. , , ,

,,,

( ) —


1.

2. Windows

3.

,

“”


- .

:

  • ,

  • , ,

  • , ,

  • -

:

  • MS Word

  • MS Excel

  • MS Access

  • MS Power Point

  • (, ..)

:

  1. .. IBM PC . . 6-, ., 1995 .

  2. .. . ., 1995 .

  3. ./ . ... ., 1992 .

:

  1. . Windows 95 . -, 1997 .

  2. . . . ... -, 1997 .

6. .., .., .. Word 97. . . ., 1997



1.





- . :

  • .

. :

  • (hardware)

  • (software)

  • ,

:

  • (, )

  • (, , )

, , , .


.

:

  • ()

, .

:

  • ( 700 - 1.500 $ );

  • ( 5.000 - 50.000 $ );

  • - ( 100.000 - 500.000 $ );

  • ( 1.000.000 $ ).

, , (). 70 - 80- . - , , , , . :

  • ;

  • , ;

  • ;

  • ;

  • .

. ( 90% ) , IBM. IBM. IBM-.

Maintosh Apple. IBM-, .

: Sun Microsystem; Silicon Graphics; Hewlett- Packard.


.

, - . 0 1 . - , 2 . : 00101011, 00000000, 11111111, 10101010. - . ( ) , . . , .

.

. :

00000000 = 0 00000001 = 1 00000010 = 2 00000011 = 3 00000100 = 4 00000101 = 5
00000110 = 6 00000111 = 7 00001000 = 8 00001001 = 9 00001010 = 10 00001011 = 11
00001100 = 12 00001101=13

. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . .

11111110 = 254 11111111 = 255

, , . 2 8, .. 256. 255, 16 . 2 16 , .. 65536 . 4 32 . .

( ) , .

- , , , .. . 256 , , . , . .

. . . -. , 0 - , 1 - . 1 100.000 . , , . 16- 4 , .. . 256- 1 . 2 , 65536 . , .

, .


, . . , , , , .

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1 () = 1024 (.. 2 10)

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. .


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, . . . , - .

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, , . , . - . , 2 , 500 1 .

. . , . . , . , . , .

, . . . , .. .

, , .

, . - , .

( Hard Disk, HD, ). :

  • ( 2 - 4 , .. );

  • , .. , ;

  • ;

  • .

( Floppy Disk, FD ). :

  • ( - 1.44 )

  • , ..

- ( CD, Compact Disk ). - :

  • , ( 1 )

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  • ( , , , )

, ( ) , - ( CD-ROM) .

- :

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, (), .


.

- , , , , . , , . ( ), , , , , .. . .

, .. . , IBM, , . - . 200 - 300 .

, .

, IBM- Intel, . . Intel Pentium ( Pentium MMX, Pentium II Pentium III).

Maintosh Apple Motorola.

PowerPC, IBM, Apple Motorola.

, . - , , .

, .


- , "" .

. 102 , : ; ; .

(, , , , , ).

. :

  • Enter ;

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  • Delete , ;

  • F1, F2, ..., F12 ;

  • Home, End, PageUp, PageDown, --- ;

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. Ctrl, Alt, Shift. - .

'' . '' - . '' 2 3 , .

'' . :

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. , - . , - .

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- , , , , .. , , , .

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, . . . 9 24. - 10 60 .

, . . .

. . . .

, - . .


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. - .

:

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.

  • , ;

  • , , . . : Pentium 266-300 , (32-64 ), (2 ), -, . , , .

  • . , ( IBM- , Macintosh, ). . .

  • (, , ) . Relcom.

  • () . - Internet.

:

  • ( ), ;

  • (), .

- . . : - /. - , .. , 1 . 30 /.


. . , .

, (). .

, Word Microsoft.

- . - Excel Microsoft.

-, . , . Microsoft , Access.

- . CorelDraw , Adobe PhotoShop, 3DStudio.

- . , Basic, Pascal C++. , :

  • Visual Basic Microsoft

  • Borland C++ Borland

  • Borland Pascal/Delphi

3 Java, , Internet.

Internet , . ( . brouse). Microsoft Internet Explorer Netscape Navigator.

:

  • , - ( - DrWeb)

  • - ( - WinRar, Arj, WinZip)

  • ( - Norton Utilities)

  • ( - FineReader, CuneiForm)

:

  • (1 , , )

  • - (, , )

  • (ProjectExpert)

  • (PageMaker, QuarkXPress)


- , . '' .

:

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IBM MS DOS Microsoft. , MicrosoftWindows, IBM OS/2, UNIX.

:

  • ;

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. :

  • ,

  • - Norton Commander, , ,

  • Windows, , .


MS DOS/Windows . . :

  • A: ,

  • B: ,

  • C: .

(), C:, D:, E:, F: .. . , . - , . :

  • C: , D: , E: -

  • F: - -

  • G: , W: , Z: - .


, , , : 1 8 ; , 1 3 . Windows 95 , - .

; .

, . , :

  • TXT ;

  • COM EXE .

. , Word DOC, Paint Windows BMP. .

:

  • Progr1.exe

  • PROGR2.COM

  • tablica.TXT

  • dannye.doc

  • .doc ( Windows 95 )

:

  • Prog.text -

  • Prog.15.txt -


. , , . , , . - (, ). (directory). . , , .

, , . , . . . , .

, :

  • , ..

. ( C:, D:, ... ), , .

, .. , , . (\). MS DOS/Windows :

: \ 1 \ 2 \ ... \ .

: - ( :, B:, C:,...)

... \ ... -

, . . , .

:

  • : \ DOS \ RAB \ PROG1.exe - prog1.exe ( C: ) RAB, DOS

  • D: \ DOKUMENT \ tablica.txt - tablica.txt ( D: ) DOKUMENT

  • A: \ file1.txt - file1.txt ,

, , , .

, C: \ RAB \ file1.txt C: \ DOKUM \ file1.txt , .

, . , . . .

, :

  • ( ); -

  • , , . MS DOS ( ), . . . Windows .

MS DOS , .. :

A: \ > ( )

: \ > ( )

. Windows - - " ".

:

  • ( );

  • , , RESET;

  • , 3 : Ctrl+Alt+Del.


MS DOS , . . > , - .

- , . ENTER, . ENTER,

Bad command or file name

( )

, .

MS DOS . ENTER, :

C: \ RAB > A:

( , : ENTER)

A: \ >

( )

, 'Bad command or file name', 'Invalid drivespecification' ( ) .

MS DOS 60 , , - . . , . .

, * ?. * . , *.txt ' txt', tabl.* ' tabl '.

.

:

  • Dir - ;

  • MkDir (MD) - ;

  • ChDir (CD) - () ;

  • RmDir (RD) - .

:

  • Copy - ;

  • Del - ;

  • Type - ;

  • Ren - .


MS DOS . , . , , , , . , .

- , : , , , , .

-. , MS DOS . , Norton Commander. - Volkov Commander.


1. , ,


2. - :

  1. 10

  2. 8

  3. 4

  4. 8


3. 1 ?

  1. 0011

  2. 00112031

  3. abcd

  5. 00110101


4. :

  1. 00112110

  2. 00000000

  3. 11111111

  4. 11000101


5. -

  1. 1000

  2. 1000

  3. 1024

  4. 1000

  5. 1024


6. - :

  1. 1

  2. 1024

  3. 1

  4. 1024


7. - :

  1. 1000

  2. 1

  3. 1024

  4. 1

  5. 1024


8. :


9. : , () , /. :


10. :

  4. ()


11. () :


12. :

  4. 1


13. , :

  2. -


14. - :

  1. ()

  2. ()


15. ' :


16. () :

  1. 8 32

  2. 16 32

  3. 128 256

  4. 256 1


17. :


18. - :

  1. 1 ()

  2. '

  3. '


19. :

  1. ,

  3. ,


20. :

  4. - (CD-ROM)


21. :

  1. -


22. :


23. :

  1. 1 10

  2. 1 3

  3. 10 100

  4. 10


24. ( ) ':

  1. 1.5

  2. 1

  3. 2

  4. 1.44


25. : , . ?


26. :


27. - :


28. :

  2. , 1

  4. 1


29. , :


30. : , , . ?


31. :


32. - :

  2. ( )

  3. '


33. :

  1. 200 100

  2. 400 200

  3. 800 600

  4. 2000 1000


34. - :


35. :

  1. , 1

  4. 1


36. :

  1. ()


37. :


38. :


39. - :


40. :


41. IBM- :

  1. OS/2 IBM

  2. UNIX

  3. MS DOS Microsoft

  4. NetWare Novell


42. :

  2. ( )

  3. - Norton Commander ,


43. ' ' :


44. MS DOS :


45. :

  3. ,


46. MS DOS :

  4. -


47. - :

  1. ,

  3. ,


48. :


49. :


50. MS DOS :

  2. 8

  4. 10


51. .EXE :

  3. ,


52. MS DOS:

  1. text.datt

  2. prog.2.com

  3. my prog.exe

  4. doc1.txt

  5. 1.txt


53. ?

  1. prog.exe

  2. prog.txt

  3. programa

  4. prog_exe


54. - :

  1. , ' -

  2. 100

  3. 10


55. MS DOS:

  1. catalog\\1

  2. catalog new

  3. catalog1

  4. cat.doc.new


56. - :

  2. ,

  3. , "---..."

  4. , "-"


57. DIR SUBDIR, , , SUBSUBDR, :

  1. DIR/SUBDIR/SUBSUBDR

  2. DIR.SUBDIR.SUBSUBDR

  3. SUBSUBDR/SUBDIR/DIR

  4. DIR\SUBDIR\SUBSUBDR

  5. SUBSUBDR\SUBDIR\DIR


58. " " :

  1. ,

  2. ()


59. ?

  1. A: B: -

  2. C: D: -

  4. E: - - (CD-ROM)

  5. R:, S:, W: -


60. :

  1. \\1\\...\\

  2. 1\2\...\

  3. :\1\...\

  4. /1/.../


61. :

  1. A/DIR1/file.com

  2. D:\\DIR.MY\\doc.txt

  3. :\DIR1\DIR2

  4. C:\DIR1\DIR2\text.txt


62. ?

  1. , -

  2. ,

  3. ,


63. :


64. :

  1. , , ,

  2. , ', ,

  3. , , ,

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65. :

  1. , , ', ,

  2. , , , , '

  3. , , , ,

  4. , , , ,


66. :


67. , prog.exe, MS

DOS :

  1. ENTER

  3. prog.exe Norton Commander ENTER

  4. prog.exe Norton Commander


68. :

  2. (, )


26




1.

2. Windows

3.


2. Windows




Windows

Windows - IBM- . Microsoft MS DOS. Windows 95, Windows 98 Windows NT.

Windows MS DOS:

  • , -

  • Windows- ( )

  • (, )

  • ,

  • , ..

  • , .. - Internet


Windows 95

Windows 95 . , MS-DOS. Windows 95 . . , .

Windows 95 , . 32- , 32- 386/486/Pentium. , Microsoft Office 95/97 .

(8 ) 25 30%. . . , . , - , , . , , , , .

. Plug and Play ( ). , , . Windows 95 .

, - .

255 ( ).

, . Windows 95, .

Windows 95 OLE2. , .

Windows 95 CD-ROM. Windows 95 MS-DOS Windows 3.1/3.11. , , .


Windows " " (DeskTop). (folder) (icon) , , .

:

:

  • " " (My Computer) , ;

  • "" (Recycler) " " , ;

  • "" , ;

  • " " , , .



, : Paint. . - . , - , .

" " (TaskBar). "" (Start), , . , " " . " " : "Microsoft Word Glava3" " -Paint". .

(folder), . - . , , , . , , Windows 95 . (, . .). ( ), , , , , . . Windows, ( " "). MS-DOS , . MS-DOS . .

Windows, , . , " ", , .


DOS Windows 8.3. , . . Windows 95 . , , 255 , .


Windows, , . - , . . , .

. . . (maximize) , (minimize) , (close) . , () .

, , , , , .

. " " . " " . " " .

, . .

, . , . . . Windows 95 , , , , , . Windows .

, , .


Windows . , . , - . , ( - )

:

  • ,

  • : Alt Tab, ;


Windows 95 , , ( ) . , .. , . .

. : "" (Property) " "; "" ; "" . .


" "

" " (My Computer). " " , . . .. , " ".

" " , " " (Control Panel), "" (Printers). , . , . :, . , . , .

" :

  • "" (File) (, , );

  • "" (Edit) ;

  • "" (View) ;

  • ? .

, , Enter. . .

. , , . , .

" " , "" :

  • " " ;

  • "" ;

  • "" ;

  • "" ;

  • "" .

, - , . "".

- , "" :

  • "" (Open) ;

  • "" "" Windows;

  • "" (Find) ;

  • "" (Format) .


"" :

  • "" (Undo) ;

  • "" (Cut) ;

  • "" (Copy) ;

  • "" (Paste) ;

  • " " ;

  • " " ;

  • " " .

"" " " ( , ""). . , , . , . , . "", ( , .).

"" :

  • " " - / ;

  • " " - / ( );

  • " - ;

  • - ();

  • - ;

  • - ;

  • - ( );

  • " " - ;

  • "" - ( );

  • "" - ().


"?" .

" ", :

, . .

- (, ) , , , . . " ".

, " ". , :

  • "",

  • " ",

  • " ",

  • " ".

" ".


""

"" " ". , , , . "". , . , , . (), .

. , " ".

, "" "".

"" , , "" "".

"" " " "".

- "" ( - 10 %). , "'" "" (Property). "".


(, , , ..). , , \WORD\DOCUMENTS, . " " ( WINDOWS\ ). " " ( \WINDOWS\ ) . , Windows 95 , , , .

, .

. , , " ". , .

" " :

  • (, , ), ;

  • "" " ";

  • " ".

Del. .

.


"" (Start)

"" " ". . "" , , , "". , , . :

  • . , Windows 95

  • , , , , .

  • . " " ( ), "" ( ) " ".

  • . , .

  • . Windows 95.

  • . . , .

  • . "", .

  • . Windows . Windows 95 , , , . . " " : ; ; MS-DOS. .

, , , , . , , , .

"" " " , . " ". , .

" " , . " " , , .

"" , , .


" ". (), . :

  • "" "" ""

  • ""/""

, ( ).

.

:

  • "" "", "", ""

  • ; Ctrl

. ( ). "" ( ) . , , . . .

"" ( ) , . . " ", , , . , . , (). , . " " .

"" "". : ; ; , ; ; MS-DOS ( ); ; , .

"" "". "" "".


"" (Explorer)

Windows 95 , " ", . Windows 95 "", . "". "" "" "". "" , ( ). , " ", :, , "" "". ( :).

"" . , . , " " " " ( ).

( ) . . . , , ( "").

"+" "-". "+" , (.. ). "+", . "-", , .

"" , " ". , "" , " ".

"" :

"" ( ) ;

"" , . . . , .

, . , " ", :

  • , ;

  • , ( , ).

.

, , , "" "". . , Windows 95 . , Windows 95 , , . Windows 95 , , . . , .

, Windows , " " "". " ".

, , "" . , .

, .

"", "". , .

, , , Del ( "" ""). . "" "".

"" . "" "". "" "". "" , . , , , , . , , "", , "".


Windows 95 , Windows 95 . , .

"" "". "?", .

" " : , , .

. . . , , . , .

. , . , .

. , , , . , , .

, , , . , . - (, , , ) .


Windows 95 . , .

, , , .

. . .

, Windows 95 . " " "". , , .

Windows 95, "" (" ", " "). "" . "" " ". "" . Windows 95 . " " (HyperTerminal). HyperTerminal , . , , : , , , .

. , -. -, . -, .

, -, . / . Windows Microsoft Fax. , , Microsoft Word. Microsoft Exchange, "" " ". Microsoft Exchange , , . Microsoft Exchange .

"" "" Microsoft Exchange, , . :

  • Microsoft Fax

  • Microsoft Mail

  • Microsoft Network.

"" . , "".

Windows 95 Microsoft Network. , , , , , , Internet . Microsoft Network Windows95. Network " ". .

" " " ". " " : . . , " ". , , " ". , .

, " ". . , "" .

, , , , , , . . " " , " " .

- , . " " " ". ( ) ( ), , " ".

, . . . , , , . Windows 95 , , . Windows - NT Server.


Windows 95 "" 15 . "" "", "".

:

  • Notepad ()

  • WordPad

  • Paint

  • (Calculator)


(Notepad)

, () . . txt.

WordPad

WordPad " " Word.

WordPad "" ""/""/" WordPad". , , "".

WordPad Windows-, Windows 95. :

  • .


. :

  • ""

  • ""

  • ("")

  • .

, .

Paint

Paint , . Paint , , .


""

, "" , , , , , . Plug and Play . / - (), (- , CD-ROM- .). : , , ; CD-ROM- -; , , . . .

, " " , . . , , .

" " "" . : , -, . " " "", "Video Windows". - "" " -". , . "" . .

- Windows " ".

""

Windows 95 , "", , . "" , , .

, , . "" , . , . "" . - , "" . "" , , .

"" "" "". "". "" "", "" "".

"", - . "" .

"" " ". "" "". , "" , , . "" , , , "", , . ( , , ) "" .

""

. , , . , ( ). . ( ), , .

() . " " . " " (Scan Disk) , , .

""

(, , ).


Windows . (Clipboard). , Clipboard - , . (): , , , , ..

:

  • "" (ut) "" (Copy), "" (Edit), ,

  • - ( ), "" (Paste)


, . , , -.

, "" "" . : DDE (Dynamic Date Exchange) OLE (Object Linking and Embedding). , . - "" " ".

"" "". "" . , WordPad, , . , . "" "". , . , WordPad. - , ( ). , , Mathcad, , .


Windows 95

Windows 95 "" . "" . "" : " ", "", " ". "" " ". : " " " ".

:

  • " " , ;

  • " " , ;

  • "" , ;

  • " ".

"", - . "" . "" (). "" "", "" , , .

"" :

  • "" "", " ", " ";

  • "" "";

  • , "";

  • ;

  • , , "".

: "" - "" - " " - " " ""; , "". , . .

Windows 95 . Windows 95 " " "" . " " Windows 95. , (), , , . " " Windows 95.

" " , . . "" " (Wizards) .

, "". : "", "", "", "".

"" , . . . . Paint " ".

"" " " (Screen Saver), .. , - . , , . , , - .

"". , , . "" , Microsoft. , .

"" . " ", , Windows .


Windows 98

Windows 98 Windows 95. " ", " ", . . Windows 98 " ". . . : . . , .

Windows 98 Internet: .. " " Web-. Internet .

" " . , Web- . Internet. " " (Active DeskTop) Web-, . , Web-, , " " " Web-".

"" Windows 98 "". , Internet Explorer. , Web. "" Windows 98 Web-, "" "" " " " Web".

. , . , , , DVD ( -).

OnNow , ( ).

TV Tuner TV Viewer, . .

Windows Microsoft . FAT32, . Windows 98 .

, ; (, ) ; .


Windows NT

Windows 95/98 . Windows NT . , .

NT : NT 32- . , NT . Windows NT. NT Workstation . NT Server 32 .

NT . NT . -, NT , . -, NT (, ) , , .

MS-DOS Windows , , . , Windows NT , , . , .

Windows NT 32 .

NT .

NT Windows 95. . , Windows 95.

Windows NT Windows 95. . Ctrl + Alt + Del, .

" " : " " " ". , - , Ctrl + Alt + Del. " Windows NT", "". , Ctrl + Alt + Del .

NT : , , . . . . . . " ".

Microsoft, Windows 95/98 , Windows NT.


1.

  1. " ": , , MS Office ( )

  2. : , , ,

  3. :

  • (  )

  • (  )

  1. ; ( )

  2. (. ) -

  • (  )

  • 3

  1. :

  • (. 2) (, , WordPad, Paint, )

  • (. 2, 3)

  • :

  • Alt / Tab ( Alt Tab)

  1. : ,

  2. MS Office; ( )

  3. : , , - , - ; :

  • - - , ,

  • -

  • Windows -

8.



2.

  1. Windows ( - ) ( - , - )

  2. 2

  3. : , ( ),

  4. : , ,

  5. :

  • /

  • , , ,

  1. (), (C:, D:); ; -

  2. : : :, , , ,

  3. 2-3

  4. : , ,

  5. : , , ; : ,

  6. : - ( :), , , ( , ),

  7. ,

  8. : , CTRL

  9. : ,

  10. : 2 , ( ), ( -)

  11. : 2 ( , - ), , ; ;

  12. ( -)

  13. : MS Office, --

  14. , , : + , - ()


1. Windows MS DOS :


2. p (Desktop) Windows 95: (Start), (My Computer) (Recycler). ?

  1. p

  2. (Task Bar)

  3. p

  4. p ()


3. (Task Bar) p (Desktop) Windows 95 :

  1. pp

  2. p

  3. p

  4. p p


4. p p Windows 95 p - pp ?

  1. p pp

  2. p pp

  3. p pp,

  4. p


5. p p pp p :

  1. p

  2. pp

  3. p

  4. Alt/Tab


6. Windows: , , p . ?

  4. ()


7. Windows :

  3. /

  4. (Start)


8. p p:

  1. p p

  3. p

  4. p


9. Windows :


10. Windows: , , . ?


11. (My Computer) p Windows 95

  1. p

  2. p

  3. pp p

  4. pp

  5. p


12. p (Recycler) p Windows 95 p:

  2. p p


13. (Recycler) Windows 95 :

  1. -

  2. ,

  4. 100


14. () Windows 95 :

  1. p

  2. p p


15. p p Windows 95

  1. p p

  2. : 1

  3. p p

  4. :

  5. : Word


16. pp (Explorer) Windows 95 :

  1. p p

  2. p

  3. pp p

  4. pp

  5. p


17. - :

  1. ,

  2. ,

  3. ,


18. :


19. Windows 95 :

  2. (Programs)

  3. ,

  4. (Explorer)


20. Windows :

  2. " "

  3. " "


28





1.

2. Windows

3.


3.


- . , , .

, , , .. .

, , . , "", , : , , .. .

, . : , , , .

, . .

. , , .

  • - (Brief, Norton Editor, Quick).

  • - , , , .. , , . , , Microsoft Word, Word Perfect, AmiPro, MultiEdit.

  • . , , , , . . MathOr. , . , . , .

  • - (, , , , ). Corel Ventura Publisher, Adobe PageMaker, QuarkXPress. , . . , , , . . Microsoft Word.

, , . . , , , , , ..


. , : , , , , , .

  • , . . , . () . , (" " ).

  • -, .

  • () . .

  • - . .

  • . . . .

  • () . , , , - .


( ) - , , , , ( ) . .

.

m End .

PageUp PageDn () .

, , , , .

, .

, , , , . , .

. , . , , , . . , .

, . PageUp PageDn () . .

- . ( ) .

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