. , , ,

,,,

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- - - . , , , 1997 [I]. , , ? - ? , ? - ? , - , .

30 , ( , - - ), - * . ( 50- ) " " ( 50- - 60- ) , , , , , , , .

, , , . , . , " " - , . 60- , .

, - " ", . , , , , . , , " " , "" : . , "-" . " " . , , , - ( , , ).

- ( ) . . - 1945-1949 , . , , , .

60- . "" ( , , , " ") . - , . "" , , . , . . , , , , . , .

, , , ( ) - , . - , " ", " " .. 60- , " ", : , , - .

1968 , , ".. Mega" - "". : - ".. Bogasari" ( ) . (BULOG) , , , .

( , ) , , , , . Bank Central Asia ( - - 16%- ) [2-5].

70- . . , , , , . . "" , , .

, , , . 1973 , , Inducement, 3,2 [6, . 53]. , . , " " ( -"", - "") "" , , . , - , - . Bank Central Asia, 80- .

, "" " " ( ), - " ". 1980 " 10". , , , , .. , (HIPMI), - [7, . 117-119].

. 80- , , . , First Pacific Holdings . - , Hibernia Hagemeyer ^, , 1982-1983 First Pacific Holdings Q , . , , "- ", [6, . 44-56].

, . , . 1982 , , . , "" . .

, - ( - , 1985 7,7 , ) . 1986 , , 325 . 35% Inducement Tunggal Prakarsa. , "" Inducement . : , . , Inducement . 1989 " ", . , Bank Duta, , , 420 . , , ( Barrito, "" " " ) [7,.. 111, 112; 8, . 52, 53; 9]. .

, , , - ( Salim Group, ) 80-90- . - 1990 5% ! 89 ., Bank Central Asia - 3,9 ., - 2-3 . , Salim Group , ( , ), 300. 135 . . 40% , , , . Salim Group , - , , [8, . 46-52; 10; 11; 7, . 110].

, 10-15 , , , - , "- ", - . , , , " , ". -, "" , , , "" . , , , " " [8, . 46; 7, . ].

. 1995 " " . ( Lippo Group): " , ". Lippo Group, , , , . , , , [12].

? , . 90- "" - . Citra Lamtoro Guiig, - Hanurata: - - Humpuss. - . Bamantara , , , , - , . , , , , [12-15].

, , ( , - ) , - . , , , . , - , : , .

, - , , " " . . 1996 Bimuntara ( , " " ) . 2 ., 40% [16, 14]. , , , , .

, , . - . 1983-1993 (.. "") 72,9 135 . , , . , , , .

80- - 90- , . , ( 50% " ). 90- (, ) .. Indosat ( ), .. Telkom ( ), .. PLN ( ) . [17, 18].

, 60-90- . . - .

, , . , - , - - , . , .

19941996 , , , . , " " , (, ) " ". , ( ) , .

: 1998 , , , , , . 21 1998 , - .

, 1998 , . , . .

1. May . . " ", " " //. 1998. 13 .

2. Sydney Morning Herald. 1986. 10 April.

3. Robinson R. Indonesia. The Rise of Capital. Sydney, 1986. P. 296-308.

4. Kunio Y. The Rise of Ersatz Capitalism in South-East Asia. Quezon City, 1988. P. 228.

5. Seagrave S. Lords of the Rim. The Invisible Empire of the Overseas Chinesse. London. 1996. P. 226-247.

6. Far Eastern Economic Review. Hong Kong, 1983. 7 April. I.Schwart: A. Nation in Waiting. Indonesia in the 1990s. Boulder, 1994.

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