,,,
, , - . , , , , . : , ( ). , , , , . , , , . , , , , , . , XIX . . , , , , . . . “, , - , , , ”. , , , , .
, , (, -), - , . , , : .
, , , , . , “ ”. . - , , , , - , .
(borrowings, loan-words) . , , , , . . , , , . , .
:
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
:
1. .
2. .
3.
I.
, . , , , , , . , , , , . . : . , -, , , , , , , . , (). , , , . 50 , 75% , . - , , , , . , , , -. , , , . , , , , , , .
, , , - . (e.g. `rural` (``) - `ruralis`, `rus`, `ruris` (``, ``, ``); `cardiac` (``) - `kardiakos`, `kardia` (``) ..) - - . . E.g., gloss - ``, ` `, ``; glossary - ``, ``; dynasty - ``, dynastic - `` .. . , . . , , () .
. , , , , , , , .
, . , , get - ``, skill - ``, sky - ``, - skirt ``, skin - ``, they - ` `, street - `` . , (e.g. garage, chise-longue, chic), (.g. singular - datum, nucleus, antenna, plural - datd, nuclei, antennae) (e.g. taiga, tundra, borsch, shchi, pelmeni, vodka, valenki, samovar, matrioshka, kopeck, rouble, knout , ). C , , , . , taiga tundra , , , : taiga - swampy coniferous forest of Siberia, beginning where the tundra ends; tundra -treeless plain characteristic of arctic and subarctic regions. rouble , , , , : rouble - see money table: 100 kopecks, Russia.
1.1.
.
, , . . . , , ( ). , , () , , ( ), , , , . .
, , , .
. .
, , : ( I V ..), (VI-VII .) (XV-XVI .)
, . 1066 . , (). : 1789 .
XI . , . . . , , , , .
, — .
: . : , , , .
. . , , , .
, -. - , , ( ) ( ).
- , , .
( ) - , ( , ). football, trailer, jeans sport, labour, travel, people, castle, fortress . regime, ballet, bouquet . , , , , , .
- , : . . (cruise), (motel), (club). : (Washington), (Texas), (London). , , , .
- , . , . . . . , Vaterland, , Fatherland; “” — suicide (sui - `, cide - `); self-service, , ``.
, , : pale-face ``, pipe of peace ` `. : palace of culture, house of rest.
. , , : below one`s dignity - ` ( . infra dignitatem); under consideration - `” ( . sub juice); vicious circle - ` ” ( . circulus vitiosus); masterpiece - `” ( . chef d`oeuvre) still life - ` ( . nature mort); pen name - `” ( . nom de plume) .
- , , . pioneer brigade , : ` ` ` ` .
. . , , - dwellan, `, `, dveljawun, dwell, ``. , dwell , .
, . gift , ` ` , - ``. gift `, `, . : bread ( .-. ` `), dream ( .-. ``), holm ( .-. `, `), plough ( .-. ` `).
, , , . , : , .
, . , , , ( ). , the Speaker “ ”, backbenchers “ ” .. , “” “”. , (, , ).
, - . . . , .
, :
1) , , , ( ). . .
.
E.g. Audio, . `` /auditorum, audience/;
Bios, . `` /biology, biography/;
Centum, . `` /cent, century, centenary/;
Demos — `` /democracy, demography/;
Grapho, . `` /graphic, phonograph/;
Homos, . `` /homonym, homophone/;
Lexis, . ``; lexicon, . `` /lexicology, lexicography/;
Onoma, . ``/synonim, antonim, pseudonym/;
Phone, . `` /phonetics, phoneme, phonology/;
Scribe, scriptum, . ``, `` /describe, subscribe, scriptwriter, inscription/;
Tele, . ``, `` /telescope, telegraph/;
Video, . ``; visus . 1) ``; 2) ``, `` /visible, vision, revise, television, evidence/;
Vita, . ` ` /vital, vitality, vitamin/.
2) . , , , . : anti-, re-, pro-, counter-, -ism-, -age-, -able-, -ous .
3) .
, , `, , , , , ` `river, battle, army, astronomy, arithmetic, poetry`, they, them ; sky anger heaven wrath .
4) , ( ).
5) . - , , , . : catch chase, goal jail, channel canal.
. . , canalis “” channel canal, . quies, quietus ``, ``, quiet, , , quite. ( ) corpus “” corps “” corpse “”.
- . - (disk disc, shirt skirt) (shade shadow, scale shell).
(shade shadow, frail fragile) (liquor liqueur, through thorough, corpse corps). .
. , . , , . , host guest, hotel hostel, ounce inch, prune plum. , , : ward - , guard - ; , .
6) . , , , . : , address (.), adresse (.), Adresse (); Telegraph (.); , socialism (.), socialisme (.), Sozialismus (.)
, .
7) , . . , , :
* , , g []: genre, prestige; ch []: machine, chauffeur; : corps, ballet.
* [k] ch: Christ, character; p s : psychology, psychiatry; [f] ph: alphabet, emphasis; i y: sympathy, physics.
1.
() |
|
|
I - I . .. II - VII . ..
1) (XI-XIII . ..) 2) ()
|
. -, , , . (, 75%), . , , ( ). , , - . : , , , , , (child, water, come, good, bad). , , , . , , -. : “ ; - ”. (Avoid Latin derivatives; use brief, terse Anglo-Saxon monosyllable). , - - -.
, , . , . V . , . , , . - , . , . : 1. : father, mother, brother, son, daughter 2. : foot, nose, lip, heart 3.: cow, swine, goose 4.: tree, birch, corn 5. : day, night 6. : sun, moon, star 7.: red, new, glad, sad 8. 1 100 9. ( they) 10. : be, stand, sit, eat, know , . : 1. : head, hand, arm, finger, bone 2.: bear, fox, calf 3.: oak, fir, grass 4. :rain, frost 5. : winter, spring, summer 6.: sea, land 7. : hous, room, banch 8. : boat, ship 9.: green, blue, grey, white, small, thick, high, old, good 10.: see, hear, tell, say, answer, make, give, drink , , . , : , .
II.
2.1.
, . .
, , . :
, , :
) ;
) ;
) ;
)
) .
, .
, . , , , ; , ( , ). , , eatable ?? eat ?? -able-, , , , ; -eat- .
, , , : , , house, Haus, huis, hus, hus; day, Tag, dag, dag, dag.
, , , , : night, Nacht; way, Weg; book Buch ..
, , . , “” , .
, . , , , - . inch “”, (. uncia 1/12 - ), , foot “”, inch, , , .
. , , , , IX-XI ., - , 1066 . , , .
IX-XI . - , .
anger - ?? (-, anger - ?, , , ?; , angr - , ); fellow - ??, ?? (.-. felawe - ?, , ?; .-. felagi -`, , `); fit -`, , , ` (.-. fitten - ``; . fitja - ??); weak -`` (-. weik, . veikr) .
, , , , : -. angry `, `, wrooth `, `; skye `, `, heaven -`, `; taken `, , `, niman `, `; they ``, hi, heo, he ``.
, , , , , , , . , , . “-”.
, . , ( , ) , (, , , ) , . , , , , “”.
, , - , , . , , they hi (heo, he) , , they.
, , . , ( , ).
ken `, `, `` ( ): cennan ( ) `, `, `` Kenna `, `; . dwell `, , , , `: `` dwellan ` , , , `, `` . dvelza, . ``.
, . : anger, angry, fellow, fit, get, hit, leg, low, skill, take, want, week, till, they . (they take) (sky . heaven, skin . hide). : , : hap - `, `, haphazard - `, `, haphazard - ``, hapless -`, `, happen - ``, happening -`, `, happy - ``, happily - `?`, happiness - ``, `perhaps` - ``; weak - ``, weaken - `, `, weak-headed - `, `, weak-kneed - ` `, weakling -` `, weakness - `` .
, . , [c], , , [] (sky, skin, skill, scathe ). , [], , - : scobs - `, `, scoff - ``, scope - `, `, scorch - ``, score - ``, Scotch - ``, scout - `` .
. , - : tungsten, geyser, ski . , , ( ): waltz - ``, nickel - ``, zinc - ``, Luftwaffe - `` .
2.2.
, , . , , , , , , ( ). , , , , , , : action - (-. accioun - `, `: accioun); agreeable - `, ` (c-a. agreable: . agreable); beauty - `` (.-.
beautee: . beate); carpenter - (carpenter: . carpentier); duke - (duk: . duc) .
XVI , : , , , .
, , , , - . XIII . ( ( - )). -, - ( ), XIII.
, , , , -, , . : , .
, , : , face - (la face), gay - (gai), hour - (l'heure), ink - (les encre), joy - (la jolie), letter - (la letter), money - (la monnaie), pay - (payer), river - (la rivi?re),
table - (la table), place (la place), large (large), change (changer), minute (la minute), second (la second), mountain (la montagne), soil (le sol), air (l'air), flower (la fleur), fruit (le fruit).
, , , . , , , .
: -able, , acceptable - accept - ; -ence - difference, excellence, evidence, violence;
, . , . ,
: honour - (honour: . honur, honour) - honour - (. honouren: . honorer) .
, , , . , : abuse - , - abuse - , , (. abusen — , , , : . abuser) .
, , , , : , , honour - (to) honour; labour - (to) labour; note - (to) labour; note - (to) note; pain - (to) pain .., , abuse - (to) abuse; act - (to) act; direct - (to) direct ..
, , honour () - honour (), , abuse () - abuse (), . , , .
.
, . , , .
. XIX XX . , , .
( XX ). . , , . , , .
, , . , - . :
, : feudal, baron, vassal, liege, chivalry ( , , : command, obey, serve, noble, glory, danger)
, king, queen, earl, lord lady - .
, people, nation, government, power, authority, court, crown . .
, : money, property.
, : parent, spouse, cousin, uncle, aunt, nephew, niece.
, . .
, : feast, leisure, pleasure, delight, ease, comfort, chase : trump, , cards.
: accuse, court, crime, felony, plaintiff, defendant, attorney . .
, : tailor, butcher, painter, carpenter, joiner.
, , , , . , , , : banner, blank, blanket, blue, choice, coat, dance, garden, gay, pocket, ticket, war. , : , , . , figure (figura) (figure).
2.3.
, , , , . , , - . , . c : port (Lat. portus), cycene (kitcen) Lat. coquina, piper (pepper) Lat. Piper . , , - . , - . , , . , , , - , .
597 . - . , , , . , .
, .
, , : ancor (anchor) Lat. ancora; box (box) Lat. buxus; cealc (chalk) Lat. calcem; paper (paper) Lat. paryrus; pyle (pillow) Lat. pulvinus; post (post) Lat. postis; purs (purse) Lat. bursa; sicol (sikle) Lat. secula;
: cappe (cap) Lat. cappa; socc (sock) Lat. soccus.
: circul (circle) Lat. circulus; pund (pound) Lat. pondo; ynce (inch) Lat. incia.
, : assa (ass) Lat. asinus; camel (camel) Lat. camelus; turtle (turtle) Lat. turtur; truht (trout) Lat. tructa.
: palm (palm) Lat. palma; pere (pear) Lat. pirum; rose (rose) Lat. rosa; lilie (lily) Lat. lilium; plante (plant) Lat. planta.
, :
engel (angel) Lat. angelus; biscop (bishop) Lat. episcopus; cyrice (church) Lat. cyriaca; munuc (monk) Lat. monachus; nunne (nun) Lat. nonna; papa (pope) Lat. papa.
, , 450 , .
XI-XIII , . , , , , , , .
, , . , , , , . . , , . , , , — . , , .
XVI, XV-XVI ., . , , . , , , . . .
, , , -ate-, I , separate, translate, meditate, exaggerate, congratulate; , -ute-, III , prosecute, execute; , -ant- -ent-, , evident, transparent, patient, triumphant, apparent, obedient.
— XVII, XVIII — . “ ”, , , , inertia, sanatorium, genus, radius, curriculum, datum, vacuum.
, , , , . . : , , . , : alma mater, bona fide, ex officio, conditio sine qua non .
, , . - , . . : , . , , , . - .
— . ; . , .
, . , , , . , .
, , — . . , , . XVII-XVIII. , , , , , , . , , : obligation, constitution, alibi, agriculture, microscope, modern, laboratory, program, system, socialism, communism, capitalism, climate, radius, tradition .
, 800 ., , . , , , - .
E.g.:
port - . portus,
wall - . vallum,
wine - .-. win, . vinum,
mile - .-. mil, . milia (passuum), ().
. , , , , . E.g. facere: factor, factory, faculty, defect, defeat.
. , . castrum , , , castra , .-. ceaster - caster, Chester . : Lancaster, Dorchester, Manchester, Winchester.
, . , , , , .
: , , : basis, area, crisis, idea, ratio, stimulus. : operate, cultivate, demonstrate, evolve, educate, admit, permit, complete, accept, affect, locate, separate, senior, junior, minor, inferior, exterior, superior, dependant.
- : , : ab-, ad-, corn-, dis-, ex-, in-, im-, il-, sub-; : bb, cc, ft, 11, mm, nn, pp, rr, ss, tt.
2.4.
, — , , V ., — . - , . , . () . : bard — , , ; bin — , ( , ); brat — , , ; brock — ; down— ; dun — -.
, , , .
, , . , : bannock — ; cross — ; pillion — ; plaid — .
, : Aberdeen, Ben Lomond, Dunbar, Kildare, Dunstable, Billigshurt.
, , :
coracle — , ;
cromlech — ( );
eisteddfod — ;
flanel — ;
flummery — , ; , .
( ). , , .
— :
lan — , ( );
claymore — ( );
rag — , ;
glen — ;
loch — , ;
veel — () ;
slogan — ,
tartan — ;
:
banshee — , ;
bog — , ;
galore —
shamrock —
shillelagh —
spalpen —
tory — ,
2.5.
, , .
, , , , , -, XII . , : , , , , .: meodu, . . mead; . henap, . . hemp; . meolk, . . milk; . ploz, . . plough.
sable (). XII-XIII ., , . XIV , , “”, “”.
, , XVI , .
, , , , , .
, beluga, sterlet, rouble, pood, czar, ztarosta, moujik, kvass, shuba, vodka, samovar, troika, babushka, pirozhki.
. : siberite ( ), uralite ( ). .
XIX - , - . , Decembrist — , nihilist — , nihilism, nihilistic, narodnik, intelligentsia. , nihilist, Decembrist, intelligentsia — . , , .
XVIII-XIX . . , , , ispravnik, miroed, obrok, barshina , . , , , , . kopeck, knout, sterlet , . — steppes, sables .
— narodism, nihilistic, to knout — , sable ( ) .
, : sable ; astrakhan ; sterlet ; steppe ; verst ; izba . .
, : Soviet, sputnik, bolshevik, kolkhoz, activist, agitprop , . . : house of rest , : shock-worker, five-year-plan, collective-farm woman ().
XIX , , , - . XX , .
, .
2.6.
, . , , , . , , , , , , , . . , anti-, counter-, inter-, sub, ultra- , : -ist, -ism, -isk.
, , , - . , . .
16 . , , ; ; , . : halt (!), lance-knight (), kreuzer (, ), junker ().
XVI , . . . I , . , , , . 17 . , : zinc, bismut, cobalt .
XVII . , groschen (); drillinq (); plunder (); staff (); fieldmarshal () .
XVIII , . , , .
XVIII , , : iceberq, wolfram, nickel, qletscher.
XIX . , . ( , , ). . , , , : ibdogermanic (Indogermanisch), Middle English (Mittelenglisch), umlaut, ablaut, grade (Grad), breaking, folk etymology (Folksetymologie), vowel0shift (Lauterverschieburg), loanword (Lehnwort).
, : marzipan, kohl-rabi, schnapps, kummel, kirsch, vermuth.
: leitmotiv, kapellmeister, claviatur, humovresgue.
: spits, poodle.
XX , , , . , , . : Black Shirt (Schwarhemd), Brown Shirt (Braunhemd), der Euhrer, gauleiter, Gestapo, Hitlerism, Nazi, Stormtroopers (Stumabteilung), the Third Reich ( ), blitzkrieg, bunker, Luftwaffe, Wehrmacht.
2.7.
, , . XVI . . , , , , .
, , , .
, . . . , . , .
pack (, ) — 1225 .
XIV-XVII . : bulwark (); ledger ( ); keel (); freight (); hose (); skipper (); rover (); deck (); spool (); nap ( ).
XVII . , , : easel (); landscape (); sketch ().
2.8.
XIV . , . III . , , XIV , , , .
. , . . , , , , , , .
, , , , . , barouche ( baroccio — ); cohl-rabi (. cavoli rape — ) . XVI , XVI .
(XIV-XV .) . : ducat, million, lombard. : alarm (), brigand (), bark ().
XVI : carat (), traffic ( ), porcelain (), contraband (), bankrupt (), soldo (), battalion, squadron, citadel, pistol.
, , (, , , ). : sonnet, stanza, motto, model, miniature, madonna, fresco.
: bandit, biretta, mustachio, lottery, bravo, duel, cavalcade, escort, artichoke, gondola.
XVII , , , , : manifesto, intrigue, bulletin, risk, umbrella, balcony, corridor, pedal, solo, opera, vivace, piano, largo, allegro, grotto, volcano, cascade.
XVIII soprano, falsetto, viola, cantata, mandolin, trombone, trio, fantasia, aria, tempo, obligate, crescendo, andante.
: picturesque, costume, terracotta, dilettante.
XIX , . , carbonary, cammorra. , , , , , . : sonatina, cavatina, legato, prima donna, diva, fiasco, studio, replica.
XX : autostrada, duce fascist ( fasces — ( )).
, , , , , sotto voce (, ), traditori .
2.9.
, XVI . , , XV - XVI . (1492 .) (1498 .) , , , , , .
, , XIX . — , , , cotton, zenith. XV : lemon, tare () — .
XVI , , , , , .
XVI , , , , . XVI .
: infanta, don, hidalgo, renegade, bravado, armada, comrade, mulatto, mosquito.
, XVII , : cargo, guitar, castanet, toreador, matador, duenna, dona, embargo, parade, escapade.
, XVIII , , , , - . , quadrille, bolero, picador, marinade, caramel, flotilla, cigar.
XIX . . : querilla ( : werra-war), cigarette, lasso, mustang.
, , “ ” . , , : cotton, zenith, renegade, grenade, alligator, banana, cargo, guitar, guerilla, cigarette, cafeteria, tango, rumba.
dinero, macho, amigo, gringo, el nino(a) .
2.10.
, . .
, , , , , .
. , , , .
: marmalade, flamingo, madeira, buffalo, coco(nut), port (wine), guinea, caste, mandarin.
2.11.
. (VIII-XV ), (XI-XIII ), ( XVI ), , , , — , , .
, . , , , , — . , , .
. ( ) , , .
, , , . . , , . : , , , , . XIV-XVI .
: caliph, mameluke, shekh, hashish, nadir.
: calibre, sultan, magazine.
: algebra, carat, tariff.
: apricot.
: alcohol.
assassin, , “ ” , , , .
2.12.
. , , ( ), , . , , , . . , , XV , .
. . , , . XVI .
, , : satrap, tiard. , VI ..) XIII scarlet.
XIV : tiger, azure, — arsenic, salamander.
, , , . , , , , , , . , : shah, dervich, toman, divan, caravan, bazaar, caravan serai, padichah, dinar, shawl.
2.13.
.
XVI “” , , . , XVII , - , . - , , . , .
, , , .
, nabob — , maharadja (h) — , bungalow — , , jut — , jungle — , cashmere — , pyjamas — .
III.
3.1.
, , . , , , , . . , travel sport, , , , , , . . . , . , : associated, exaggerated, accumulated, liberated, radiated, ventilated, acted, corrected, confused, interfered, disturbed, conducted . . : eggs, gates, laws, knives, roots, sales, skins, snares, wings. , , . : - formulas - formulae, indexes-indices, geniuses-genii. . , bandits banditti, . - : villas, spectators, circuses. , . -1, -ml -less -ness, -ship, -dom . , : nicely, pleasantly, cheerful, beautiful, powerless, gentleness, companionship . . : un-, fore-, over-, be- : unaided unavoidable, unconcious, forecast, overcharge, bepraise . . , , , , , , (hybrids). : beautiful (. +. ), unmistakable (. +. +. ). . , , , , , . . . , , ; - , . , , .
, , .
3.2
nature, . , . [] [ju]. [tj] [tJl. [ei], XV [] [1, XVIII . [] .
; , , sk , [sk] , .. [Jl: skin, skill, sky, scare, scout. . . , , . , , , . . , . : affair example.
. , -sh - : finish, punish, perish, enter, offer. : as'sure, at'tack, ac'cept, ai'low, com'pare, des'cribe, es'cape, in'sist, ex'ist, re'spect, la'ment. , .
, , , , , , . . : -['intimit], . ['estimeit], - ['estimit], . .
, 1650 , . : (restaurant), (rouge, regime) [], (police) ch -, ( et) [ei] - (ballet).
To, , , . , , -ior , : superior, senior, inferior. , , , . . , : dinner ; remainder .
. , clerc -. clericus, . klerikos , , , , - clerk.
, , , , , , , , . sputnik soviet. marcher - march - , . , , , , , . , tenez . , , , , , , , , : , , , , .
, . . , , .
, , , . , , .
, , , , , , , , . , .
, , , , , . .
, . , , “” . , , , . , , , . , , , , . , , , . .
, , “”; , , , , , .
, , , : , , ,
, . , .
:
2
- , . (, ) () ().
(1835-1891), -. , , , , . .
, ,
(.)
, .
, ; , .
. , , , , , . "" , ( ) . . . "" , - , . . . () , ( ) ; .
- . - ; ( - ) - . (, , ) , "" ( , ).
() ( , ), ( . , "" () "" () - , , ", ", (), . , , ; . . (, , ): "" ( ) "" ( ) - , ; : "" () "" ().
(. conversio - , ) - . , "" ( ), "" (), . "love" () "love" () . , , , . .
( . par?deigma - , ) - , , , , , , ; ; . , , .
(Wycliffe, Wiclif, Wyclif) ( 1320 1330) - , . , ( 1372). , .
(Langland) (1330-1400), . ; 1381.
(Chaucer), 1340-1400, -" . ", " ", .
XV-XVI ., , .
( . Schola - ), . , , , .
2. .
|
-ion
|
Communion, legion, opinion, session, union, etc
|
|
-tion |
Relation, revolution, starvation, temptation, unification, etc. |
|
-ate |
Appreciate, create, congratuate, etc. |
|
-ute |
Attrubute, contribute, constitute, distribute, etc. |
|
dis- |
Disable, distract, disown, disagree, etc. |
|
-able |
Detestable, curable, etc. |
|
-ate |
Accurate, desperate, graduate, etc. |
|
-ant |
Arrogant, constant, important, etc. |
|
-ent |
Absent, convenient, decent, evident, etc. |
|
-or |
Major, minor, junior, senior, etc. |
|
-al |
Cordial, final, fraternal, maternal, etc. |
|
-ar |
Lunar, solar, familiar, etc. |
3. .
|
-ance |
Arrogance, endurance, hindrance, etc. |
|
-ence |
Consequence, intelligence, patience, etc |
|
-ment |
Appointment, developpment, etc. |
|
-age |
Courage, marriage, passage, village, etc. |
|
-ess |
Tigress, lioness, actress, adventuress, etc. |
|
-ous |
Curious, dangerous, joyous, serious, etc. |
|
-en |
Enable, endear, enact, enfold, enslave, etc. |
, , - . , ,
Copyright (c) 2025 Stud-Baza.ru , , , .