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1.
1.1.
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. (off-line), ( , ). , , . , . .. , . .
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1.2.
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4). .
3. - , , , .
4. - , , .
5. - , , , .
1.3.
, , , .
. , . ( ), .
, , WIMP, SILK .
- .
WIMP - (Window-, Image-, Menu-, Pointer-).
SILK - (Speech-, Image-, Language-, Knowledge-). , .
, .
- SKP, MS DOS . .
- UNIX, DOS 7.0, OS/2, WINDOWS; .
- ( ) - INTERNET, NOVELL, ORACLE, NETWARE . , .
().
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1.5.
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60- . . , , . , , /.
70- - 80- , .
80- . . . , , , , , , .
2.
2.1.
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, , . .
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, . .
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2.2.
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. 2.1.
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2.3. ()
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2.4.
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XX . . , , . . 70- , . , , , , , , : , , , ? . : , . , - .
3.
3.1.
90- . , . , - , . .
(e-commerce) - - . , .
" " , - EDI (Electronic Data Interchange - ), , , ( ), ( ). , .
- ( ).
, Internet, " ", - BBS, VAN .. , WWW, , ., . , , , WWW , . , .
3.2.
, . , -.
, : , ;
, .. , ;
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;
, , .
3.3.
- Web- , . - -.
:
-
, .
, , , . 1 .
, 2 .
on-line . : -, (digital cash), .
- . , - . . : , 40% , , .
40% , - . , .
dial-up -. , 34% . , , , .
, , . -л.
, , , .
(, , , - 50% ) - , . - , - .
, , 40% - - , 28% - .
, . , - - , . , , . , .
, . , 1998 ., . -, . , - , . - .
3.4.
- - , , .
Internet- , . 100 500 , Zona Research, , 80% Internet , 10% . , 45% Internet -.
Gartner Group ( 2).
, .
Gartner Group 2000 . , .
, , Dell Computer, . Dell Web , . Federal Express Cisco Systems.
, "", . , , .
3.5.
- . .
, , Internet , .
" Web - , - , - Reality Online ( Internet). - - ".
- . , . , . , , .
, , . .
, , Web, Internet Creator Forman Interactive 149 . Internet Creator Java, ftp .
, Web, , , Content Hosting Services IBM. Net Commerce, . , 3500 3500 .
, Web-. Transact OpenMarket - 125 000 250 000 . Transact , , , . ENetwork Communications Server for AIX 5.0 IBM Internet . 995 69 .
- . Viaweb 100 20 , 300 - 1000 100 - . Viaweb Store 4.0 .
NetVerify IC Verify . Windows 900 , - 450 . 250 .
. Requisite Technology . , Request for Buyers - . , , . . , , , , . Request for Buyers : , , . . , Fortune 1000 10 50000 250000-1000000 .
3.6.
, , - .
Domino 5.0, Lotus , Java , ; , , .
, , Sun Microsystems, , . , , , Java .
, . Reuters Investor Direct Reality Online. , , , . 16 .
Sun Microsystems SunConnect Web. Java Open Financial Exchange .
3.7.
Forrester Research, " ", . , , , , , Web. , 40% . -.
, Forrester , Fortune 1000 1 . . , - .
, VeriSign, - , , 400-1000 Web 200000-1000000 .
, .
. (Secure Electronic Transaction, SET) , CyberCash, Netscape Communications RSA Data Security ( SET). , Secure/MIME United Nations/Electronic Data Interchange for Administration, Commerce, and Transport (UN/EDIFACT). , .
4. swift
4.1. SWIFT
SWIFT (Society for World-Wide Interbank Financial Telecommunications) - . SWIFT , , , .
1950- . (, ) . = , , . . , . , .
1960- 60 . , , , , . :
;
;
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, , 1968. 1972 . . , . :
; , ; :
0,15 . 100 000 70 ;
-.
1973 . 239 15 SWIFT . , 9 1977 . . - 586 ( 513). 500 000 .
SWIFT 4800 , 155 ( 2700 ), 20 000 . , , 365 . SWIFT 3,3 ; 2000 . 5 .
SWIFT , , . , .
SWIFT - , -. (- . - ) . - - ( ). : - . . . , , , , .
SWIFT , . - SWIFT - . -. . SWIFT - ( ): , , , 1987.
SWIFT 2- : . SWIFT , : , SWIFT ( ) , , , . SWIFT . - .
SWIFT : 400 000 - 200 000 . , - 55 000 . . , ( ), . : , , . , SWIFT ( ) 5 .
, SWIFT, . - . SWIFT , Alcatel Motorola, . , : , , , . SWIFT.
SWIFT . 4 1989 . 1996 . 240 ( - 150). , , . SWIFT, , , ( 0,7% ). , , , , . 2000 .
SWIFT, , , , ( 20 30%). 1995 . SWIFT. . SWIFT , . SWIFT . , 1994 . ( 1800000 400000 ) ( 21 15 6 ), . . SWIFT 5 . , . , , 1996 . SWIFT.
SWIFT , , , .
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4.2 SWIFT
SWIFT 1970 , . SWIFT , . SWIFT :
;
;
;
.
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SWIFT-1 . , . SWIFT-2 1989 . 1995 . , , .
SWIFT-2 , , . SWIFT-1, SWIFT-2 ( ). . , .
SWIFT-2 (.2) (System Control Processor - SCP).
SWIFT-2 :
, . SWIFT . SWIFT.
, (-). , , , . , Unisys A Series, .
(-), , 12 Unisys, . - , , , , . SWIFT-2 . - .
- , SWIFT-2. Unisys. , , . - , , , , , , . 100%- , , ( - ).
SWIFT - , .25 . SWIFT , , SWIFT. , SWIFT .25. , , . : ( ) . .25 - , . , . .25 , , . , . , (SWIFT , ). .
4.3. SWIFT
, , SWIFT . SWIFT , .
, : , , , , . - . . , .
SWIFT . , , . SWIFT, , , .
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, 1993 . - -. SWIFT . , , , , . , , . .
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, SWIFT , , , , , .
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, de facto . , CHIPS, CHAPS . , , , SWIFT-2.
, , . SWIFT. : SWIFT , . SWIFT - SWIFT. SWIFT.RUR , SWIFT , .
, , , , , .
Internet- . . , , 1998.
: . . , , 1996.
Network Magazine, 10, 1999.
PC WEEK, 6, 1998.
- , http://www.emoney.ru
- , http://www.bankreferatov.ru
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