,,,
: .
2004
1. .
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1.1 .
1.2 .
1.3 .
1.4
1.5 .
1.6 .
1.7 .
1.8 .
1.9 .
2. . .
2.1 .
2.2 .
2.3 .
2.4 .
, . - , . "" (, ) - " , : " (9).
. " ", , , , .
, , , - , , - . (, , , , , ), , ( . chrema - ", ") ( . ktematos - "") ().
1. .
1.1
. , , . , , , , , . , - , , , , , , , . , .
. , . , , , . , , - , . ( - , . . , . . . - ., 1971). , . .X. , . , . , . , . , , , - , .
, , , - , , " " (JL).
, , , , .
1.2
. , , . . , , . - .
, - . , , -. , , "-". - .
.. :
- ( , ),
- ( ),
- ( , ) (.).
, , . , "" , . , .
, , , . - , 10-15 , .
, , , .
1. . comb - (.), " ", gable - , , knoll - , , ,
ness - ,
steel - , ,
steep - , , ,
toft - , (.),
hurst - , .
, . :
comb - , , ( , ),
gullet - , (.),
hole - , .(.)
2. , , .
heath - , , ,
marsh - , , , , , moor - , , , , moss - (.) ,
3. , : meadow - , , ,
field - , , ,
hem - , , ,
hide - (.) , .
, , :
holt - (.) , , ,
thwaite - (.) , , ,
weald - . , , .
4. :
bath - , ( Bath ),
brook - ,
crook - , ( Crook , ),
fleet - (.) , , , ,
haugh [ha:f] - (.) ( ),
holme - , , ,
pipe - , , ,
tongs - , ,
5. , , , :
bow - (.) , -, ( Bow Yeo),
street - , ( , ),
thorp - (.) ,
wall - ( Wall ).
6. - , :
cote - , , ,
- , , , ,
salt - , , ,
stelling - (.) ,
stock - , , , ,
7. :
broom - ,
elm - ,
ash - ,
heather - ,
horehound - ,
oak - ,
thorn - . (^J
. , : Long Riston, Dry Sandford. : Little - Great, east - west, Nether - Over, North - South, Lower - Upper, Magna - Parva, Superior - Inferior.
, - : Bolens and Herds, Tow Low, Mow Cop, Saham Toney, Sil Howe.
, : New Forest, Crooked Oak.
:
under, : Ashton under Hill, Thorp under Stone. : Underriver ( River Hill), Underskiddaw ( Skiddaw).
under : in (Norton in the Moors), by (Thorp by Water), on (Bourton on the Water), upon (Standford upon Soar), next (Stoke next Guilford). without, : Newton Without, Farrington Without.
, , : Dry Sandford, Sandford on Thames, Sandford St. Martin, Sandford Oscaq^j.
1.3
- . . , , . , . . , . , " " () , . . , , . , .
, , , . , . .
, , , . Adlington - Burmington -Butterton - Blenchwarton - Hauton - Mariston - -ton, Ashfield - Ashford - Ashley - Ashover - Ashow ash-.
. , . , , , , .
, , . , , , , , - . , , - , . , , , .
, . , , . , , - . , -ham (.-. ham - , , ), -ton (.-. tun - , , , ). , , , , , , .
, : -cot, -den, -fen. , , . , , , - .
, , , (Oakleigh, Fordwitch) (Clifford, Elmsted). , . (Ulwham, Rochester) (Loddington, Framlington). , , (Sleagill, Stonor, Ryon, Riccal). - . , . (Tring - .-. treo + hangar; Iden - .-. ig + denn), (Ore, ). , (Bath, Cliff). : , , (Beambridge, Ninebanks), (Thorp in the Hill, Appleby Magna).
, , ( ).
, . , - -, , - .
- , ( ) , (, ..), .
:
borough - , - Woodborough, Flookborough,
den - , - Lullenden, Puttenden,
ditch - , - Walditch,
house - - Woodhouse, Summerhouse,
mill - - Cutmill, Drockmill,
path - - Dupath, Bagpath,
stead - , , - Wrinstead, Wanstead,
:
bank - (, ), - Firbank, Ninebanks,
brook - - Sedgebrook, Withbrook,
burn - (.) , - Colburn, Walburne,
dale - , , - Holmdale, Brogdale,
combe, coomb - , , - Ashcombe, Slocombe,
ford - - Lyford, Tetford,
gate - - Galgate, Hundgate,
head - - Shirehead, Tutnhead,
land - , , , - Lowland,
pool - - Blackpool, Butpool,
sand - , - Chicksands, Cockersand,
well - - Ho well, Lipwell.
, .
, , . , , , (, ). , , - (, , , , ) (, , , ).
-ham -ton, (.-. ham, tun - , , , ), (. ). -ham , :
-ing ( ), (Birmingham),
- , ,
- burna () - , broc.
-ham : - - , , , , , , - . -ham, , , , , .-. hamm - , . , , -stow, -sted, (stow, stede - , , ), -ham. , -ham -. , -ham -, .
-ton -by - . ( 9. 13-14.), .
-Chester, .-. ceaser (, ). Chester ; caster (Lancaster, Doncaster). , , , : Gloucester ( Glevum), Worcester (Uueogorna civitas), Dorchester (Durnonovaria).
, .-. leah (, ). , , , . . ley (Helmsley, Ridley). ley - (.) , , . -leigh (Thurleigh), -laugh (Healaugh), -lam (Acklam), -ney (Olney), -la (Stella), -ell (Chell). , - , , (Eastleigh, Kingsley, Dadley, Bromley. , , , , (Hensley Hadleigh). , , . -ley - 10. . , , , . - - Ripley, "" . , -wood (.-. wudu - ) -ley.
, :
-ber, -bury (.-. beorg - , ) Limber, Modbury,
-den (.-. derm - ) Thornden,
-den (.-. denu - ) Debden,
-den, -don (.-. dun - ) Rowden, Standon,
-eau, - (.-. - , ) Shepeau, Ebony,
-, - (.-. eg - ) Sheppey, Fenny,
-hall, -hill, al, -all, -ale (.-. halh - , ) Edenhall, Wighill, Sandal, Cromall, Heale,
-ham (.-. hamm - , ) Elham,
-hamsted (.-. ham-stede - , ) Berkhamsted,
-hampton (.-. ham-tun - ) Bathampton,
-hill, -nell, -le, -hull (.-. hyll - ) Girnbill, Warnell, Royle, Monyhull,
-hop, -op, -up (.-. hop - ) Mythop, Middop, Eccup,
-ley, -low (.-. hlaw - , , ) Osmotherley, Docklow,
-or, -ore (.-. - , ) Windsor, Lynsore,
-nor, -ore (.-. ofer - , ) Bickner, Elmore,
- tor, -ter (.-. torr - , ) Bagtor, Notter,
-was (.-. waesse - , ) Alrewas.
Ka , (halh > -al, -ale, -all, -halgh, -hall), , , (-den* -den*; -hairi^ -
. , , , .
.. ( .. . - ., 1965), :
Great Britain - . , . , , "" . Great Britain " " ( Brittania minor), (. Bretagne) - - .
England - .-. Engelaland - " ".
Ireland - , Eire (.-. Eirinn - ""), "". - Ireland - " ". (Eire).
Scotland - , Caledonia. 5-6. - , Scotland " ". 11 .
Wales - ( ). Cambria . , Wales - welsh "": .
-shire (""): Shropshire, Oxfordshire, Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Lancashire, Cambridgeshire, Leicestershire; , : Devon, Sussex, Wessex, Norfolk, Essex, Kent, Tyne and Wear, Humberside, Gwent, Merseyside.
.., . : , , (1).
1.4
. , . , . : .-. walas "", , wal- (Walton, Walcott, Walworth, Walden, Walpole, Walbrook) . - Devon Kent - Dumnonii Cantii. (, , ), - Avon, Don, Exe, Axe, Esk, Usk, Thames, Derwent, Severn, Dee; - , , ( ); . , - , , , , . , . :
- pen-: Penhill, Pencoyd, Penge, Penketh, Penrith ( pen , , ). , , ( 18 ). , , , , , , 8 . , .
- tre- ( tref, tre , trev, tre- , , , ). (Tredrustan, Tregavethan ., 70 ), (Trelleck, Trehill) (Treysceck. Treales).
- Ian- (. - ): (Landulph, Lanreath).
: Dover, Reculver.
: , ( 7 - . 8 .), , , , --, . , , . , - , , , , , -, -, .
1.5
. , , , , , , . - , . . , London Londinium, Manchester - Mamucion, Lincoln - Lindum Colonia, Catterick - Cataractonium.
, , , , . chester/caster (. - castra, .-. -caster - ). , (Chinchester, Winchester, Silchester), (Doncaster, Colchester, Lancaster), (Chester).
: Great, Little Magna Parva (Ashby - Ashby Magna, Ashby Parva), ambo - (Hutton Ambo, High Low Hutton). : within without, , intra - extra, intrinseca -extrinseca (Romsey Intra - Romsey Extra, Ryme Intrinseca - Ryme Extrinseca). , sub - , (Thorpe sub Montem), juxta - , (Brandwel juxta Mare, Kingston juxta Yeovil), super - (Weston super Mare), cum - (Stow cum Quy, Stone cum Ebony).
1.6
, , , , - , 9 - 11 . (Danelaw), , , , , , . -by: Moorby. Wilby, -, . , , , , . , , , . -by - , , ( by - , - , - , , ). -by , , .
-thorp ( torp - , , - , ). . , , . , Burnham - Burnham Thorp, Barkby - Barkby Thorp, Kilton - Kilton Thorp, -thorp .
-toft, , , ( toft - . , - , ). Toft (Toft, Tofts), (Langtoft, Moortoft, Eastoft, Fishtoft). , , , .
, holm ( holm - , , - , holme - , , ). Holm (Holme), (Heigholme, Bromholm, Oxenholme, Tupholme).
-thwaite ( - thwaite, twaite - , , , , ). -: , (Thwaite, Braithwaite, Greenthwaite, Honeythwaite).
1.7
. , . : Jervaulx - [LJD:VD:] ['Da: vis]. beau, belle: Beaurepaire, Beaudesert, Bellasize, Belvoir. : The Prae (. - ), Delapre Abbey (. de la pre), Cowdray Park (. coudraie - ).
-mont (. mont - )6 Eamont, Ridgmont, Grosmont.
1 en. , : Clayton le Woods, Normanton le Heath. , , : Chapel en le Frith, Bramton en le Morthen, Stretton en le Field. Chapel le Feme, Walsham le Willows. To, , , Barton in the Willows - Barton le Willows. : Thornton le Dale Thornton Dale, Burgh le Marsh Burgh in the Marsh. , , , : Thornton le Moors, Houghton le Spring, Strainton le Vale - , , .
1.8
, , , , . . \ , , , (, , - Lew, Lea, Thatto). , "", "" .
, - : Fresdon (+), Lowick ( +), Rushall (+), Leagrave (+). , : Keswick (), Kilham ( ), Lambeth (, ), Orsett (, ), Rotherwas ( ). : Lambrook ( ), Landmoth ( ). , : Mettingham ( ), Nottingham ( ).
, : (, Hark), Hawsker (, Hauk). , .
20. 1946 1973 , , , . , , . , , 8 - Hatfield (.-. haepfeld - , ). : Welwyn Garden City, Central Lancashire New Town.
1974 -, . , . : , . : (Tyne, Wear, Avon - Tyne and Wear, Avon), ( Cleveland - Cleveland). : Cumbria - Cumberland (Cumberland - the land of Cambrians - . . . Cymry - ); Salop - Shropshire ( 11 Scrobbesbyrigscir Salopescira, Salop). , . , : East West Sussex, North West Yorkshire, West Midlands, Greater London(5).
1.9
.
10 , . , , . . : The Ring -, The Grove - , The Cut - , , The Grange - , The Highway - , The Vale - , .
, , , , . street - lane - ( , Oxford Street Chancery Lane ). Cross , Rise - , Drive - , Gate - , Gardens - , Market - , Close - , Mews - .. : Moor Street, Broad Street, Crooked Sane, Long Lane. , , , new (): , New Street - , New Town 17 .
13 .
, 13-14., , . , : St. Marychurch Street, Kensington Church Street, St. James Street. 17 , : Queen Street (1666), King William Street (1829), King Edward Street (1843), Queen Victoria Street (1871).
. , 5 , . . , (, Haymarket ( ), Beehive ( )), " " ( ).
9 (1-6 , 7 - , 8 - , - , ) (2):
1. , : ) , : Carter Lane - , , Pottery Lane - , 19 , , , , Apothecary Street - , , 1617 . : Petty Cury ( , ), Drapery, baxter Row.
) , , : Cheapside - , (cheap - .-. ""). , , , : Bread Street, Honey Lane, Milk Street, Poultry, Wood Street.
Haymarket - , 1830 ; Garlic Hill - , ; Old Seacoal Lane - , 13 16 , ( , seacoal), Glasshouse Street - , .
) : Cowcross Street - , ( ), Wormwood Street, Camomile Street - , ( , , 16 , , ).
2. , : Oxford Street - , ", ", Old Kent Road - " , ".
: Great Tower Street - , , Gray's Inn Road - , " " - ( ), London Wall - , , , Old Bailey - , ( bailey).
4. . , , , . , , . Bull, Angel. , Bull Alley - , . , (bull baiting). Angel Street, Angel Court , . , .
5. - . - , , . The Strand (""); 1185 , . , , (Victoria Embankment) . Fleet Street, Fleet Lane , 18 . Turnmill Street ( , Turnmill Brook).
6. , , : Blackfriars Lane - , ; Whitefriars Street - , ;
- . , Bishop Street, Chapel Street, Abbey Street. The Minories ; Little Sanctuary () - ; Crutched Friars () - .
7. , , . , The Bedford Square, Bedford Avenue, Bedford Place, Bedford Passage , . Grosvenor Square, Grosvenor Crescent, Grosvenor Gardens, GrosvenorHill , . Covent Garden , (Covent Garden - convent garden).
8. , , .. , Victoria Street, Victoria Road, Victoria Embankment, Prince Albert Road (1837-1901.) , . Wellington Place, Wellington Road, Wellington Street , (1815.) . Dombey Street . " ".
9. : Paradise Row - " ", Prospect Terrace - " ", Meads Road - " ", Mountview - " ".
High Street ( Highgate), King Street ; (North, South, East, West Streets , , Northgate, Eastgate .. ); (Nether Street, Middle Street). Newland Street, New Street , .
Stoney Street (Stonegate), High Pavement, Clay Street, Wet Lane, Stinking Lane. Blind Alley, Bag Lane, ( Turn-again Lane). Love Lane. : Long Lane, Short Lane, Endless Lane, Winding Lane.
, . Lombard Street ( Lombardy Street, ),, Danesgate, Flemingate, Frenchrow, Petty France, Jewbury(6/,
2. .
: (personal name, first name) (middle name). . " " " " (7), . , .
2.1
.
(=) , ) , ) ). (Daene, Wulf, Beald) Ethelberg, Leofwin, Wigfrith, Frithuwulf. -ing, , : Bruning - " ".
.
. , : William, Richard, Robert, Hugh, Ralph .. John, Peter, Simon, Luke - Mary, Joan, Agnes - . (12 ) , , , , : Hodierna, Italia, Cassandra. David, Thomas, Nicholas, Isabel, Matilda, Eleanor . 13 , , , , .
, . , , Adam, Eve, Daniel ( ) Baptist, John, Matthew ( ).
(16 ) : Abigail (" "), Abraham (" "), Benjamin (" ") .
.
16 , . : Beata "", Desiderius "", Renovata "". , 17 , Free-Gift, Earth, More-Fruit, Tribulation, Live Well. , No-Merit, Sorry-for-Sin, Sin-Deny. : Helpless, Forsaken. - If-Christ-had-not-died-for-thee-thou-hadst-been-damned Barebone ( Damned Barebone). , , , , : Samuel, Benjamin, Joseph, Faith, Hope, Charity, Prudence.
.
, . , Vanessa Stella. , Silvia (" "), Celia (" "), Julia (" "), Juliet (" "), Jessica (" "), Ophelia (""), Viola (" ").
18 : Edgar, Alfred, Emma, Arthur, Lancelot, Rosabel . . , . , . , . : Christabel, Rowena, Cedric, Minna, Diana, Roland, Hugh, Walter . , , :
. - Esmond | . . - Candida |
. - Lorna | . - Clarinda |
Alice | . - Edna, Joyce |
. - Clara, Clare, Matilda | . - Belinda |
. - Reginald | . - Romola |
. - Sybil, Sibley | . - Pamela |
. . - Wendy | . - Fleur |
, . , (6/
2.2
. , . 4 : Charles Philip Arthur George, Andrew Albert Christian Edward, Anne Elisabeth Alice Louise. - , , . , , .. , , . , , , : , . - James Harold Wilson, Harold Wilson. John Enoch Powell Enoch Powell, . . , 17 , .
2.3
,
, , , .
Father calls me William,
Sister calls me Will,
Mother calls me Willie,
But the fellers call me Bill!
E.Field. Jest "Fore Christmas"
. , - . : Ben Benjamin, Dan Daniel, Jimmy James, Betty Elisabeth . : Babs Barabara, Becky Rebecca, Connie Conrad, Constance, Dirk Derek, Di Diana, Ginny Virginia, Gwen Gwendolen, Harry Henry, Josy Josephine, Kit Christopher, Meg Margaret, Nessie Agnes, Spike Michael, Ted Edward .
, , (Tony Blair .)()
2.4
- " . , ." "" . . (9). - - . . , , . , " " (Domesday Book) 1085-86., , . . 17 . , 12 , .
, . :
1. (, ).
2. .
3. .
4. .
1. (, ).
, : Anthony, Allen, Cecil, Dennis, Henry, Owen, Thomas. , (Good, Godwin, Goodiers, Goddard), (Swain, Swanson Swain, Thurston, Thurkettle Thor). : Walters, Watts, Ralph . Roland Rowland, Rowlandson, Richard Richardson ( - Pritchard), Ritchie, Hitch, Rick, Hick, Dixon, Dickson, Rickett . , : St. Lawrence Lawrence, Lawson, Larson. -son, " -" ", -". - "": MacDonald, Maccarthy, MacGregor. , : O'Hara, O'Neal.
Fitz- (. Fils-""): Fitzwilliam, Fitz-Gilber. - "" , Powell ( Howell), Pritchard ( Richard).
. David Dawe, Dawe, Dawson. Anthony Tonkin, Tonson . +- -kin, -cock (-cox), -ot/-et: Simpkin, Tomkinson, Haycock, Haycox, Hewet (" ").
2. .
, 50% . :
1) , , , , . - , , . Scott, , . England, English, Ingle, Ingleman, Langley ( -L'Angleus). Irish, Wales, Welsh, Wallace. : Germain, France, Spain, Pickard, Norman, Champagne, : Cornish, Cornwall, Surrey, Hampshire.
2) , , : Brook, Hill, Dale, Fell, Moore, Fields. , : Aspen, Beech, Willows, Yew, Tree. , : Tees, Cherwell, Teems, Brooker .. , -, . , , : Bull, Bell, Angel, Talbot(£)
3. .
20% . : 1) , 2) , , 3) , , 4) , .
1) , , , . Stewart Stuart ( "), Wardrop (" "), Barber, Spencer (""), Butler (""), Marshall (""). Knight, Squire, Gent, Clark/Clerk. : Palmer, Abbot, Dean . Parker , Ranger - .
2) , : Hurd, Hird, Heard, herd - . Herd -ard Coward -art Swinnart. Farmer, Ditcher, Walter, Tyler, Painter, Honeyman.
, -wright, , : Cartwright, Wainwright, Wheelwright.
3), , : Mercer , Grosser -, Clarke . : Archer, Bowman, Wakeman.
4) "" : Woollen, Woolley, Walker, Weaver, Webster.
4. .
, . : Bigg, Strong, High, Low, Little, Longman, Elder, Small, Head, Hands, Arms, Armstrong ( ), Sillitoe ( Shillito, Shillitoe), Crump (""), Cameron (""), White, Grey. Red, Reed, Rouse, Russell. Knott "", Ball bald -"". Bad, Good, Wise, Makepeace, Hardy, Doughty. : , Rich, Ragman (, ). : Shorthose (" "), Hood (""). , , " : King, Baron, Angel, Earl.
, , .
. (9-13.), - 15 . : Godfery Guthroo, Mclver Ivor, McColl, McCall Kol, Auley, MacAuley Olaf, Ola.
: Baird, Chrisholm, Gordon, Ramsay..
: Bruce, Davidson, Grant, Sinclair.
17 , , O'Breen, O'Nail O'Brien, O'Neal.
, -, , : Nash-Williams, Lloyd-George.
: Campbel, Duncan, Ferguson, Macdonald, Douglas, Gordon, Armstrong, Stewart, Scott, Wallace.
: Murphy, Kelly, Sullivan, Walsh, O'Brien, Ryan (O'Ryan), Connor.
: Roberts, Jones, Davies, Williams, Thomas, Edwarts, Hughes ($).
. , , . , , . , , , .
, . , - , - .
( , , ).
, , , .
, , , , , , , .
- - , , , .
1. . - , 1996/ http://www.americana.ru
2. .. - .: , 1977 -227.
3. .. - .: - . -, 1969. - 168.
4. .. - , 1980. - 288.
5. .. - .: " ACT". -2002.- 160.
6. .. - .: . - 1974. - 382.
7. .. - .: , 1969. - 207.
8. .. - .: .-1988.-192.
9. .. - ., 2000. - 224.
: .
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