,,,
:
.
. "ENIAC" 1946 . . ̻ 1950 . - . , - .
1.
. | ||||||
1946-60 | , | 0,1 mips | 100 |
. . , |
||
1955-70 | 1 mips | 1 | , | , , | ||
1965-80 | 10 mips | 10 | , , |
-, ,
|
, , , | |
1975-90 | 100 mips | 100 | , , | , , | , , , . |
.
. , .
[super computer] , , . , , , , . . .
[server] , . -, , . , . . , , .
[workstation] , ( , ), .
- [personal computer - PC] , . , , . [laptop], [notebook] [palmtop] .
[terminal] , , - .
( ), .
. 40- . : () [processor (CPU)] (- + ), -.
: . .
.
5 : , , , , .
:
a=b+c
d=e+f
, , . , , , .
, . .
: [7].
50- . , .
, [pipeline] .
, , , 5 . , , [command pipeline]. , , .
[arithmetic pipeline], .
, : . . [superscalar].
, SISD [Single Instruction Single Data] (. . 2.1).
. . .
. :
for i=1 to N : a[i]=b[i]+c[i] : next i
N ( ). SISD .
[vector] . [array (vector) processor], , .
SIMD [Single Instruction Multiple Data] (. . 2.2).
- , .
SISD SIMD .
: MISD- MIMD-.
MISD [Multiple Instruction Single Data] . , . , MISD-, .
MIMD [Multiple Instruction Multiple Data] .
MIMD-: . , , . .
, , .
, .
, , , , .
( ) MIPS [Million Instructions Per Second] - . MIPS . MIPS . , , . , MIPS , , MIPS.
, - , , MFLOPS [Million Floating Point Operations Per Second] - . , MIPS, .
. LINPACK, SpecInt92 SpecFp92, AIM.
GFLOPS. MFLOPS.
, (. .2.3). ( ), , -, . [mother board]. () (): , , . : , . , .
. :
desktop ;
mini-tower ;
big tower .
.
, , : , , , , , .
[bus] . : , , .
:
;
.
[bus clock, bus frequency] , . , . .
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect). ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) AT- . . 2.2.
2.
, | / | |||
PC XT | 4,77 | 8 | 20 | 5 |
ISA | 8 | 16 | 24 | 8 |
PCI | 33 | 32,64 | 32 | 80,160 |
[processor, CPU] , . . .
:
;
();
.
[CPU speed (clock, frequency)] - , . . , . .
( ) , . 32 64 .
:
( );
( );
.
, .
.
, .. , . , 16, 216=65536 65 .
, :
;
;
.
[instruction set] , . : CISC- [Complex Instructions Set Computer] RISC- [Reduced Instructions Set Computer].
CISC-. RISC , . .
, .
. . .
, . [compatible], .
:
B8 05 03 BB-00 00 CD 16-CD 20
B80503 mov ax,00305
BB0000 mov bx,00000
CD16 int 16
CD20 int 20
Intel8086 Intel 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium I, Pentium II, Pentium III. . , , , Pentium III , Pentium I.
.
, . , . , Windows95 , Windows NT Server .
Pentium :
;
;
;
.
32 , - 32 , - 64 . Pentium I 66 112 MIPS.
. 2.3.
3.
, | SPECint92 | SPECfp92 |
|
||||
|
PA RISC | 200 | RICS | 360 | 550 | ||
|
Alpha 21164 | 300 | RISC | 330 | 500 | ||
|
PowerPC | 133 | RISC | 225 | 300 | ||
|
PowerPC | 66 | RISC | 48 | 84 | ||
|
Pentium II | 133 | CISC | 200 | 200 | ||
|
Pentium I | 133 | CISC | 148 | 110 | ||
|
Pentium I | 66 | CISC | 65 | 57 | ||
|
Intel 486 DX2 | 66 | CISC | 32 | 16 | ||
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Celeron Pentium .
900 .
[memory, storage] , , . .
[internal storage] , , . , - [Random Access Memory - RAM], [main memory].
. , . , ( 128 512 ), ( ) . [cahe] .
[external storage] .
: , , .
100 , 10 . - 64 .
, () [external (peripheral) device (unit)] , (). (. . 2.4).
. SCSI- [Small Computer System Interface]. IDE- [Integrated Device Electronics].
4.
|
/ |
|
0,01 | ||
0,02 | ||
0,02 | ||
200 | ||
0,06 | ||
1,00 | ||
100 | ||
4800 | ||
2000 | ||
15000 | ||
40 |
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, .
- [magnetic disk] . - [hard disk drive HDD] . . , RAID- [redundant array of inexpensive disks]. . [floppy disk] . . .
[magnetic tape] . , , .
[optical disk] . - . , , .
10 . 720 , 1,44 2,88 . 3-5. 650 .
1 2000 . 0,2 ., - 0,15 ., 0,14 ., 0,03 .
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-
-. - -. - , , .
5. -
( ) | |
[keyboard] |
, (10 .-100 .) |
[digitizer] |
, (1000-2000); (128-512). |
[touch screen] |
. |
[scanner] |
, (300-1200 dpi); (2, 256, 24 .); (1-2 /); (4, 5 ..); ( ); |
[printer] |
(600-1200 [dpi]); (10-20 /); |
[plotter] |
(0,02-0,07 ); (8-24) (400-1000 /) |
: [2].
. , , . .
. .
, . [video-RAM] . , . .
. , , .
: , , , . . . , .
. 15 17 . : , ..
[resolution] , , 1024768.
[frequency] , . , ( 70 ) .
17 , 1024768, 75 . .
- , , TCO95. . .
. . . : .: +, .: , .: , 1999. 624 .
.. : 2- . .: OILCO, 1992. 357 .
.. . .: , 1980. 520 .
.. Borland C++ Builder 3.0. /, Internet-. .: -, 1999. 240 .
.., .. : Turbo C Borland ++: .: .., 1992. 240 .
.. .. . - .: , 1999. 464 .
. . Hard Soft 4 1995.
.. . , , , . .: -, 1999. 256 .
. - . .: , 1999. 386 .
: / . .. . .: , 1996. 336 .
: . . "ENIAC" 1946 .
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