. , , ,

,,,

,

.-21 ..

. .

, 2004

. , , , , - , , , .

- . , , , , , .

- . , , " " (). "" "", .

, , , (, , ). .

1.

1.1.

, , .

.

- , , , , , , , , , .

, , . . .

(). .

. .

. - . . . .

. (off-line), ( , ). , , . , . .. , . .

, (on-line). , (time-sharing).

, , , , . . , . (, ), , . .

. - ( ) .

. , .

, , .

, , . .., , , .

, , , , , . .. ( ).

1.2.

, , , .

- , , , . , (, , ) , . . , , , . . , , , .

, , , , , , .

- , .

, .

:

,

,

,

,

.

1. - , , , () .

:

- ;

:

- , , : .

- , : .

- , , .

, . (.. - "") , (.. - ""). , , . , . ( - , - , -. -, . -, .).

-

1). ;

2). (, );

3). (. , ., , );

4). .

3. - , , , .

4. - , , .

5. - , , , .

1.3.

, , , .

. , . ( ), .

, , WIMP, SILK .

- .

WIMP - (Window-, Image-, Menu-, Pointer-).

SILK - (Speech-, Image-, Language-, Knowledge-). , .

, .

- SKP, MS DOS . .

- UNIX, DOS 7.0, OS/2, WINDOWS; .

- ( ) - INTERNET, NOVELL, ORACLE, NETWARE . , .

().

(.1.2.).

. (), (), , CASE - , Designer Clarion.

, , .

, , .

, ( ) ( , , , ) .

: . , . , . , , , , .

1.5.

50- . , . .

60- . . , , . , , /.

70- - 80- , .

80- . . . , , , , , , .

2.

2.1.

informatio, , , . (). , , , , . .. - , , , .

, , . .

- , , , .

, . .

- , , . , .

2.2.

. - , . , , . .

- , - . , .

2

 
, , , , , , , .

. , - .

. 2.1.

, (, , ) Y ( , ) ( ). 1 ( ) - () (2, 3) - , . - , , . , - - ; - , : , , ..

, - , . . , . : , , .

. , , . .

2.3. ()

, , , - . .

, , , .

( ) , . .

, , , .

, , .

, .

2.4.

(, , , , , .).

XX . . , , . . 70- , . , , , , , , : , , , ? . : , . , - .

3.

3.1.

90- . , . , - , . .

(e-commerce) - - . , .

" " , - EDI (Electronic Data Interchange - ), , , ( ), ( ). , .

- ( ).

, Internet, " ", - BBS, VAN .. , WWW, , ., . , , , WWW , . , .

3.2.

, . , -.

, : , ;

, .. , ;

, ;

;

, , .

3.3.

- Web- , . - -.

:

-

, .

, , , . 1 .

, 2 .

on-line . : -, (digital cash), .

- . , - . . : , 40% , , .

40% , - . , .

dial-up -. , 34% . , , , .

, , . -л.

, , , .

(, , , - 50% ) - , . - , - .

, , 40% - - , 28% - .

, . , - - , . , , . , .

, . , 1998 ., . -, . , - , . - .

3.4.

- - , , .

Internet- , . 100 500 , Zona Research, , 80% Internet , 10% . , 45% Internet -.

Gartner Group ( 2).

, .

Gartner Group 2000 . , .

, , Dell Computer, . Dell Web , . Federal Express Cisco Systems.

, "", . , , .

3.5.

- . .

, , Internet , .

" Web - , - , - Reality Online ( Internet). - - ".

- . , . , . , , .

, , . .

, , Web, Internet Creator Forman Interactive 149 . Internet Creator Java, ftp .

, Web, , , Content Hosting Services IBM. Net Commerce, . , 3500 3500 .

, Web-. Transact OpenMarket - 125 000 250 000 . Transact , , , . ENetwork Communications Server for AIX 5.0 IBM Internet . 995 69 .

- . Viaweb 100 20 , 300 - 1000 100 - . Viaweb Store 4.0 .

NetVerify IC Verify . Windows 900 , - 450 . 250 .

. Requisite Technology . , Request for Buyers - . , , . . , , , , . Request for Buyers : , , . . , Fortune 1000 10 50000 250000-1000000 .

3.6.

, , - .

Domino 5.0, Lotus , Java , ; , , .

, , Sun Microsystems, , . , , , Java .

, . Reuters Investor Direct Reality Online. , , , . 16 .

Sun Microsystems SunConnect Web. Java Open Financial Exchange .

3.7.

Forrester Research, " ", . , , , , , Web. , 40% . -.

, Forrester , Fortune 1000 1 . . , - .

, VeriSign, - , , 400-1000 Web 200000-1000000 .

, .

. (Secure Electronic Transaction, SET) , CyberCash, Netscape Communications RSA Data Security ( SET). , Secure/MIME United Nations/Electronic Data Interchange for Administration, Commerce, and Transport (UN/EDIFACT). , .

4. swift

4.1. SWIFT

SWIFT (Society for World-Wide Interbank Financial Telecommunications) - . SWIFT , , , .

1950- . (, ) . = , , . . , . , .

1960- 60 . , , , , . :

;

;

(, , , ..).

, , 1968. 1972 . . , . :

; , ; :

0,15 . 100 000 70 ;

-.

1973 . 239 15 SWIFT . , 9 1977 . . - 586 ( 513). 500 000 .

SWIFT 4800 , 155 ( 2700 ), 20 000 . , , 365 . SWIFT 3,3 ; 2000 . 5 .

SWIFT , , . , .

SWIFT - , -. (- . - ) . - - ( ). : - . . . , , , , .

SWIFT , . - SWIFT - . -. . SWIFT - ( ): , , , 1987.

SWIFT 2- : . SWIFT , : , SWIFT ( ) , , , . SWIFT . - .

SWIFT : 400 000 - 200 000 . , - 55 000 . . , ( ), . : , , . , SWIFT ( ) 5 .

, SWIFT, . - . SWIFT , Alcatel Motorola, . , : , , , . SWIFT.

SWIFT . 4 1989 . 1996 . 240 ( - 150). , , . SWIFT, , , ( 0,7% ). , , , , . 2000 .

SWIFT, , , , ( 20 30%). 1995 . SWIFT. . SWIFT , . SWIFT . , 1994 . ( 1800000 400000 ) ( 21 15 6 ), . . SWIFT 5 . , . , , 1996 . SWIFT.

SWIFT , , , .

SWIFT - , .

4.2 SWIFT

SWIFT 1970 , . SWIFT , . SWIFT :

;

;

;

.

, , , .

SWIFT-1 . , . SWIFT-2 1989 . 1995 . , , .

SWIFT-2 , , . SWIFT-1, SWIFT-2 ( ). . , .

SWIFT-2 (.2) (System Control Processor - SCP).

SWIFT-2 :

, . SWIFT . SWIFT.

, (-). , , , . , Unisys A Series, .

(-), , 12 Unisys, . - , , , , . SWIFT-2 . - .

- , SWIFT-2. Unisys. , , . - , , , , , , . 100%- , , ( - ).

SWIFT - , .25 . SWIFT , , SWIFT. , SWIFT .25. , , . : ( ) . .25 - , . , . .25 , , . , . , (SWIFT , ). .

4.3. SWIFT

, , SWIFT . SWIFT , .

, : , , , , . - . . , .

SWIFT . , , . SWIFT, , , .

- . SWIFT ; . , , .. , , , , .

, 1993 . - -. SWIFT . , , , , . , , . .

, SWIFT.

SWIFT , , . , .

- :

, . , . ;

. SWIFT . -, - . , , , . , . , , .

( ), . , .

, , . - . , , , .

, SWIFT, - SWIFT .

, SWIFT , , , , , .

, - . , , , - , . , -.

, de facto . , CHIPS, CHAPS . , , , SWIFT-2.

, , . SWIFT. : SWIFT , . SWIFT - SWIFT. SWIFT.RUR , SWIFT , .

, , , , , .

Internet- . . , , 1998.

: . . , , 1996.

Network Magazine, 10, 1999.

PC WEEK, 6, 1998.

- , http://www.emoney.ru

- , http://www.bankreferatov.ru

.-21 .. . .

 

 

 

! , , , .
. , :