êóðñîâûå,êîíòðîëüíûå,äèïëîìû,ðåôåðàòû
ÔÌË ¹239
ÊÎÍÑÏÅÊÒ
«Èíòåðíåò îá èíòåðíåòå»
Âûïîëíèë:
Ìàñëîâ Ñåðãåé.
Èíòåðíåò - ìèðîâàÿ êîìïüþòåðíàÿ ñåòü. Îíà ñîñòàâëåíà èç ðàçíîîáðàçíûõ êîìïüþòåðíûõ ñåòåé, îáúåäèíåííûõ ñòàíäàðòíûìè ñîãëàøåíèÿìè î ñïîñîáàõ îáìåíà èíôîðìàöèåé è åäèíîé ñèñòåìîé àäðåñàöèè.
Èñòîðèÿ ðàçâèòèÿ ÈíòåðíåòÅùå â 60-õ ãîäàõ ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ àìåðèêàíñêèå èññëåäîâàòåëè íà÷àëè ýêñïåðèìåíòû ïî ñîåäèíåíèþ êîìïüþòåðîâ îäèí ñ äðóãèì è ñ ëþäüìè ñ ïîìîùüþ òåëåôîííûõ ëèíèé.  ðåçóëüòàòå ïðîâåäåííûõ ýêñïåðèìåíòîâ ñ òåõíîëîãèåé, êîòîðàÿ íàçûâàëàñü "êîììóòàöèÿ ïàêåòîâ", íîâàÿ ñèñòåìà ïåðåäà÷è èíôîðìàöèè ðàçðåøèëà êîìïüþòåðàì èñïîëüçîâàòü ðàçäåëåííûå äàííûå, à èññëåäîâàòåëÿì ïîëüçîâàòüñÿ ýëåêòðîííîé ïî÷òîé. Ýòî áûë ïåðâûé ðåøèòåëüíûé øàã â íàïðàâëåíèè íîâûõ òåõíîëîãèé.
Èíòåðíåò ïðîòîêîëû òåðìèíîëîãèè âû÷èñëèòåëüíûõ ñåòåé ïðîòîêîë - ýòî çàðàíåå ñîãëàñîâàííûé ñòàíäàðò, êîòîðûé ïîçâîëÿåò äâóì êîìïüþòåðàì îáìåíèâàòüñÿ äàííûìè.
TCP\IP – ýòî ñðåäñòâî äëÿ îáìåíà èíôîðìàöèåé ìåæäó êîìïüþòåðàìè, îáúåäèíåííûìè â ñåòü. Íå èìååò çíà÷åíèÿ, ñîñòàâëÿþò ëè îíè ÷àñòü îäíîé è òîé æå ñåòè èëè ïîäêëþ÷åíû ê îòäåëüíûì ñåòÿì. Ýòî ïðîòîêîë, êîòîðûé ãëîáàëüíî óïðàâëÿåò Èíòåðíåò, è â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ìåðå áëàãîäàðÿ ñåòè TCP\IP Îí çàâîåâàë ñâîþ ïîïóëÿðíîñòü. TCP/IP - ýòî àááðåâèàòóðà òåðìèíà Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (Ïðîòîêîë óïðàâëåíèÿ ïåðåäà÷åé/Ïðîòîêîë Internet). Ôàêòè÷åñêè TCP/IP íå îäèí ïðîòîêîë, à íåñêîëüêî. Èìåííî ïîýòîìó âû ÷àñòî ñëûøèòå, êàê åãî íàçûâàþò íàáîðîì, èëè êîìïëåêòîì ïðîòîêîëîâ, ñðåäè êîòîðûõ TCP è IP - äâà îñíîâíûõ.
Èíòåðíåò àäðåñàÈíòåðíåò àäðåñ - ýòî íåêîå íàèìåíîâàíèå, êîòîðîå ïîìîãàåò íàéòè â èíòåðíåò ìèðå íåêóþ ñòðàíèöó, ÷åëîâåêà (åãî ïî÷òîâûé àäðåñ), èëè ïðîñòî íåêèé ôàéë.
Ïåðâûé è ñàìûé ýëèòíûé - WWW-àäðåñ. Ýòî òî èìÿ, ïî êîòîðîìó ìîæíî íàéòè ñàéò â World Wide Web (Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé èíôîðìàöèîííîé Ñåòè).
FTP-àäðåñ, ýòî òîæå î÷åíü êóëüòîâàÿ âåùü. Åñëè ïðåäûäóùèé àäðåñ àññîöèèðîâàëñÿ ñ ïðîòîêîëîì HTTP, òî íîâûé àäðåñ àññîöèèðóåòñÿ ñ ìîùíûì FTP ïðîòîêîëîì, êîòîðûé ñ÷èòàåòñÿ ñòàíäàðòíûì äëÿ ïåðåäà÷è ôàéëîâ.
Ïî÷òîâûé E-Mail àäðåñ. Åãî ìîæíî ëåãêî óçíàòü ïî ñèìâîëó @ ïîñëå ïåðâîãî ñëîâà. Êñòàòè ýòîò ñèìâîë, â ïðîñòîíàðîäüå íàçûâàåìûé óõî èëè ñîáàêà, íà ñàìîì äåëå ïðàâèëüíî ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ êàê "ýò".
Ãîôåð-àäðåñ - ýòî äîâîëüíî ñòðàøíàÿ è ê òîìó æå áåñïîëåçíàÿ øòóêà. Ðàíüøå Ãîôåð èëè Ãîïôåð-àäðåñà èñïîëüçîâàëèñü äëÿ ïîèñêà èíôîðìàöèè.
IP – àäðåñ
IP-Àäðåñ (IP-address) – óíèêàëüíûé èäåíòèôèêàòîð êîìïüþòåðà â Èíòåðíåò. Êàæäûé êîìïüþòåð, ðàáîòàþùèé ïî TCP/IP èìååò åãî. IP-Àäðåñ ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ÷åòûðå ãðóïïû ïî âîñåìü äâîè÷íûõ ÷èñåë, è ÷àñòî çàïèñûâàåòñÿ â äåñÿòåðè÷íîé ôîðìå
DNS (Domain Name Service, Ñëóæáà äîìåííûõ èìåí)ïîçâîëÿåò èñïîëüçîâàòü íàðÿäó ñ öèôðîâûìè àäðåñàìè èìåíà êîìïüþòåðîâ.
193.232.120.191 |
Öèôðîâîé àäðåñ. < 256. Íîìåð ñåòè (3) è êîìïüþòåðà â íåé |
fadr.msu.ru |
Áóêâåííûé àäðåñ - èìÿ êîìïüþòåðà (host), ïîä äîìåí (subdomain), êîòîðûé ìîæåò áûòü ðàçäåëåí íà íåñêîëüêî ÷àñòåé, ñàìàÿ ïðàâàÿ èç êîòîðûõ íàçûâàåòñÿ äîìåíîì ïåðâîãî óðîâíÿ (first level domain) |
com - |
êîììåð÷åñêèå îðãàíèçàöèè |
edu - | îáðàçîâàòåëüíûå îðãàíèçàöèè |
org - | íåêîììåð÷åñêèå îðãàíèçàöèè |
gov - | ïðàâèòåëüñòâåííûå îðãàíèçàöèè |
mil - | âîåííûå îðãàíèçàöèè (ÑØÀ) |
int - | ìåæäóíàðîäíûå îðãàíèçàöèè |
net - | îðãàíèçàöèè, ïðåäîñòàâëÿþùèå ñåòåâûå óñëóãè |
fr - | Ôðàíöèÿ |
de - | Ãåðìàíèÿ |
ru - | Ðîññèÿ |
se - | Øâåöèÿ |
tm - | Òóðêìåíèñòàí |
Ïðèíöèï äåéñòâèÿ ïîèñêîâûõ ñèñòåì íàïîìèíàåò ðàáîòó îáû÷íûõ áàç äàííûõ âû ââîäèòå êàêîé-òî çàïðîñ, íàïðèìåð íàáîð êëþ÷åâûõ ñëîâ, è â ðåçóëüòàòå ïîëó÷àåòå ñïèñîê äîêóìåíòîâ, ñîäåðæàùèõ çàäàííûå ñëîâà. Îòëè÷èå çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â ñïîñîáå íàïîëíåíèÿ òàêîé "áàçû". Äëÿ ýòîãî â ïîèñêîâûõ ñèñòåìàõ èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ïåðèîäè÷åñêîå ñêàíèðîâàíèå ñîäåðæèìîãî ñåðâåðîâ ñ ïîìîùüþ ñïåöèàëüíûõ ïðîãðàìì-ðîáîòîâ. Íà îñíîâå äåÿòåëüíîñòè ýòèõ ñïåöèàëüíûõ ïðîãðàìì ñîñòàâëÿþòñÿ ôàéëû-èíäåêñû, êîòîðûå èìåþò îãðîìíûå ðàçìåðû è èñïîëüçóþòñÿ äëÿ ïîèñêà çàäàâàåìûõ âàìè êëþ÷åâûõ ñëîâ. Ïîìèìî ïðîñòîãî çàïðîñà îáû÷íî ñóùåñòâóåò âîçìîæíîñòü óêàçàíèÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ ëîãè÷åñêèõ îïåðàöèé, ëîãè÷åñêèõ ãðóïï, èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ øàáëîíîâ, ïîèñêà â íàçâàíèÿõ, çàãîëîâêàõ, çàäàíèÿ ðàññòîÿíèé ìåæäó ñëîâàìè.
ÁðîóçåðûÎòîáðàæåíèå èíôîðìàöèè ïðîèñõîäèò ïîñðåäñòâîì ñïåöèàëüíîé ïðîãðàììû - áðàóçåðà. Áðàóçåð ìîæåò áûòü ãðàôè÷åñêèì èëè òåêñòîâûì. Äëÿ òîãî ÷òîáû áðàóçåðû ìîãëè èíòåðïðåòèðîâàòü äîêóìåíòû îíè äîëæíû áûòü îôîðìëåíû ñïåöèàëüíûì îáðàçîì – ðàçìå÷åíû â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñî ñïåöèôèêàöèåé ÿçûêà HTML.  îñíîâå ÿçûêà HTML âåðñèè 1.2 ëåæàëà ëîãè÷åñêàÿ ðàçìåòêà, ýòî ïîçâîëÿåò òåêñòîâûì áðàóçåðàì âûäåëÿòü çàãîëîâêè ëèáî ñòðî÷íûìè áóêâàìè, ëèáî ïóñòûìè ñòðîêàìè ñâåðõó è ñíèçó. Ãðàôè÷åñêèé áðàóçåð ìîæåò âûäåëèòü çàãîëîâêè ïîâûøåííûì êåãëåì, êóðñèâîì.
Ýëåêòðîííàÿ ïî÷òà ïîçâîëÿåò ïîëüçîâàòåëþ ñîçäàòü ïèñüìî è ïîñëàòü åãî ÷åëîâåêó èëè ãðóïïå ëþäåé. Äðóãàÿ ÷àñòü ýòîãî ïðèëîæåíèÿ ïîçâîëÿåò ïîëüçîâàòåëþ ÷èòàòü ïèñüìà, êîòîðûå îí ïîëó÷èë.
Õîòÿ ïîëüçîâàòåëè èíîãäà è ïåðåäàþò ôàéëû, èñïîëüçóÿ ýëåêòðîííóþ ïî÷òó, ïèñüìî ïðåäíàçíà÷åíî äëÿ êîðîòêèõ, òåêñòîâûõ ôàéëîâ. Ïðîòîêîëû TCP/IP âêëþ÷àþò ïðèêëàäíóþ ïðîãðàììó ïåðåäà÷è ôàéëîâ, êîòîðàÿ ïîçâîëÿåò ïîëüçîâàòåëÿì ïåðåäàâàòü èëè ïðèíèìàòü äîâîëüíî áîëüøèå ôàéëû ïðîãðàìì èëè äàííûõ.
ßâëÿÿñü ñàìûì èíòåðåñíûì ïðèëîæåíèåì Èíòåðíåòà, óäàëåííûé äîñòóï ïîçâîëÿåò ïîëüçîâàòåëþ, íàõîäÿùåìóñÿ íà îäíîì êîìïüþòåðå, âçàèìîäåéñòâîâàòü ñ óäàëåííîé ìàøèíîé è âûïîëíÿòü íà íåé èíòåðàêòèâíûé ñåàíñ ðàáîòû.
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Îãëàâëåíèå
×òî òàêîå èíòåðíåò........................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
Èñòîðèÿ ðàçâèòèÿ Èíòåðíåò.................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Èíòåðíåò ïðîòîêîëû.................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
TCP\IP.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Èíòåðíåò àäðåñà................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
Òèïû àäðåñîâ:......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
WWW àäðåñ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
FTP àäðåñ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
E-Mail àäðåñ.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Ãîôåð-àäðåñ.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
DNS (Domain Name Service, Ñëóæáà äîìåííûõ èìåí).......................................................................................................... 3
Îðãàíèçàöèîííûå äîìåíû 1 óðîâíÿ (ÑØÀ).............................................................................................................................................. 3
Íåêîòîðûå ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèå äîìåíû 1 óðîâíÿ........................................................................................................................................ 3
Ïîèñêîâûå ñèñòåìû..................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Áðîóçåðû................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Îñíîâíûå óñëóãè, ïðåäîñòàâëÿåìûå Èíòåðíåò................................................................................................................. 4
Ýëåêòðîííàÿ Ïî÷òà.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Ïåðåäà÷à Ôàéëîâ.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Óäàëåííûé Äîñòóï.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
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ÔÌË ¹239 ÊÎÍÑÏÅÊÒ «Èíòåðíåò îá èíòåðíåòå»
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