,,,
, . 1962
,
2001
- . , . , , , , , , , . , , . . - , , , , , , .
, , . , . , , . ., , , , .
. , , , , .
. , , , , . , . , . , , , . .
1.
, . , , , , , . , , , , , . , , : . , -, , , , , , , , . , , . 50 70% , , , , , .. . , , - , , , , , . , , , , , , .
, , , - . , - , . (., rural `` L. Ruralis rus, ruris `, , `, cardiac`` Gk. Kardiakos Kardia ``, ) - - . . , gloss `, ; ` glossary `, `, dynasty `` dynastic `` . , . , , . , , .
. , , , , , , , .
, . , , get ``, skill ``, sky ``, skirt ``, skin ``, they ` `, street `` . , , (garage) chise-longue chic), (., .. datum, nucleus, antenna .. datd, nuclei, antennae) (., taiga, tundra, rouble, knout . , ). , , , .. . , taiga, tundra , , , : taiga swampy coniferous forest of Siberia, beginning where the tundra ends; tundra treeless plain characteristic of arctic and subarctic regions. rouble , , , , : rouble see money table: 100 kopecks, Russia.
1.1.
.
, , . . . , , ( ).
, , , .
. .
, , : ( I V ..), (VI-VII .) (XV-XVI .)
, . 1066 . , . : 1789 .
XI . , . . . , , .. , .
, .. , . , .. , . : , , , .
. . , , , .
-. - , , ( ) ( ).
, .
( ) , ( , ). (football), (trailer), (jeans) . regime, ballet, bouquet .
, : . . (. cruise), (. motel), (. club). : (. Washington), (. Texas), (. London). , , , .
, . . , .. , . , Vaterland, , Fatherland; suicide (sui , cide ); selfservice, , . . , , below one`s dignity ( . infra dignitatem); under consideration ( . sub juice); vicious circle ( . circulus vitiosus); masterpiece ( . chef d`oeuvre); pen name ( . nom de plume) .
, . , : , .
, . , , , ( ). , the Speaker , backbenchers .. , . , . , , [1]. , .
, . . . , .
, .
1) , , , ( ). . .
audio . : auditorum, audience. bios . : biology, biography. entum . : cent, century, centenary. Demos : democracy, demography. Grapho . : graphic, phonograph. Homos . : homonym, homophone. Lexis . ; lexicon . : lexicology, lexicography.
Onoma . : synonim, antonim, pseudonym
Phone . : phonetics, phoneme, phonology
Scribe, scriptum . , : describe, subscribe, scritwriter, inscription .
Tele . , ; telescope, telegraph.
Video . ; visus . 1) ; 2) , : visible, vision, revise, television, evidence.
Vita . : vital, vitality, vitamin.
2) . , , , . : anti-, re-, pro-, counter-, -ism-, -age-, -able-, -ous .
3) .
, , , , , , , river, battle, army, astronomy, arithmetic, poetry, they, them ; sky anger heaven wrath .
4) ( ).
5) . , , , . : catch chase, goal jail, channel canal.
. . , canalis channel canal, . quies, quietus , , quiet, , , quite. corpus corps corpse .
. - (disk disc, shirt skirt) (shade shadow, scale shell).
(shade shadow, frail fragile) (liquor liqueur, through thorough, corpse corps). .
. , . , , . , host guest, hotel hostel, ounce inch, prune plum. , , : ward , guard ; , .
6) . , , , . : , address (.), adresse (.), Adresse (); Telegraph (.); , socialism (.), socialisme (.), Sozialismus (.)
, .
7) , . , , :
, , g []: genre, prestige; ch []: machine, chauffeur; : corps, ballet.
[k] ch: Christ, character; p s : psychology, psychiatry; [f] ph: alphabet, emphasis; i y: sympathy, physics.
2.
2.1.
, . .
, , . :
, , :
) ; ) ; ) ; ) .) .
, .
, . , , , ; , ( , ). , , . . eatable eat able-, , , , ; eat- (. etan).
, , , : , , .: house, . Haus, . huis, . hus, . hus, . day , . Tag, . dag, . dag, . dag. .
, , , , : . day, . Tag; . night, . Nacht; . way, . Weg; . book . Buch ..
, , . , , , .
, . , , , , , - . , inch , (. uncia 1/12 - ), , . . foot , inch, , , .
. . , , , , IX-XI ., , 1066 . , , .
IX-XI . - , .
anger (. anger , , , : . . angr , ); fellow , (. felawe , , : .-. felagi , , ); fit , , , (. fitten : . fitja ); weak (. weik: . veikr) .
, , , , : . angry , wrooth , ; skye , ; heaven , ; taken , , niman , ; they hi, heo, he .
, , , , , , , . , , . -. , , , - . , , . , ( , ) , (, , , ) , , . , .
, , . , - , , . , , they hi (heo, he) , , they.
, , . , ( , ).
. . Ken : (. cennan) , , Kenna , ; . dwell , : . dwellan , , , , dvelza, - sk, .
, . : anger, angry, fellow, fit, get, hit, leg, low, skill, take, want, week, till, they . (they take) (sky . heaven, skin . hide). : , : hap , , haphazard , , haphazard , hapless , , happen , happening , , happy , happily , happiness , perhaps ; weak , weaken , , weak-headed , , weak-kneed , weakling , weakness .
, , . , . , [c], , , [] (sky, skin, skill, scathe ). , [], , - : scobs , , scoff , scope , , scorch , score , Scotch , scout .
. , - : tungsten, geyser, ski . , , ( ): waltz , nickel , zinc , Luftwaffe .
2.2.
, , . , , , , , , ( ). , , , , , , : action (. accioun , : . accioun .); agreeable , (ca. agreable: . agreable); beauty (. beautee: . beate); carpenter (carpenter: . carpentier); duke (. duk: . duc) .
XVI , : , , , .
, , , , - . XIII . . -, - ( ), XIII.
, , , , , -, , . : , .
, , . , : , face , gay , hour , ink , joy , letter , money , pay , river , several , table , very . , , -, , , , , , -, , , .
, , , . , , , .
: able-, , acceptable accept ; ence- difference, excellence, evidence, violence; .
, . , , , , : honour (. honour: . honur, honour) honour (. honouren: . honorer) .
, , , . , : abuse , abuse , , (. abusen , , , : . abuser) .
, , , , : , , honour (to) honour; labour (to) labour; note (to) labour; note (to) note; pain (to) pain .., , abuse (to) abuse; act (to) act; direct (to) direct ..
, , honour () honour (), , abuse () abuse (), . , , .
.
, . , , .
. XIX XX . , , .
( XX ). . , . , , .
, , . , - .
2.3.
, , , , . , , - . , . c : port (Lat. portus), cycene (kitcen) Lat. coquina, piper (pepper) Lat. Piper .
, - , - . , - . , , - . , , , , .
597 . - . , , , . , .
, .
, , : ancor (anchor) Lat. ancora; box (box) Lat. buxus; cealc (chalk) Lat. calcem; paper (paper) Lat. paryrus; pyle (pillow) Lat. pulvinus; post (post) Lat. postis; purs (purse) Lat. bursa; sicol (sikle) Lat. secula;
: cappe (cap) Lat. cappa; socc (sock) Lat. soccus.
: circul (circle) Lat. circulus; pund (pound) Lat. pondo; ynce (inch) Lat. incia.
, : assa (ass) Lat. asinus; camel (camel) Lat. camelus; turtle (turtle) Lat. turtur; truht (trout) Lat. tructa.
: palm (palm) Lat. palma; pere (pear) Lat. pirum; rose (rose) Lat. rosa; lilie (lily) Lat. lilium; plante (plant) Lat. planta.
, :
engel (angel) Lat. angelus; biscop (bishop) Lat. episcopus; cyrice (church) Lat. cyriaca; munuc (monk) Lat. monachus; nunne (nun) Lat. nonna; papa (pope) Lat. papa.
, , 450 , .
XI-XIII , . , , , , , , .
, , . , , , , . . , , . , , , . , , .
XVI, XV-XVI ., . , , . , , , . . .
, , , ate-, I , separate, translate, meditate, exaggerate, congratulate; , ute-, III , prosecute, execute; , ant- ent-, , evident, transparent, patient, triumphant, apparent, obedient.
XVII, XVIII . , , , , inertia, sanatorium, genus, radius, curriculum, datum, vacuum.
, , , , . . : , , . , : alma mater, bona fide, ex officio, conditio sine qua non .
, , . - , . . : , . , , . - .
. ; . , .
, . , , , . , .
, , . . , , . XVII-XVIII. , , , , , , . , , : obligation, constitution, alibi, agriculture, microscope, modern, laboratory, program, system, socialism, communism, capitalism, climate, radius, tradition .
2.4.
, , , V ., . - , . , . () . : bard , , ; bin , ( , ); brat , , ; brock ; down ; dun -.
, , , .
, , . , : bannock ; cross ; pillion ; plaid .
, : Aberdeen, Ben Lomond, Dunbar, Kildare, Dunstable, Billigshurt.
, , .
coracle , ;
cromlech ( );
eisteddfod ;
flanel ;
flummery , ; , .
( ). , , .
:
lan , ( );
claymore ( );
rag , ;
glen ;
loch , ;
veel () ;
slogan ,
tartan ;
:
banshee , ;
bog , ;
galore
shamrock
shillelagh
spalpen
tory ,
2.5.
, , .
, , , , , -, XII . , : , , , , .: meodu, . . mead; . henap, . . hemp; . meolk, . . milk; . ploz, . . plough.
sable (). XII-XIII ., , . XIV , , , .
, , XVI , .
, , , , , .
, beluga, sterlet, rouble, pood, czar, ztarosta, moujik, kvass, shuba, vodka, samovar, troika, babushka, pirozhki.
. : siberite ( ), uralite ( ). .
XIX - , - . , Decembrist , nihilist , nihilism, nihilistic, narodnik, intelligentsia. , nihilist, Decembrist, intelligentsia . , , .
XVIII-XIX ., . , , , ispravnik, miroed, obrok, barshina , . , , , , . kopeck, knout ( : naut), sterlet , . steppes, sables .
narodism, nihilistic, to knout , sable ( ) .
XIX , , , - . XX , .
, .
2.6.
, . , , , . , , , , , , , .
, , , - . , . .
16 . , , ; ; , . : halt (!), lance-knight (), kreuzer (, ), junker ().
XVI , . . . , . , , , . 17 . , : zinc, bismut, cobalt .
XVII . , groschen (); drillinq (); plunder (); staff (); fieldmarshal () .
XVIII , . , , .
XVIII , , : iceberq, wolfram, nickel, qletscher.
XIX . , . ( , , ). . , , , : ibdogermanic (Indogermanisch), Middle English (Mittelenglisch), umlaut, ablaut, grade (Grad), breaking, folk etymology (Folksetymologie), vowel0shift (Lauterverschieburg), loanword (Lehnwort).
, : marzipan, kohl-rabi, schnapps, kummel, kirsch, vermuth.
: leitmotiv, kapellmeister, claviatur, humovresgue.
: spits, poodle.
XX , , , . , , . : Black Shirt (Schwarhemd), Brown Shirt (Braunhemd), der Euhrer, gauleiter, Gestapo, Hitlerism, Nazi, Stormtroopers (Stumabteilung), the Third Reich ( ), blitzkrieg, bunker, Luftwaffe, Wehrmacht.
2.7.
, , . XVI . . , , , , .
, , , .
, . . . , . , .
pack (, ) 1225 .
XIV-XVII . : bulwark (); ledger ( ); keel (); freight (); hose (); skipper (); rover (); deck (); spool (); nap ( ).
XVII . , , : easel (); landscape (); sketch ().
2.8.
XIV . , . III . , , XIV , , , .
. , . . , , , , , , .
, , , , . , barouche ( baroccio ); cohl-rabi (. cavoli rape ) . XVI , XVI .
(XIV-XV .) . : ducat, million, lombard. : alarm (), brigand (), bark ().
XVI : carat (), traffic ( ), porcelain (), contraband (), bankrupt (), soldo (), battalion, squadron, citadel, pistol.
, , (, , , ). : sonnet, stanza, motto, model, miniature, madonna, fresco.
: bandit, biretta, mustachio, lottery, bravo, duel, cavalcade, escort, artichoke, gondola.
XVII , , , , : manifesto, intrigue, bulletin, risk, umbrella, balcony, corridor, pedal, solo, opera, vivace, piano, largo, allegro, grotto, volcano, cascade.
XVIII soprano, falsetto, viola, cantata, mandolin, trombone, trio, fantasia, aria, tempo, obligate, crescendo, andante.
: picturesque, costume, terracotta, dilettante.
XIX , . , carbonary, cammorra. , , , , , . : sonatina, cavatina, legato, prima donna, diva, fiasco, studio, replica.
XX : autostrada, duce fascist.
fasces ( ).
, , , , , sotto voce (, ), traditori .
2.9.
, XVI . , , XV - XVI . (1492 .) (1498 .) , , , , , .
, , XIX . , , , cotton, zenith. XV : lemon, tare () .
XVI , , , , , .
XVI , , , , . XVI .
: infanta, don, hidalgo, renegade, bravado, armada, comrade, mulatto, mosquito.
, XVII , : cargo, guitar, castanet, toreador, matador, duenna, dona, embargo, parade, escapade.
, XVIII , , , , - . , quadrille, bolero, picador, marinade, caramel, flotilla, cigar.
XIX . . : querilla ( : werra-war), cigarette, lasso, mustang.
, , . , , : cotton, zenith, renegade, grenade, alligator, banana, cargo, guitar, guerilla, cigarette, cafeteria, tango, rumba.
dinero, macho, amigo, gringo, el nino(a) .
2.10.
, . .
, , , , , .
. , , , .
: marmalade, flamingo, madeira, buffalo, coco(nut), port (wine), guinea, caste, mandarin.
2.11.
. (VIII-XV ), (XI-XIII ), ( XVI ), , , , , , .
, . , , , , . , , .
. ( ) , , .
, , , . . , .
. : , , , , . XIV-XVI .
: caliph, mameluke, shekh, hashish, nadir.
: calibre, sultan, magazine.
: algebra, carat, tariff.
: apricot.
: alcohol.
assassin, , , , , .
2.12.
. , , ( ), , . , , , . . , , XV , .
. . , , . XVI .
, , : satrap, tiard. , VI ..) XIII scarlet.
XIV : tiger, azure, arsenic, salamander.
, , , . , , , , , , . , : shah, dervich, toman, divan, caravan, bazaar, caravan serai, padichah, dinar, shawl.
2.13.
.
XVI , , . , XVII , - , . - , , . , .
, , , .
, nabob , maharadja (h) , bungalow , , jut , jungle , cashmere , pyjamas .
, , , . . , - . , , , .
, , .
, , , .
, . , , .
, . , , , , . , , .
, , , . , , , . , , , , . , , , .
, , ; , , , , .
Modern English Lexicology. Moscow external university of humanities, 1996.
.. . ., 1982.
- . .
.. . ., 1977.
.. . ., 1989.
. . ., 1956.
.. . ., 1991.
, . . ., 1981.
.., .. . ., 1995.
., . . ., 1963.
.. . ., 1949.
.. . : , 1992.
[1] . . ., 1966. . 201.
, . 1962 , 2001 -
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