. , , ,

,,,

: — ,

:

.

. "ENIAC" 1946 . . ̻ 1950 . - . , - .

1.

.
1946-60 , 0,1 mips 100

.

.

,

1955-70 1 mips 1 , , ,
1965-80 10 mips 10 , ,

-,

,

, , ,
1975-90 100 mips 100 , , , , , , , .

.

. , .

[super computer] , , . , , , , . . .

[server] , . -, , . , . . , , .

[workstation] , ( , ), .

- [personal computer - PC] , . , , . [laptop], [notebook] [palmtop] .

[terminal] , , - .

( ), .

. 40- . : () [processor (CPU)] (- + ), -.

: . .

.

5 : , , , , .

:

a=b+c

d=e+f

, , . , , , .

, . .

: [7].

50- . , .

, [pipeline] .

, , , 5 . , , [command pipeline]. , , .

[arithmetic pipeline], .

, : . . [superscalar].

, SISD [Single Instruction Single Data] (. . 2.1).


. 1. SISD

. . .

. :

for i=1 to N : a[i]=b[i]+c[i] : next i

N ( ). SISD .

[vector] . [array (vector) processor], , .

SIMD [Single Instruction Multiple Data] (. . 2.2).

- , .

SISD SIMD .

: MISD- MIMD-.

MISD [Multiple Instruction Single Data] . , . , MISD-, .


. 2. SIMD

MIMD [Multiple Instruction Multiple Data] .

MIMD-: . , , . .

, , .

, .

, , , , .

( ) MIPS [Million Instructions Per Second] - . MIPS . MIPS . , , . , MIPS , , MIPS.

, - , , MFLOPS [Million Floating Point Operations Per Second] - . , MIPS, .

. LINPACK, SpecInt92 SpecFp92, AIM.

GFLOPS. MFLOPS.

, (. .2.3). ( ), , -, . [mother board]. () (): , , . : , . , .


. 3.

. :

desktop ;

mini-tower ;

big tower .

.

, , : , , , , , .

[bus] . : , , .

:

;

.

[bus clock, bus frequency] , . , . .

PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect). ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) AT- . . 2.2.

2.

,

/
PC XT 4,77 8 20 5
ISA 8 16 24 8
PCI 33 32,64 32 80,160

[processor, CPU] , . . .

:

;

();

.

[CPU speed (clock, frequency)] - , . . , . .

( ) , . 32 64 .

:

( );

( );

.

, .

.

, .. , . , 16, 216=65536 65 .

, :

;

;

.

[instruction set] , . : CISC- [Complex Instructions Set Computer] RISC- [Reduced Instructions Set Computer].

CISC-. RISC , . .

, .

. . .

, . [compatible], .

:

B8 05 03 BB-00 00 CD 16-CD 20

B80503 mov ax,00305

BB0000 mov bx,00000

CD16 int 16

CD20 int 20

Intel8086 Intel 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium I, Pentium II, Pentium III. . , , , Pentium III , Pentium I.

.

, . , . , Windows95 , Windows NT Server .

Pentium :

;

;

;

.

32 , - 32 , - 64 . Pentium I 66 112 MIPS.

. 2.3.

3.

, SPECint92 SPECfp92

 

 

PA RISC 200 RICS 360 550

 

Alpha 21164 300 RISC 330 500

 

PowerPC 133 RISC 225 300

 

PowerPC 66 RISC 48 84

 

Pentium II 133 CISC 200 200

 

Pentium I 133 CISC 148 110

 

Pentium I 66 CISC 65 57

 

Intel 486 DX2 66 CISC 32 16

: www.citforum.ru.

Celeron Pentium .

900 .

[memory, storage] , , . .

[internal storage] , , . , - [Random Access Memory - RAM], [main memory].

. , . , ( 128 512 ), ( ) . [cahe] .

[external storage] .

: , , .

100 , 10 . - 64 .

, () [external (peripheral) device (unit)] , (). (. . 2.4).

. SCSI- [Small Computer System Interface]. IDE- [Integrated Device Electronics].

4.

/

0,01
0,02
0,02
200
0,06
1,00
100
4800
2000
15000
40

: www.citforum.ru.

, .

- [magnetic disk] . - [hard disk drive HDD] . . , RAID- [redundant array of inexpensive disks]. . [floppy disk] . . .

[magnetic tape] . , , .

[optical disk] . - . , , .

10 . 720 , 1,44 2,88 . 3-5. 650 .

1 2000 . 0,2 ., - 0,15 ., 0,14 ., 0,03 .

: www.citforum.ru.

-

-. - -. - , , .

5. -

( )

[keyboard]

, (10 .-100 .)
[digitizer]

, (1000-2000);

(128-512).

[touch screen]

.

[scanner]

, (300-1200 dpi);

(2, 256, 24 .);

(1-2 /);

(4, 5 ..);

( );

[printer]

(600-1200 [dpi]);

(10-20 /);

[plotter]

(0,02-0,07 );

(8-24)

(400-1000 /)

: [2].

. , , . .

. .

, . [video-RAM] . , . .

. , , .

: , , , . . . , .

. 15 17 . : , ..

[resolution] , , 1024768.

[frequency] , . , ( 70 ) .

17 , 1024768, 75 . .

- , , TCO95. . .

. . . : .: +, .: , .: , 1999. 624 .

.. : 2- . .: OILCO, 1992. 357 .

.. . .: , 1980. 520 .

.. Borland C++ Builder 3.0. /, Internet-. .: -, 1999. 240 .

.., .. : Turbo C Borland ++: .: .., 1992. 240 .

.. .. . - .: , 1999. 464 .

. . Hard Soft 4 1995.

.. . , , , . .: -, 1999. 256 .

. - . .: , 1999. 386 .

: / . .. . .: , 1996. 336 .

: . . "ENIAC" 1946 .

 

 

 

! , , , .
. , :