. , , ,

,,,

,


, , - . , , , , . : , ( ). , , , , . , , , . , , , , , . , XIX . . , , , , . . . “, , - , , , ”. , , , , .

, , (, -), - , . , , : .

, , , , . , “ ”. . - , , , , - , .

(borrowings, loan-words) . , , , , . . , , , . , .

:

1. .

2. .

3. .

4. .

:

1. .

2. .

3.

I.

, . , , , , , . , , , , . . : . , -, , , , , , , . , (). , , , . 50 , 75% , . - , , , , . , , , -. , , , . , , , , , , .

, , , - . (e.g. `rural` (``) - `ruralis`, `rus`, `ruris` (``, ``, ``); `cardiac` (``) - `kardiakos`, `kardia` (``) ..) - - . . E.g., gloss - ``, ` `, ``; glossary - ``, ``; dynasty - ``, dynastic - `` .. . , . . , , () .

. , , , , , , , .

, . , , get - ``, skill - ``, sky - ``, - skirt ``, skin - ``, they - ` `, street - `` . , (e.g. garage, chise-longue, chic), (.g. singular - datum, nucleus, antenna, plural - datd, nuclei, antennae) (e.g. taiga, tundra, borsch, shchi, pelmeni, vodka, valenki, samovar, matrioshka, kopeck, rouble, knout , ). C , , , . , taiga tundra , , , : taiga - swampy coniferous forest of Siberia, beginning where the tundra ends; tundra -treeless plain characteristic of arctic and subarctic regions. rouble , , , , : rouble - see money table: 100 kopecks, Russia.

1.1.

.

, , . . . , , ( ). , , () , , ( ), , , , . .

, , , .

. .

, , : ( I V ..), (VI-VII .) (XV-XVI .)

, . 1066 . , (). : 1789 .

XI . , . . . , , , , .

, — .

: . : , , , .

. . , , , .

, -. - , , ( ) ( ).

- , , .

( ) - , ( , ). football, trailer, jeans sport, labour, travel, people, castle, fortress . regime, ballet, bouquet . , , , , , .

- , : . . (cruise), (motel), (club). : (Washington), (Texas), (London). , , , .

- , . , . . . . , Vaterland, , Fatherland; “” — suicide (sui - `, cide - `); self-service, , ``.

, , : pale-face ``, pipe of peace ` `. : palace of culture, house of rest.

. , , : below one`s dignity - ` ( . infra dignitatem); under consideration - `” ( . sub juice); vicious circle - ` ” ( . circulus vitiosus); masterpiece - `” ( . chef d`oeuvre) still life - ` ( . nature mort); pen name - `” ( . nom de plume) .

- , , . pioneer brigade , : ` ` ` ` .

. . , , - dwellan, `, `, dveljawun, dwell, ``. , dwell , .

, . gift , ` ` , - ``. gift `, `, . : bread ( .-. ` `), dream ( .-. ``), holm ( .-. `, `), plough ( .-. ` `).

, , , . , : , .

, . , , , ( ). , the Speaker “ ”, backbenchers “ ” .. , “” “”. , (, , ).

, - . . . , .

, :

1) , , , ( ). . .

.

E.g. Audio, . `` /auditorum, audience/;

Bios, . `` /biology, biography/;

Centum, . `` /cent, century, centenary/;

Demos — `` /democracy, demography/;

Grapho, . `` /graphic, phonograph/;

Homos, . `` /homonym, homophone/;

Lexis, . ``; lexicon, . `` /lexicology, lexicography/;

Onoma, . ``/synonim, antonim, pseudonym/;

Phone, . `` /phonetics, phoneme, phonology/;

Scribe, scriptum, . ``, `` /describe, subscribe, scriptwriter, inscription/;

Tele, . ``, `` /telescope, telegraph/;

Video, . ``; visus . 1) ``; 2) ``, `` /visible, vision, revise, television, evidence/;

Vita, . ` ` /vital, vitality, vitamin/.

2) . , , , . : anti-, re-, pro-, counter-, -ism-, -age-, -able-, -ous .

3) .

, , `, , , , , ` `river, battle, army, astronomy, arithmetic, poetry`, they, them ; sky anger heaven wrath .

4) , ( ).

5) . - , , , . : catch chase, goal jail, channel canal.

. . , canalis “” channel canal, . quies, quietus ``, ``, quiet, , , quite. ( ) corpus “” corps “” corpse “”.

- . - (disk disc, shirt skirt) (shade shadow, scale shell).

(shade shadow, frail fragile) (liquor liqueur, through thorough, corpse corps). .

. , . , , . , host guest, hotel hostel, ounce inch, prune plum. , , : ward - , guard - ; , .

6) . , , , . : , address (.), adresse (.), Adresse (); Telegraph (.); , socialism (.), socialisme (.), Sozialismus (.)

, .

7) , . . , , :

* , , g []: genre, prestige; ch []: machine, chauffeur; : corps, ballet.

* [k] ch: Christ, character; p s : psychology, psychiatry; [f] ph: alphabet, emphasis; i y: sympathy, physics.

1.

()

  1. (V-VI . ..)

I - I . .. II - VII . ..
III -

  1. (VIII-XI . ..)

1) (XI-XIII . ..) 2) ()

  1. ()

  2. ( )

  3. ( )

. -, , , . (, 75%), . , , ( ). , , - . : , , , , , (child, water, come, good, bad). , , , . , , -. : “ ; - ”. (Avoid Latin derivatives; use brief, terse Anglo-Saxon monosyllable). , - - -.

, , . , . V . , . , , . - , . , . : 1. : father, mother, brother, son, daughter 2. : foot, nose, lip, heart 3.: cow, swine, goose 4.: tree, birch, corn 5. : day, night 6. : sun, moon, star 7.: red, new, glad, sad 8. 1 100 9. ( they) 10. : be, stand, sit, eat, know , . : 1. : head, hand, arm, finger, bone 2.: bear, fox, calf 3.: oak, fir, grass 4. :rain, frost 5. : winter, spring, summer 6.: sea, land 7. : hous, room, banch 8. : boat, ship 9.: green, blue, grey, white, small, thick, high, old, good 10.: see, hear, tell, say, answer, make, give, drink , , . , : , .

II.

2.1.

, . .

, , . :

        1. , , :

) ;

) ;

) ;

)

) .

        1. , .

        2. , . , , , ; , ( , ). , , eatable ?? eat ?? -able-, , , , ; -eat- .

, , , : , , house, Haus, huis, hus, hus; day, Tag, dag, dag, dag.

, , , , : night, Nacht; way, Weg; book Buch ..

, , . , “” , .

, . , , , - . inch “”, (. uncia 1/12 - ), , foot “”, inch, , , .

. , , , , IX-XI ., - , 1066 . , , .

IX-XI . - , .

anger - ?? (-, anger - ?, , , ?; , angr - , ); fellow - ??, ?? (.-. felawe - ?, , ?; .-. felagi -`, , `); fit -`, , , ` (.-. fitten - ``; . fitja - ??); weak -`` (-. weik, . veikr) .

, , , , : -. angry `, `, wrooth `, `; skye `, `, heaven -`, `; taken `, , `, niman `, `; they ``, hi, heo, he ``.

, , , , , , , . , , . “-”.

, . , ( , ) , (, , , ) , . , , , , “”.

, , - , , . , , they hi (heo, he) , , they.

, , . , ( , ).

ken `, `, `` ( ): cennan ( ) `, `, `` Kenna `, `; . dwell `, , , , `: `` dwellan ` , , , `, `` . dvelza, . ``.

, . : anger, angry, fellow, fit, get, hit, leg, low, skill, take, want, week, till, they . (they take) (sky . heaven, skin . hide). : , : hap - `, `, haphazard - `, `, haphazard - ``, hapless -`, `, happen - ``, happening -`, `, happy - ``, happily - `?`, happiness - ``, `perhaps` - ``; weak - ``, weaken - `, `, weak-headed - `, `, weak-kneed - ` `, weakling -` `, weakness - `` .

, . , [c], , , [] (sky, skin, skill, scathe ). , [], , - : scobs - `, `, scoff - ``, scope - `, `, scorch - ``, score - ``, Scotch - ``, scout - `` .

. , - : tungsten, geyser, ski . , , ( ): waltz - ``, nickel - ``, zinc - ``, Luftwaffe - `` .

2.2.

, , . , , , , , , ( ). , , , , , , : action - (-. accioun - `, `: accioun); agreeable - `, ` (c-a. agreable: . agreable); beauty - `` (.-.

beautee: . beate); carpenter - (carpenter: . carpentier); duke - (duk: . duc) .

XVI , : , , , .

, , , , - . XIII . ( ( - )). -, - ( ), XIII.

, , , , -, , . : , .

, , : , face - (la face), gay - (gai), hour - (l'heure), ink - (les encre), joy - (la jolie), letter - (la letter), money - (la monnaie), pay - (payer), river - (la rivi?re),

table - (la table), place (la place), large (large), change (changer), minute (la minute), second (la second), mountain (la montagne), soil (le sol), air (l'air), flower (la fleur), fruit (le fruit).

, , , . , , , .

: -able, , acceptable - accept - ; -ence - difference, excellence, evidence, violence;

, . , . ,

: honour - (honour: . honur, honour) - honour - (. honouren: . honorer) .

, , , . , : abuse - , - abuse - , , (. abusen — , , , : . abuser) .

, , , , : , , honour - (to) honour; labour - (to) labour; note - (to) labour; note - (to) note; pain - (to) pain .., , abuse - (to) abuse; act - (to) act; direct - (to) direct ..

, , honour () - honour (), , abuse () - abuse (), . , , .

.

, . , , .

. XIX XX . , , .

( XX ). . , , . , , .

, , . , - . :

  • , : feudal, baron, vassal, liege, chivalry ( , , : command, obey, serve, noble, glory, danger)

  • , king, queen, earl, lord lady - .

  • , people, nation, government, power, authority, court, crown . .

  • , : money, property.

  • , : parent, spouse, cousin, uncle, aunt, nephew, niece.

  • , . .

  • , : feast, leisure, pleasure, delight, ease, comfort, chase : trump, , cards.

  • : accuse, court, crime, felony, plaintiff, defendant, attorney . .

  • , : tailor, butcher, painter, carpenter, joiner.

, , , , . , , , : banner, blank, blanket, blue, choice, coat, dance, garden, gay, pocket, ticket, war. , : , , . , figure (figura) (figure).

2.3.

, , , , . , , - . , . c : port (Lat. portus), cycene (kitcen) Lat. coquina, piper (pepper) Lat. Piper . , , - . , - . , , . , , , - , .

597 . - . , , , . , .

, .

  1. , , : ancor (anchor) Lat. ancora; box (box) Lat. buxus; cealc (chalk) Lat. calcem; paper (paper) Lat. paryrus; pyle (pillow) Lat. pulvinus; post (post) Lat. postis; purs (purse) Lat. bursa; sicol (sikle) Lat. secula;

  2. : cappe (cap) Lat. cappa; socc (sock) Lat. soccus.

  3. : circul (circle) Lat. circulus; pund (pound) Lat. pondo; ynce (inch) Lat. incia.

  4. , : assa (ass) Lat. asinus; camel (camel) Lat. camelus; turtle (turtle) Lat. turtur; truht (trout) Lat. tructa.

  5. : palm (palm) Lat. palma; pere (pear) Lat. pirum; rose (rose) Lat. rosa; lilie (lily) Lat. lilium; plante (plant) Lat. planta.

  6. , :

engel (angel) Lat. angelus; biscop (bishop) Lat. episcopus; cyrice (church) Lat. cyriaca; munuc (monk) Lat. monachus; nunne (nun) Lat. nonna; papa (pope) Lat. papa.

, , 450 , .

XI-XIII , . , , , , , , .

, , . , , , , . . , , . , , , — . , , .

XVI, XV-XVI ., . , , . , , , . . .

, , , -ate-, I , separate, translate, meditate, exaggerate, congratulate; , -ute-, III , prosecute, execute; , -ant- -ent-, , evident, transparent, patient, triumphant, apparent, obedient.

— XVII, XVIII — . “ ”, , , , inertia, sanatorium, genus, radius, curriculum, datum, vacuum.

, , , , . . : , , . , : alma mater, bona fide, ex officio, conditio sine qua non .

, , . - , . . : , . , , , . - .

— . ; . , .

, . , , , . , .

, , — . . , , . XVII-XVIII. , , , , , , . , , : obligation, constitution, alibi, agriculture, microscope, modern, laboratory, program, system, socialism, communism, capitalism, climate, radius, tradition .

, 800 ., , . , , , - .

E.g.:

port - . portus,

wall - . vallum,

wine - .-. win, . vinum,

mile - .-. mil, . milia (passuum), ().

. , , , , . E.g. facere: factor, factory, faculty, defect, defeat.

. , . castrum , , , castra , .-. ceaster - caster, Chester . : Lancaster, Dorchester, Manchester, Winchester.

, . , , , , .

: , , : basis, area, crisis, idea, ratio, stimulus. : operate, cultivate, demonstrate, evolve, educate, admit, permit, complete, accept, affect, locate, separate, senior, junior, minor, inferior, exterior, superior, dependant.

- : , : ab-, ad-, corn-, dis-, ex-, in-, im-, il-, sub-; : bb, cc, ft, 11, mm, nn, pp, rr, ss, tt.

2.4.

, — , , V ., — . - , . , . () . : bard — , , ; bin — , ( , ); brat — , , ; brock — ; down— ; dun — -.

, , , .

, , . , : bannock — ; cross — ; pillion — ; plaid — .

, : Aberdeen, Ben Lomond, Dunbar, Kildare, Dunstable, Billigshurt.

, , :

coracle — , ;

cromlech — ( );

eisteddfod — ;

flanel — ;

flummery — , ; , .

( ). , , .

— :

lan — , ( );

claymore — ( );

rag — , ;

glen — ;

loch — , ;

veel — () ;

slogan — ,

tartan — ;

:

banshee — , ;

bog — , ;

galore —

shamrock —

shillelagh —

spalpen —

tory — ,

2.5.

, , .

, , , , , -, XII . , : , , , , .: meodu, . . mead; . henap, . . hemp; . meolk, . . milk; . ploz, . . plough.

sable (). XII-XIII ., , . XIV , , “”, “”.

, , XVI , .

, , , , , .

, beluga, sterlet, rouble, pood, czar, ztarosta, moujik, kvass, shuba, vodka, samovar, troika, babushka, pirozhki.

. : siberite ( ), uralite ( ). .

XIX - , - . , Decembrist — , nihilist — , nihilism, nihilistic, narodnik, intelligentsia. , nihilist, Decembrist, intelligentsia — . , , .

XVIII-XIX . . , , , ispravnik, miroed, obrok, barshina , . , , , , . kopeck, knout, sterlet , . — steppes, sables .

— narodism, nihilistic, to knout — , sable ( ) .

, : sable ; astrakhan ; sterlet ; steppe ; verst ; izba . .

, : Soviet, sputnik, bolshevik, kolkhoz, activist, agitprop , . . : house of rest , : shock-worker, five-year-plan, collective-farm woman ().

XIX , , , - . XX , .

, .

2.6.

, . , , , . , , , , , , , . . , anti-, counter-, inter-, sub, ultra- , : -ist, -ism, -isk.

, , , - . , . .

16 . , , ; ; , . : halt (!), lance-knight (), kreuzer (, ), junker ().

XVI , . . . I , . , , , . 17 . , : zinc, bismut, cobalt .

XVII . , groschen (); drillinq (); plunder (); staff (); fieldmarshal () .

XVIII , . , , .

XVIII , , : iceberq, wolfram, nickel, qletscher.

XIX . , . ( , , ). . , , , : ibdogermanic (Indogermanisch), Middle English (Mittelenglisch), umlaut, ablaut, grade (Grad), breaking, folk etymology (Folksetymologie), vowel0shift (Lauterverschieburg), loanword (Lehnwort).

, : marzipan, kohl-rabi, schnapps, kummel, kirsch, vermuth.

: leitmotiv, kapellmeister, claviatur, humovresgue.

: spits, poodle.

XX , , , . , , . : Black Shirt (Schwarhemd), Brown Shirt (Braunhemd), der Euhrer, gauleiter, Gestapo, Hitlerism, Nazi, Stormtroopers (Stumabteilung), the Third Reich ( ), blitzkrieg, bunker, Luftwaffe, Wehrmacht.

2.7.

, , . XVI . . , , , , .

, , , .

, . . . , . , .

pack (, ) — 1225 .

XIV-XVII . : bulwark (); ledger ( ); keel (); freight (); hose (); skipper (); rover (); deck (); spool (); nap ( ).

XVII . , , : easel (); landscape (); sketch ().

2.8.

XIV . , . III . , , XIV , , , .

. , . . , , , , , , .

, , , , . , barouche ( baroccio — ); cohl-rabi (. cavoli rape — ) . XVI , XVI .

(XIV-XV .) . : ducat, million, lombard. : alarm (), brigand (), bark ().

XVI : carat (), traffic ( ), porcelain (), contraband (), bankrupt (), soldo (), battalion, squadron, citadel, pistol.

, , (, , , ). : sonnet, stanza, motto, model, miniature, madonna, fresco.

: bandit, biretta, mustachio, lottery, bravo, duel, cavalcade, escort, artichoke, gondola.

XVII , , , , : manifesto, intrigue, bulletin, risk, umbrella, balcony, corridor, pedal, solo, opera, vivace, piano, largo, allegro, grotto, volcano, cascade.

XVIII soprano, falsetto, viola, cantata, mandolin, trombone, trio, fantasia, aria, tempo, obligate, crescendo, andante.

: picturesque, costume, terracotta, dilettante.

XIX , . , carbonary, cammorra. , , , , , . : sonatina, cavatina, legato, prima donna, diva, fiasco, studio, replica.

XX : autostrada, duce fascist ( fasces — ( )).

, , , , , sotto voce (, ), traditori .

2.9.

, XVI . , , XV - XVI . (1492 .) (1498 .) , , , , , .

, , XIX . — , , , cotton, zenith. XV : lemon, tare () — .

XVI , , , , , .

XVI , , , , . XVI .

: infanta, don, hidalgo, renegade, bravado, armada, comrade, mulatto, mosquito.

, XVII , : cargo, guitar, castanet, toreador, matador, duenna, dona, embargo, parade, escapade.

, XVIII , , , , - . , quadrille, bolero, picador, marinade, caramel, flotilla, cigar.

XIX . . : querilla ( : werra-war), cigarette, lasso, mustang.

, , “ ” . , , : cotton, zenith, renegade, grenade, alligator, banana, cargo, guitar, guerilla, cigarette, cafeteria, tango, rumba.

dinero, macho, amigo, gringo, el nino(a) .

2.10.

, . .

, , , , , .

. , , , .

: marmalade, flamingo, madeira, buffalo, coco(nut), port (wine), guinea, caste, mandarin.

2.11.

. (VIII-XV ), (XI-XIII ), ( XVI ), , , , — , , .

, . , , , , — . , , .

. ( ) , , .

, , , . . , , . : , , , , . XIV-XVI .

: caliph, mameluke, shekh, hashish, nadir.

: calibre, sultan, magazine.

: algebra, carat, tariff.

: apricot.

: alcohol.

assassin, , “ ” , , , .

2.12.

. , , ( ), , . , , , . . , , XV , .

. . , , . XVI .

, , : satrap, tiard. , VI ..) XIII scarlet.

XIV : tiger, azure, — arsenic, salamander.

, , , . , , , , , , . , : shah, dervich, toman, divan, caravan, bazaar, caravan serai, padichah, dinar, shawl.

2.13.

.

XVI “” , , . , XVII , - , . - , , . , .

, , , .

, nabob — , maharadja (h) — , bungalow — , , jut — , jungle — , cashmere — , pyjamas — .

III.

3.1.

, , . , , , , . . , travel sport, , , , , , . . . , . , : associated, exaggerated, accumulated, liberated, radiated, ventilated, acted, corrected, confused, interfered, disturbed, conducted . . : eggs, gates, laws, knives, roots, sales, skins, snares, wings. , , . : - formulas - formulae, indexes-indices, geniuses-genii. . , bandits banditti, . - : villas, spectators, circuses. , . -1, -ml -less -ness, -ship, -dom . , : nicely, pleasantly, cheerful, beautiful, powerless, gentleness, companionship . . : un-, fore-, over-, be- : unaided unavoidable, unconcious, forecast, overcharge, bepraise . . , , , , , , (hybrids). : beautiful (. +. ), unmistakable (. +. +. ). . , , , , , . . . , , ; - , . , , .

, , .

3.2

nature, . , . [] [ju]. [tj] [tJl. [ei], XV [] [1, XVIII . [] .

; , , sk , [sk] , .. [Jl: skin, skill, sky, scare, scout. . . , , . , , , . . , . : affair example.

. , -sh - : finish, punish, perish, enter, offer. : as'sure, at'tack, ac'cept, ai'low, com'pare, des'cribe, es'cape, in'sist, ex'ist, re'spect, la'ment. , .

, , , , , , . . : -['intimit], . ['estimeit], - ['estimit], . .

, 1650 , . : (restaurant), (rouge, regime) [], (police) ch -, ( et) [ei] - (ballet).

To, , , . , , -ior , : superior, senior, inferior. , , , . . , : dinner ; remainder .

. , clerc -. clericus, . klerikos , , , , - clerk.

, , , , , , , , . sputnik soviet. marcher - march - , . , , , , , . , tenez . , , , , , , , , : , , , , .

, . . , , .

, , , . , , .

, , , , , , , , . , .

, , , , , . .

, . , , “” . , , , . , , , . , , , , . , , , . .

, , “”; , , , , , .

, , , : , , ,

, . , .

:

2

- , . (, ) () ().

(1835-1891), -. , , , , . .

, ,

(.)

  1. , .

  2. , ; , .

. , , , , , . "" , ( ) . . . "" , - , . . . () , ( ) ; .

- . - ; ( - ) - . (, , ) , "" ( , ).

() ( , ), ( . , "" () "" () - , , ", ", (), . , , ; . . (, , ): "" ( ) "" ( ) - , ; : "" () "" ().

(. conversio - , ) - . , "" ( ), "" (), . "love" () "love" () . , , , . .

( . par?deigma - , ) - , , , , , , ; ; . , , .

(Wycliffe, Wiclif, Wyclif) ( 1320 1330) - , . , ( 1372). , .

(Langland) (1330-1400), . ; 1381.

(Chaucer), 1340-1400, -" . ", " ", .

XV-XVI ., , .

( . Schola - ), . , , , .

2. .

-ion

Communion, legion, opinion, session, union, etc

-tion

Relation, revolution, starvation, temptation, unification, etc.

-ate

Appreciate, create, congratuate, etc.

-ute

Attrubute, contribute, constitute, distribute, etc.

dis-

Disable, distract, disown, disagree, etc.

-able

Detestable, curable, etc.

-ate

Accurate, desperate, graduate, etc.

-ant

Arrogant, constant, important, etc.

-ent

Absent, convenient, decent, evident, etc.

-or

Major, minor, junior, senior, etc.

-al

Cordial, final, fraternal, maternal, etc.

-ar

Lunar, solar, familiar, etc.

3. .

-ance

Arrogance, endurance, hindrance, etc.

-ence

Consequence, intelligence, patience, etc

-ment

Appointment, developpment, etc.

-age

Courage, marriage, passage, village, etc.

-ess

Tigress, lioness, actress, adventuress, etc.

-ous

Curious, dangerous, joyous, serious, etc.

-en

Enable, endear, enact, enfold, enslave, etc.

, , - . , ,

 

 

 

! , , , .
. , :