news , a telnet telnet).

, , ( ), . , , .


6.9.

. -8 1251. , .

Windows- 1251, .

( ). , . , , : , .


7. Internet

Internet IP , ( Internet-). . (dial-up). , . , Internet- .

, . . - .


8. .


, . , , , , - - .

, 1998 , , - -, .

. - (http://www.promo.ru, http://www.system.ru .), - IMHO, -, . . ? ? ? on-line- ?

: . , , , , - , .

1998 -, . , ( , CyberPlat, http://www.cyberplat.ru), , -.

- , . - , , , , on-line-, . -, , , on-line-.

, - , . , : - , 400 .

? . , . , 10-20 , - . 380 , . . , . : , , .


8.1. -?

, , . , , , , , , . , , , , CD . , (Rambler Top 100, TopList ).

-, on-line- , .

  1. , http://www.o3.ru

  2. ACT DIRECT, http://www.buy.ru

  3. WEBMARKET, http://www.webmarket.ru

  4. MegaShop, http://www.megashop.ru

, . . - .

! ! -. - , . , : - .. J , . . http://www.incom.ru/misc/ : . J

, -. . .

, - 1998 . , , , -, , . , . . on-line-. off-line- , , .


8.2. -?

, - , , . . . :

1. .

(http://www.monitoring.ru), , . , , , .

, - (http://www.virtualave.ne/ishops/index.htm -? 49% , 13% - , 16% - , 16% - , 4% - .

2. .

, - - . , . , , , .

3. .

- . , , , . , , -, .

, - , . : DHL , .

? : .

, , , - . -.

, . -, , . , , http://www.dostavka.ru : , : , . ; ( ) , , ; , .

, , - , . , , , : ------- !!! - .


8.3.

Amazon.com . , -, , . , - . .

, .

9. .

: , . , , , , . : - , - . , . : , , , ,


9.1. .

- , - . , . ?

. , , . : (, ), (, , , -, , ), , (, , ). , , , , , . , - - , , !

-, , , - - ( , , , ) -, , . , . .

() , ( ) , , , . , , ! .


9.2. .

1. .

, , , , , , - . , . , , : . , , , , . : PING (http://www.topping.com.ua) (!) .

2. .

, , . . ! , : 90% , , . , , , . . - .

3. .

- . !

4. .

, . : , -, , , , . .

  1. .

    , . , .

    6. , .

    , : . : , , . , . , , , , , , .


9.3. ?

, , , . , . . , . .

:

( );

( );

, .

, . . , ?

1. .

- ( ), , , . , , , 80% . - , .

- :

, - ;

, , ;

. , , - . , .

1. .

- -, , - . , , , ( ), ( ).

2. .

. , . , . , - . .

: . - : , - , - . , , . , . , , .


10.

Windows IP, .

WINIPCFG- IP- . ( ) , ().

PING. . Windows , , . , .

TRACERT- IP- . . , , ...


11. Internet

Internet, - : , , . . :

;

;

;

FTP;

WWW.


11.1.

, .

11.2.

, ) , ) , .

, , . , .

, , , , . , .

11.3.

, . , (on-line) . IP- .

, , . , . , , ( , ). , , IP-. , , ( ). , . , , , .

, , . , . , , , , .

, . , .

11.4.

, . , . , , .

, .

From . . .

. , , Re ( reply).

, .

. , , , - ( ).

Subject , . , .

. , , .


11.5. Internet

post-box@hos+.domen?.domen2...

Postbox . , , , . , .

. , , Ivanov S.. . , . , . . (, , , , ).


11.6.

ASCII-. , ( , , , ..). , , (text only). : , . , , , . , , 1 . 60 . . .

, - 20%; , , .

. , , .

. , , , ( ). , > , .

.

, . BBS , .


11.7.

, . , . , , .

.


11.8.

, . .

. , , , 15 . , , .

. , , , .

. , , , .

11.9.

, . , , - , .

. , , , . (). .

.


11.10.

, . , , , . , , , . , . .

. , , . , . : , , - . . , , , - .

, , .

. . , , Microsoft Internet Explorer. , , () .

, . . , , , .

IP. , . ( ) , :

Subscribe-

, . :

Unsubscribe-

, , help.

, . . , , .

. . , , . , - , .


12. WWW

WWW- http.

WWW World Wide Web Tim Berners-Lee ( CERN). , , , ( , ) http.

WWW- ( Web-) Internet . , , . . , . home page. , , , home pages. , home pages .

WWW-, . , . , . - . , .

, . Microsoft Internet Explorer. Windows 3.11, Windows'95, Windows NT. Netscape Navigator. , . , .

WWW IP-, http: \\_. , , home page . . . ( ), , . , , . , .


13. Internet

Internet : , ,

, Internet.

, Internet, 20-35 . on-line ( ). , , , . , . , , .


13.1.

, , .


:

;

;

;

WWW-;

WWW-.

. .

. , white-, .

, , , .. . white- yellow-.

Whois - . white- . . WWW-, telnet.

Finger. . Windows TCP/IP. . .

500. , . WWW-, .

Search engine. WWW-. WWW-. (, ) (, , ..). , . , , , .

Yellow Pages. .

Index sites. , ( ). .


13.2.

. . , , . (, ). , .

. . . , . , , , .

, . . ?

-, . , .. . , , .

, . , , , . , , .

, _1&_2 , , .

-, . , . . , , .

-, .

, . . . (WWW-), , . , .

-, . , , .


14.

14.1. Telnet

. . telnet UNIX-. , , .


  1. ,

. , . . . , .

.

. . , , . , . MS IE 3.0. , ( Chat Windows).

. ( ) ...


15.


  1. : - .

  2. ., ., ISDN - 1999 .

  3. .., .., . , , - 2000 .

  4. Microsoft TCP/IP: . / Microsoft / - 1998 .

  5. .., .., . Internet - 1998 .

  6. . ., . . . 1997 .

  7. . ., . ., IBM PC . , 1993 1997 ..

  8. http://www.ritmpress.ru/it/press/cwm/36_98/xdsl.htm

  9. http://www.permnet.ru:8101/isdn_price.html

  10. LAN 1999-2000 ..


38



. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . . . . . .

 

 

 

! , , , .
. , :