,,,
.
......................................................................................................... 3
1. . 6
1.1 . 6
1.2 , ................................................................................................ 11
1.3 .................. 15
2. ................................................. 25
2.1 .................... 25
2.2 .................. 31
3. . 39
3.1 .............................. 39
3.2 - ........................................................................ 46
3.3 ....................................... 55
...................................................................................................... 61
.............................................................. 64
..................................................................................................... 66
, -, . , . : , , , . , .
- .
1993 , . 1996 . , . - . , . .
, .
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. , , , , - . . , , , .
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, 1754 : - . , . . 1776 .
II. . . , . , [15].
, 28 1786 , . . : 20 8 % , 22 7 % .
19 1861 ( ) . , .
1863 .
1866 .
1868
1872 , .
1883 , .
1884 .
1885 . : 5 4 %, 9 ( 11 66,5 ). .
1917 21 , , , 18 [15].
1998 , . . - . , :
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( ), , , .
. 220 23 () , , , , , .
25 2001 628 .
, :
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, . , , , , , . , .
. , - . , , . , , " ". ( ): ", , - . , , 90% . , ." , , .
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. -. . , . , , [29].
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;
, ;
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, .
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" " (). 2000 . , -. 2002 , . 2004 -.
" ". () 1997 . , . , . 2003 [2]. 25 2004 1.5 . 2.25 . .
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, : , . . , - , , , .
: , , . .
. :
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- 1811 . 1871 .;
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- . XVIII : 10 , , , , 10 . , - .. , , .
- . [17].
, , , , . ( - ), . ( , ) .
, . 12 . 5-6% ( 4 ).
.
: ( ) 100 . ( ) 150 . 3,75% , 7,5 . - PEL ( ), 400 . 600. 4,8% . 4-5 . (Credit foncier de France) - (Contoire des entrepreneurs) . - - 3 20 .
. , . [16, 17].
. .
. , , , , , . .
1900 . . . , . XVIII ( ). 1770 . , . ( ).
. , . , - . , , .
, 100% , .. , . 29% ( 44%).
. , Abbey National, . 90- .
. ( ), - . 15- ( 7- ) 500 . . ( ), . - 5% . [17].
, - , . , , , .
- , ( , ). () .
, (mortgage backed securities - MBS) . , . .
. . - , , , , , , ..
, - . - (Fannie ), (Freddie Mac) (Ginnie ).
1938 . Reconstruction Finance Corporation. National Mortgage Association of Washington - . Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA, Fannie ) - . Fannie , Federal Housing Administration (FHA) - . 1954 Fannie : , [17, 20].
1968 : . Fannie Mae, ( ). Fannie - , . Fannie - (New-York Stock Exchange, NYSE). . Standard & Poor's 500 Composite Stock Price Index. - (Government National Mortgage Association, GNMA Ginnie Mae) - , , .
, , . , , 2001 3,5 . , (3 .) (3,5 . ).
: , "" , , ( ) , ( ) .
, , . . , ( ) .
- , .
, . MBS 30- , 1970 ., Fannie Mae , .
, . MBS, , . - [17].
. 1934 (Federal Housing Administration, FHA) . FHA . FHA , , .
FHA . , . FHA . , , . 1991 FHA 378,1 . .
, , . FHA , , , , .. . , . , FHA, , , .
FHA , , , 1993 67 . , , , . . .
, FHA:
FHA 165- 275 , . 850 , FHA , 550 , , , ;
40% FHA, , FHA ;
20% FHA - ;
FHA , , , . 1992 FHA 37 55 , ;
FHA , . , FHA, 90%.
FHA . FHA , . , FHA, , FHA [17].
1944 (Veterans Administrations, VA), , , . VA 50% 2000 , , . 46 000 . , , , . VA , .
1989 , , 26% ; , - 10%; - 16%. , , 46%.
- , - - . , ( 10% ).
( ) - , , ( ) - , ..
, , ( ), ( ), (" ") ( ).
2003 , 2002 , - $500. $260. , - 50% [15].
60 , , . , , , 77 , , , [14].
, . , , , , , -, -, . , " " , 2004 , . 2.1 2003 .
2.1
2003
, $ | ||
233 | - | |
34 | 1000 | |
22.9 | 2074 | |
21.4 | 419 | |
21.2 | - | |
() | 8.7 | - |
8.2 | 350 | |
() | 7.6 | 708 |
7 | - | |
5.5 | - | |
() | 5.2 | 557 |
( ) | 4.3 | 106 |
4 | 300 | |
- | 3.4 | 526 |
3 | 78 | |
2.3 | 405 | |
- | 2.2 | 135 |
2 | 30 | |
1.6 | 182 | |
1.35 | - | |
1 | 164 | |
() | 0.93 | 92 |
- | 0.9 | 7 |
0.73 | 67 | |
() | 0.2 | 14 |
() | 0.13 | 10 |
() | - | 8 |
() | 0.06 | 6 |
* - . (, , ) 30/$.
, : , , , , , . 50 . 27 18 . 330 (. ) [25]. 146 , . 2.2 .
2.2
( 2004)
* | ** | |||
$ | ||||
- | 15 | - | ||
14 | 19 | |||
11 | 14 | |||
- | 15 | |||
10.5 | 15 | |||
13 | - | |||
10 | - | |||
13 | 15 | |||
12 | - | |||
- | 15 | 18 | ||
11 | 15 | |||
13 | - | |||
(-) | 14 | - | ||
12 | - | |||
11 | 18 | |||
14 | - | |||
12.9 | - | |||
() | 12 | 17 | ||
- () | - | 24 | ||
*
10
** , , /
, , ( ) 12,7 % 17% . ( , , ) : -, . ( 2.3).
2.3
, $ | , $ | |||
- | 313 | - | 04 | |
100 | 140 | 2800 | 04 | |
* | 66.8 | 69.1 | 5799 | 04 |
46 | - | - | 04 | |
42.5 | - | - | 04 | |
() | 12.1 | 21.6 | 2015 | 04 |
- | 10 | 20 | 1300 | 03 |
6.8 | 17 | - | 04 | |
() | - | 14.06 | 1034 | 04 |
- | 13.2 | 2600 | 03 | |
- | 8.2 | 350 | 04 | |
- | 4.3 | 5.7 | 845 | 04 |
() | - | 5.2 | 557 | 04 |
() | 2.1 | 4.95 | 534 | 04 |
(.) | - | 4.45 | 338 | 04 |
- | 4 | 160 | 04 | |
- | 4 | 300 | 04 | |
() | - | 3.1 | 444 | 04 |
- | 3 | 78 | 04 | |
() | 0.6 | 2.1 | 280 | 04 |
() | 1.4 | 3.5 | 433 | 04 |
- | 2 | 30 | 04 | |
- | - | 25 | 04 |
* - .
2.3 , . , .
, , , , , . , 300 . . , , 8 . , 69% , , . , 2001 2002 . . 1 500 2800 . , 15 -, . [15].
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, :
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30 , , , , .
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, , , , . , , , . [25].
, . . , . .
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. . 5 , : 19% - , 12% - . - .
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;
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.
DeltaCredit | ʻ | |||||||
1. | 1991 | 1996 | 2003 | 1998 | 2000 | 2002 | 1999 | |
2. | , $ | , $ | $ | $ | 8 | $ | ||
3. | , % | 30 | 30 | 15-20 | 15-30 | 15-30 | 30 | 30 |
4. | , % |
11$ |
15 |
9-11$ |
10-14 | 10-15 | 12 | 14 |
5. | , | 15 | 20 | 20 | 15 | 10-15 | 10 | 10 |
6. | , % | 40 | 50 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | |
7. | , % | 0,6 | 1,5 | 1,5 | 1,5 | 1,5 | 1 | 1,5 |
7.1. | , % | + | 0,9 | + | 0,8 | + | + | |
7.2. | , % | + | + | 0,4 | + | 0,4 | + | + |
7.3. | , % | +/- | 0,3 | + | 0,3 | + | + | |
8. | + | + | + | + | +/- | + | + | |
9. | + | +/- | + | |||||
10. | 5-10 | 20 | 15-20 | 8 | 20 | 12 | ||
11. | , | 18 | 7-14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 10 | 14 |
12. | 5800 | 2600 | 2800 | 140 | 450 | 350 | ||
13. | 69 $ | 13,2 $ | 140 $ | 4 $ | 20 $ | 8,0 $ |
, , . , . 30 (, 30 , ). , , , .
. , - 200 . - 200 ., : 200 2 () + 200 2 ( ) + 200 2 ( ) = 1200 ( , ).
11% 18% . , " " , 90% . - : 70% .
" " - . , . , . , - .
- ( ), . . 1200 73210 . 6 , , $200?
, 6 $200 = $1200. , : $200 $10705. 6 6 10705 = $64230.
, , 15 . , 6 10 . , . , $200. 10 , 15 , 10. : $10705 / 15 10 = $7136
: $10705 4 + $7136 2 = $42820 + $14272 = $57092
, , , , " ".
. , . , , . . , $1000. - . 55 . , 60 . , $53500. , , , , , - . 15 , , 5 - 15 . , 5 , $53500 / 3 = $17833 ( , , . , , : $18000.)
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. .
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, . , . . , . , , , . , . .
. , , . , , . . , . , , . , [25].
18 . , , 15 , . , 1 , , 2 . ( 2003 15 .).
, , . 2003 2 . . 60 350 000 , 5700 340 000 , , 70 80 . , , . .
, . , , 2003., 20 . , . , , , , . , , , , , , , [24].
, , , , . , 1990- . , , , 1970- , - . , , . . . , , , .
, , , . , (i) , , (ii) , . , . .
, . , , , , . , [25].
, . . , , , , . , . , .
, , -, , . , , 2003 , 14 , , 9,68 . , 2002 15,1 . , 2003 10 , [24].
, , , , . 3.1, 16 . , , , 18 15 . , 2003 , 12 - 14 . , 15 1 , 12 .
3.1
18 | |
14 | |
1 3 | 16,1 |
1 3 | 22,7 |
15 | 18 |
16,3 | |
2003 | 12-14 |
: " 2 (117)"; , 2003 .; "", 4 2003 .
, , , , . , . , () , . , , . .
- . . , , . , . , , , .
3.2 . . , , 20 , . 20 , [27]. .
3.2
, * | 1 439 777 | 524 601 | 347 932 | 409 609 |
2002 ** | 304 200 000 | 17 800 000 | 9 000 000 | 12 800 000 |
2002 ** | 81 000 000 | 4 800 000 | 1 400 000 | 2 900 000 |
** | 350 | 350 | 350 | 350 |
20% ** | 100 784 376 | 36 722 070 | 24 355 254 | 28 672 663 |
20% 50%** | 10 078 438 | 3 672 207 | 2 435 525 | 2 867 266 |
* 77%
** . .
: ; ; .
, , (), 77 . , , , . , , .
, , , . . , - 30 . 20 , . ; . , , , - . , [25, 27].
. , , , , , , , , . , , , . , . , , -. .
, . , . . . , , . , , , 10 , . , , , , , , . 10 , [25].
. . , , , , . . , , , , .
, , , . , . , , , , , .
80 . 3.3 . , , . , - .
, - . , , , [15]. , .
3.3
= 19,6% | = 15% | |||||
231 012 | 180 771 | 142 460 | 141 686 | |||
50 241 | 774 | |||||
5 703 | 2 652 | 2 688 | 4 503 | 2 652 | 2 638 | |
19,6% | 7,0% | 19,6% | 15,0% | 7,0% | 15,0% | |
180 771 | 141 686 |
:
= 342 000 .
= 146 571 .
= 20
20 . . , , 15 , 10 , 3.4, 100 4 , 2002 [15]. , , , . , , .
3.4
[25]
342 000 . | 455 000 . | 9 . . | 12 500 . | |
25 | 20 |
. : 10 |
3-10 | |
85% | 70% | 70% | 70% | |
15%-18% | 7%-18% |
.: 18% |
10% | |
/ | 35%-40% | 30% | 30%-50% | 30% |
, 1996. | 350 | 1 500 | 60 | 80 |
, , . 3.4, 60 , 80 . . ; , . , , , . , , , 1996 1500 . .
3.4, , , . , . , .
.
,
- ,
.
, ,
,
.
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.
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. , , , .
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, :
;
;
, , ;
;
;
, .
2004 . . (30 %), , .
. 5-10 %, . , 30 5 %. , . . 3-4 , , [24].
. . , , . , , 1998. , , , - , (. 78).
, . , , .. ? , - , ? ? , , .
, . , , , .
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, . , , , , , .. .
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. - . , .
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2. .
3. . , , . 2000 ( ) 29 , .
, , , , , . , , , .
4. . , , , , . , , , .
5. , ( , - ).
, . , -, , ; -, , , ; , . , : , , . .
, , , , , .. . . , . , , . . : - 2-3 .
, , .
. , 1998 , , , , .
. , , , , - . . , , , .
, , , .
1. [ 14.10.03]
2. [ 25.12.03]
3. ( ) [ 24.12.02]
4. [ 28.01.02]
5. () [ 17.04.04]
6. [ 10.11.03]
7. . , 14 2002 . N 31/.
8. . ,
9. 9 2004 . N 1368- , . ( 2 2004 . N 5519)
10. / "". " ", . . . .. , 1999
11. // . ... . .. - .: ˳, 1999.
12. . // , 3, 2004.
13. .. : . - .: . "", , 2001.
14. . ? // , 27, 2003.
15. . // , 1, 2004.
16. . // , 3, 2002.
17. . // , 7, 2003.
18. .. " : .2 : . - .: "", 2000.
19. .. " : . - .: "", 1996.
20. .. : . - : , 1999.
21. , . . .., -.: , 2003.
22. ., . . " ". - .: -, 2002.
23. , . ..., . . . ... .: , 1999.
24. . // , 5, 2004.
25. . ., , 2003.
26. .. . . . - .: "-89", 1998.
27. . // , 1, 2004.
28. .., .., .. - : . - .: -, 1998
29. . // , 1, 2004.
30. . // , 1, 2004.
1
1 ( )
13
_____
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(/ -)
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1.5. ___________ (_________________________________________) .
2. ,
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|
|
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1.4. . 1.2 __________ (_____________________________________) , ________ __.__.__ ., ______________________.
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