,,,
-.
, , . . . , , . . , , , , .
.
, , .
1920 . . , . , , . , . (2).
, . -, , . - . - .
, ( , ) (, ). , ͅ. , , . , , . , , ͅ.. ͅ., . ,
, :
1. -. .
2. , , -- . , .
3. -, - . - .
- - . - : , , , , , .; : - , . - - , , . - , , , , .
4. - , , R-X-H B-Y.
5. , , , , . - .
6. - = (3).
- -, . , . , . , . , . .
- , . . , - . .
. -, , . , - , -
. -, , . , - ( ) , - .
, . Ֆ. , , . -, . , , , .
, . , , - (O, N, S, ) . , , . ( ) (- ). , . () . , , .
. , . , ( =і) , . b - 1,3- : . .
=і=, , , - , , (- ). , . - . (). , , .
, , - -, -. , . : (K 1) , (K2) . -. - , -. -, .
, , , .
, , Ֆ .
(pKa = 4,7) (pKa = 0,6), . .
, - . , - . (-I-) , -:
- . , , , , , . , , - . , , , , . .
. , , Ζ, SH, NH, (- F- ) . , , - , .
, . - , , , . -. -.
, - ( ) . , .
0.5 1000 . - . . , .. , . () ( ), . λ 2.5 25 . ν = 1/λ (c-1), , 4000-400 c-1 . - (1).
-.
,-1 |
|||
3620-3600 | .,. | () | |
3600-3500 | ., | () | |
3500 | ., |
NH2() |
|
3400-3350 | . | NH() | |
3550-3520 | ., | () | |
3500-3400 | ., |
NH2() |
, |
3400 | . |
NH2() |
|
3330-3260 | . | ||
3300-3280 | . | NH() | N- |
3200-2500 | . | OH() | |
3100-3020 | .,. | CH | |
3100-3000 | .,. | =CH | |
2962 | . |
CH3 |
|
2930-2910 | . |
CH3 |
3 |
2926 | . |
CH3 |
|
2890 | . | C-H | |
2880-2860 | .,. |
CH3 |
, 3 |
2860-2850 | . |
CH2 |
|
2695-2830 | . | C(O)H | |
2250-2100 | . | ||
2240-2260 | . | ||
1850-1650 | .. | C=O | , |
1680-1600 | .,. | C=C | |
1600-1585,1500-1400 | .,.,. | C-C | |
1550-1580 | .,. |
NO2 |
|
1460 |
CH3 |
||
1450-1300 | . | CH | |
1410-1390 | .,. | CH | - |
1420-1330 | . | OH | , , |
1385-1370 | . |
CH3 |
- |
1385-1375 | . |
CH3 |
|
1380-1370 | . |
CH3 |
|
1370-1390 | . |
NO2 |
|
1280-1230 | . | C-N | ArNHR |
1280-1200 | . | COC | |
1250-1180 | . | C-N |
ArNR2, (RCH2)3N |
1220-1125 | . | C-O | , |
1200-1160,1145-1105 | .,. | C-O | , |
1150-1050 | . | COC | |
1085-1050 | ., | CO | |
970-950 | . | CH | - |
900-650 | . | CH | |
850-550 | . | CCl | |
750-650 | . | =CH | - |
700-500 | . | CBr |
- , . - 1 10 . - KBr NaCl , - . - - (%) ν = 1/λ (c-1).
, - , (. ).
- CHCl3, CCl4, CS2, , . - .
- . - , CHCl3 CCl4, , . . 5 , - CHCl3 CCl4. CHCl3 : 3100-3000, 1250-1200, 800-650 -1. CCl4 : 1560-1540, 800-700 -1. . . 5 - KBr. - 450 -1 .
- . 3450 -1, ( ) 2360-2325 -1. , 1625 -1 1100-1000 -1, ,13 1725 -1. , -, KBr NaCl, . , -.
: 2,6----4-- () , , - , 2,2---(4--6---) () , , - .
c - Nicolet 5700 ( 4 -1, 64) 3700-3200 -1, NaCl c 0.216 . : ( (CCl4), (CHCl3), (CH2Cl2)) (, , ). [3]. 1,810-3 /.
.
-
, - - - . , , . ( ) - , . , - , .
-,- . , 2 - ( ). - -, - 2 , . , - - , -, , -, .
1. 3.
. 3 - (), - (), ()
, (3673 -1), , - (3559 -1), , : 82 -1 , - 4 -1 .
π- . , - . , () , .
3 , , -. 3 , . , , - .
2. 1.
.1 - (), () ().
. , . , 6 -1 , . , - -, .
1 -
|
ν, -1 |
. |
(CCl4) |
3649 |
0,34 |
(CHCl3) |
3643 |
0,29 |
(2 Cl2) |
3638 |
0,24 |
(C6H6) |
3637 |
0,23 |
(C7H8) |
3637 |
0,23 |
(C9H12) |
3643 |
0,19 |
: ν - |
1 , . , , 3- .
3. 2.
. 2 (), () ().
2 -
|
ν, -1 |
|
|||
(.) |
ͅ π |
(.) |
(.) |
||
(CCl4) |
3631, 3508, 3440 |
0.32 |
- |
0.69 |
0.31 |
(CHCl3) |
3622, 3508, 3438 |
0.46 |
- |
0.33 |
0.38 |
(2 Cl2) |
3620, 3508, 3435 |
0.60 |
- |
0.42 |
0.54 |
(C6H6) |
3612, 3573, 3504, 3427 |
0.39 |
0.26 |
0.59 |
0.44 |
(C7H8) |
3612, 3573, 3504, 3437 |
0.35 |
0.29 |
0.58 |
0.40 |
(C9H12) |
3610, 3573, 3504, 3437 |
0.31 |
0.27 |
0.63 |
0.39 |
, () - (3631 -1), , - (3508 -1), , -(3440 -1), . () , - (3622 -1), - - 1:1, , (3508 -1 3438 -1 ). () - , 3573 -1 , π- -( ) -( ). 2 , -, -, -.
- , . , CCl4 , . , CHCl3 CH2Cl2. π- . , , , .
1. .. , .. , -, 2007.,30.
2. . , . , ., , 1978 , 842 .
3. . , ., , 1964, 462.
4. .. // .1999.2. .58-64.
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