,,,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 .
TCP/IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 .
Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 .
Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 .
- XX . . . . 19 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 .
Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 .
WWW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 .
Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 .
Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 .
1.
, . 15 30 150 . 7 10 . , , , . , . , - , , . , , , , . , , . , .
2.
1961 Defense Advanced Research Agency (DARPA) . , ARPANET, . ARPANET. TCP/IP.
ARPANET , , . 1975 ARPANET . Defense Communication Agency (DCA), Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA). ARPANET , TCP/IP .
1983 TCP/IP, Military Standards (MIL STD), , , , . DARPA Berkley Software Design TCP/IP Berkley (BSD) UNIX. TCP/IP UNIX.
TCP/IP , , . 1983 ARPANET MILNET, Defense Data Network (DDN) . : MILNET ARPANET. 1991 ARPANET , , , .
2.1
, TCP/IP, . . , Relcom, Sprint, Glasnet, Rosnet . : , , . , . TCP/IP, .
3.
3.1. .
- , () - , , . . - , .
:
, :
) .
) ,
.
.
Internet.
:
,
BBS.
Internet.
- , .
, , . . : MNP 1,2,3 4; V.42 LAPM. : V.42, MNP4, MNP3, MNP2 MNP1. .
3.2. 1/3.
1/3 . 1 1,54 /, 3 - 44,76 /. 1 24 64 /, . , , - , . 1 , , Web-.
3.3.
Internet , . .
Hughes Systems DirectPC. DirectPC , , ISA . - 11,7 / ( ). , , , .. . Hughes , 400 /. DirectPC , , DirectPC. - , ; , Web. , , . , .
3.3.1 ( ).
AmericaOnLine Hughes Electronics .
Hughes Electronics DirectTV DirectPC, .
Hughes, , DirectTV DirectPC AOL. AmericaOnLine, , - AOL TV. 16 AOL CompuServe DirectTV/AOL TV. AOL TV 7 DirectTV.
AmericaOnLine DirectPC. AOL-Plus DSL, , , Hughes, .
AmericaOnLine Hughes SpaceWay, .
3.4. .
, . . , , . , , , , , . - ISDN, SMDS, xDSL, , , .
3.4.1. ISDN.
. - CCITT , . , - , ISDN - . ISDN , () , (, , ). ISDN - , 5 6 , .
ISDN , .
3.4.1.1.
ISDN - 20 .
ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) EuroISDN, . ISDN. ISDN, .
3.4.1.2. ISDN
, ? ISDN . ISDN ISDN. ISDN , ISDN. ISDN . ISDN , . -, . 7 .
3.4.1.3.
, .. . .
, .
ISDN , . , , , , .
LAN, LAN, Internet ISDN . , , , . , , .
, , (Connect on demand) - . . , , .
(ISDN). , , . . , LAN .
(Bandwidth on demand). B- . PPP, Internet, Multilink PPP (MPPP). - c .
ISDN " " , , , , ..
ISDN , () . ISDN . , , .
. :
ISDN |
() |
ISDN |
4200 |
ISDN |
3800 |
ISDN |
1000 |
ISDN - ( 8 ) |
50 |
, . ISDN- (dial-up). ISDN- 64 /, . , , ISDN . , .
3.4.2. SMDS
SMDS - , 56 / 34 /. . SMDS , .. . SMDS , , . , SDMS. SMDS . , , .
3.4.3. xDSL
DSL - , , , . - , . - , .
DSL , . DSL - , . xDSL , , xDSL , .. .
xDSL , , , - .
"" . 11- , , ( HDSL ADSL). , DSL . DSL (ADSL, HDSL, IDSL SDSL) , DSL. , ( ) DSL , . xDSL.
|
|
|
||
DSL |
160 / |
160 / |
ISDN, |
|
HDSL |
1,54 / 2 |
1,54 / 2 |
T1, LAN, WAN, |
|
HDSL |
2,05 / 3 |
2,05 / 3 |
E1, WAN, LAN, |
|
ADSL |
1,5-9 / |
16-640 / |
Internet, LAN, , |
|
VDSL |
13-52 / |
1,5-2,3 / |
Internet, LAN, , , HDTV |
|
Raid-Internet |
() |
|||
MSDSL ( 2,3 / ) |
80 |
|||
ADSL |
80 |
3.5. World Water Web ( ).
(Deep Lake), , . , , .
, . , - . , , , . , ( on-line ). , , , , , , .
4. .
, Internet (Internet Society, ISOC), TCP/IP. TCP/IP , RFC (Reguest For Comments). , .
Internet (ISOC) 1992 . - , , .
Internet (IAB, Internet Architecture Board) ISOC. Internet, RFC . IAB IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), IRTF (Internet Research Task Force). Internet (IETF) Internet, . IANA , Internet. IRTF TCP/IP.
RFC. TCP/IP (Request For Comments). Internet. TCP/IP RFC.
TCP/IP , , . ISOC RFC. , RFC, (assigned a classification). , , . RFC:
Required () - TCP/IP .
Recommended () - RFC TCP/IP . RFC .
Elective () - . , .
Limited Use ( ) - .
Not recommended - .
5. TCP/IP
5.1. TCP/IP.
TCP/IP , DARPA 60- - 70- . TCP/IP .
1970 . ARPANet NCP (Network Control
Protocol).
1972 . . Telnet RFC 318.
1973 . FTP (File Transfer Protocol).
1974 . Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
1981 . IP.
1982 . DSA (Defense Communication Agency) ARPA
TCP IP TCP/IP.
1983 . ARPANet NCP TCP/IP.
1984 . (DNS).
5.2. TCP/IP 20 ARPANet . TCP/IP, , Unix. TCP/IP. Internet .
TCP/IP : - Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, - SLIP, PPP, X.25 ISDN. IP , TCP .
TCP/IP . , FTP, SMTP, Internet, WWW .
TCP/IP . , Internet 10 , TCP/IP.
Internet - TCP/IP, Internet, - IPX/SPX Novell. , TCP/IP, , IPX/SPX, , . TCP/IP , .
TCP/IP Internet Internet , , , Internet, TCP/IP. Internet, TCP/IP IP-.
TCP/IP Internet, , , , . , , , . , , . (). , , . IP .
6.
6.1.
, , . : , , , , . . : . (com , edu , gov ..), , , . , , “ ” , . , ru su. , , . , . , " ” ur.etel.ru. ru , etel , ( ), ur . , , , . . . , . , , .
6.2. IP
, IP . IP , 0 255. IP ftp- Microsoft ( , ) 189.105.232.1. , , . , , , . ? -, , . , . , , . -, IP , .
( ) , , . . , ( ), . , Internet, IP-
, , IP-, .
6.3.
IP , IP- . : , 0 255. 255.255.255.???, , . .
6.4. Gateway ()
IP- , . .
6.5. DNS-
, IP-, , IP- , , (domain name service).
6.6. Proxy
, : , . , proxy-. , . , , . proxy- .
proxy- , . Proxy- , (, MS Internet Explorer). - .
6.7. (mirror)
. , , .
6.8. URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
, , ( ) . URL:
ftp://ur.etel.ru/distr/index.txt file //ur.etel.ru/distr/index.txt http //ur.etel.ru/default.htm news alt.hypertext telnet://dra.corn
URL : ( ) (file ftp FTP, http MS Internet Explorer Netscape Navigator, news , a telnet telnet).
, , ( ), . , , .
6.9.
. -8 1251. , .
Windows- 1251, .
( ). , . , , : , .
7. Internet
Internet IP , ( Internet-). . (dial-up). , . , Internet- .
, . . - .
8. .
, . , , , , - - .
, 1998 , , - -, .
. - (http://www.promo.ru, http://www.system.ru .), - IMHO, -, . . ? ? ? on-line- ?
: . , , , , - , .
1998 -, . , ( , CyberPlat, http://www.cyberplat.ru), , -.
- , . - , , , , on-line-, . -, , , on-line-.
, - , . , : - , 400 .
? . , . , 10-20 , - . 380 , . . , . : , , .
8.1. -?
, , . , , , , , , . , , , , CD . , (Rambler Top 100, TopList ).
-, on-line- , .
, http://www.o3.ru
ACT DIRECT, http://www.buy.ru
WEBMARKET, http://www.webmarket.ru
MegaShop, http://www.megashop.ru
, . . - .
! ! -. - , . , : - .. J , . . http://www.incom.ru/misc/ : . J
, -. . .
, - 1998 . , , , -, , . , . . on-line-. off-line- , , .
8.2. -?
, - , , . . . :
1. .
(http://www.monitoring.ru), , . , , , .
, - (http://www.virtualave.ne/ishops/index.htm -? 49% , 13% - , 16% - , 16% - , 4% - .
2. .
, - - . , . , , , .
3. .
- . , , , . , , -, .
, - , . : DHL , .
? : .
, , , - . -.
, . -, , . , , http://www.dostavka.ru : , : , . ; ( ) , , ; , .
, , - , . , , , : ------- !!! - .
8.3.
Amazon.com . , -, , . , - . .
, .
9. .
: , . , , , , . : - , - . , . : , , , ,
9.1. .
- , - . , . ?
. , , . : (, ), (, , , -, , ), , (, , ). , , , , , . , - - , , !
-, , , - - ( , , , ) -, , . , . .
() , ( ) , , , . , , ! .
9.2. .
1. .
, , , , , , - . , . , , : . , , , , . : PING (http://www.topping.com.ua) (!) .
2. .
, , . . ! , : 90% , , . , , , . . - .
3. .
- . !
4. .
, . : , -, , , , . .
.
, . , .
6. , .
, : . : , , . , . , , , , , , .
9.3. ?
, , , . , . . , . .
:
( );
( );
, .
, . . , ?
1. .
- ( ), , , . , , , 80% . - , .
- :
, - ;
, , ;
. , , - . , .
1. .
- -, , - . , , , ( ), ( ).
2. .
. , . , . , - . .
: . - : , - , - . , , . , . , , .
10.
Windows IP, .
WINIPCFG- IP- . ( ) , ().
PING. . Windows , , . , .
TRACERT- IP- . . , , ...
11. Internet
Internet, - : , , . . :
;
;
;
FTP;
WWW.
11.1.
, .
, ) , ) , .
, , . , .
, , , , . , .
, . , (on-line) . IP- .
, , . , . , , ( , ). , , IP-. , , ( ). , . , , , .
, , . , . , , , , .
, . , .
, . , . , , .
, .
From . . .
. , , Re ( reply).
, .
. , , , - ( ).
Subject , . , .
. , , .
11.5. Internet
post-box@hos+.domen?.domen2...
Postbox . , , , . , .
. , , Ivanov S.. . , . , . . (, , , , ).
11.6.
ASCII-. , ( , , , ..). , , (text only). : , . , , , . , , 1 . 60 . . .
, - 20%; , , .
. , , .
. , , , ( ). , > , .
.
, . BBS , .
11.7.
, . , . , , .
.
11.8.
, . .
. , , , 15 . , , .
. , , , .
. , , , .
11.9.
, . , , - , .
. , , , . (). .
.
11.10.
, . , , , . , , , . , . .
. , , . , . : , , - . . , , , - .
, , .
. . , , Microsoft Internet Explorer. , , () .
, . . , , , .
IP. , . ( ) , :
Subscribe-
, . :
Unsubscribe-
, , help.
, . . , , .
. . , , . , - , .
12. WWW
WWW- http.
WWW World Wide Web Tim Berners-Lee ( CERN). , , , ( , ) http.
WWW- ( Web-) Internet . , , . . , . home page. , , , home pages. , home pages .
WWW-, . , . , . - . , .
, . Microsoft Internet Explorer. Windows 3.11, Windows'95, Windows NT. Netscape Navigator. , . , .
WWW IP-, http: \\_. , , home page . . . ( ), , . , , . , .
13. Internet
Internet : , ,
, Internet.
, Internet, 20-35 . on-line ( ). , , , . , . , , .
13.1.
, , .
:
;
;
;
WWW-;
WWW-.
. .
. , white-, .
, , , .. . white- yellow-.
Whois - . white- . . WWW-, telnet.
Finger. . Windows TCP/IP. . .
500. , . WWW-, .
Search engine. WWW-. WWW-. (, ) (, , ..). , . , , , .
Yellow Pages. .
Index sites. , ( ). .
13.2.
. . , , . (, ). , .
. . . , . , , , .
, . . ?
-, . , .. . , , .
, . , , , . , , .
, _1&_2 , , .
-, . , . . , , .
-, .
, . . . (WWW-), , . , .
-, . , , .
14.1. Telnet
. . telnet UNIX-. , , .
,
. , . . . , .
.
. . , , . , . MS IE 3.0. , ( Chat Windows).
. ( ) ...
15.
: - .
., ., ISDN - 1999 .
.., .., . , , - 2000 .
Microsoft TCP/IP: . / Microsoft / - 1998 .
.., .., . Internet - 1998 .
. ., . . . 1997 .
. ., . ., IBM PC . , 1993 1997 ..
http://www.ritmpress.ru/it/press/cwm/36_98/xdsl.htm
http://www.permnet.ru:8101/isdn_price.html
LAN 1999-2000 ..
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