. , , ,

,,,

. -21 .., ..

,

. , , , .

( ) , (, , .), , (, .), , , ..

, , . , , (, .). 1961 , 40% . 1 .

,

ZnS
. . 1203 .... S
. . PbS . . CaSO4
.... BaSO4 . . . mr (Si206)
FeFe2O4 . . . CuCO∙Cu(OH)2
. . (Fe, Mg)2(Si04) . . A12 Mg04
.... SiO2
.... NaCl
. . . Cu . . .
. . .... .
. . . .

:

1) .

2) .

:

1) ;

2) , ;

3) ;

4) .

, . .

, .

, (, ..), . . , (.2).

(.2)

3CaO∙SiO2 2CaO∙SiO β-CaO-SiO2 α CaO∙SiO2 3CaO-2Si02
-

∙123 5CaO∙3Al2O3

CaO∙Al203 CaO∙2Al2O3

2CaO∙Al2O∙SiO2
3Al2O3-SiO2
2CaO-MgO-2SiO2 CaO-MgO-2SiO2
CaO-Fe2O3 8CaO-3 Al2O3-Fe2O3
CaO-Fe2O3 2CaO-Fe2O3

(

( ) ( )

( )

()2

MgO

SiO2 Si02 Si02

α- β- CaS04.2H20 CaSO4-0,5H20 CaSO4-0,5H2O CaSO4
CaS CaO∙TiO2
WC W2C Mo2C Nb3N5 B4C SiC

.

.

( ) 3CaO∙SiO2 ( ) (. 1). . , . . , Ng=1,772, Np=1,718, : Ng- Np=0.004. .

5 6, 3,2. , . , .

( ) 2 5SiO2 : α-, β- γ-, αβ , γ- α- β-- , , (. 1). , . . F23 23 .

β- : 1) , , 2) ; 3) .

α- β-: Ng=1,735, N=1,717, Ng N = 0,018, . 2,974.

. 1 (210)

γ-2∙SiO2 () ; ; : Ng = 1,654, N= 1,642, Ng N=0,012. , β- 675 , 10% α- β -, . , ( ) . γ- , .

, , - . , .

β-∙5SiO2 α--5SiO2 . , . , , . . Ng = 1,631, N = 1,616, Ng N = 0,015. . . . 2. (74 X) 2,915. , .

(. 2). 2,912. Ng=1,654, N = 1,610, Ng N = 0,044, . (, , ). .

2SiO2 ( ) , -, (?) . . : Ng=1,650, N= 1,641, - : Ng N = 0,009, .

: , -, -.

123 . .

, N=1,710, 6, 3,04. 2,5% 23, 1203, N=1,715. . . . .

5 12 , . , . , N=1,608. - 2% 23, 1203, N=1,613. 5, 2,692,71.

, - . - - - . Ng=1,692, N = 1,687, Ng-Np = 0,005. .

, , .

123 , . . ; Ng=1,663, Np=1,643, Ng Np = 0,020; . 15% 123, Ng = 1,720, Np=1,70. 2,981. .

212 . . ( 31), . : Ng=1,654, Np = 1,617, 0,035. . .

2 12 512 , , . - . : Ng=1,669, N = 1,658. :NgN= 0,011. -. . . . . . (. 3).

123 52 , . . , 2 52 .

Ng=1,682, Np=1,661 Ng Np=0,021, Ng=1,654, Np = 1,642, Ng Np = 0,012. .

(. 4). F23 SiO2 . 3,03. : 2 5 10 . .

2 g-2SiO2 : Ng=1,638, N=1,631. : Ng Np = 0,007. . . , (), . . . 3,18. , , .

g 2SiO2 . . 3,2. . 10%- 2MgO∙5SiO2 : Ng= 1,6551,651, Np=1,63811,640, NgN = = 0,015, . .

( ) , 8 123 F23 F23. , . , , - -. - - , . , .

. . (1950), 2 ∙ F23 4 ∙ 123 ∙ 23 8 ∙ 123 ∙23.

4∙123∙F23 (, ): Ng = 2,08, Np=1,98, Ng Np = 0,10. 12% g () , - . 3,77. . .

: - ∙F23 2∙F23. .

∙F23 , . . , . : Ng = 2,465, Np = 2,345, - : Ng Np = 0,120. 10% ∙123 : Ng = 2,25, Np = 2,13, Ng Np = 0,12. . .

2∙F23 , - . Ng = 2,29, Np = 2,20, Ng Np = 0,090. . .

. , . .

( ) . . . . N=1,836. . ( 10%) , ∙123, . . ( ).

( ) ()2. . : Ng=1,574, Np=1,545, Ng Np = 0,029. . 2,23. , , , .

( ) g . . , . , N=1,7341,737. . . 3,58. , , . . , , -.

5SiO2 , , , , . , SiO2 ( 573). .

SiO2. 870 . -, , . 34 . , 2,27, Ng=1,473, Np = 1,469,. Ng-Np = 0,004.

5070%. SiO2 . .

SiO2 ( 1470). , , (. 5). , . 2,32. Ng=1,487, Np=1,484, Ng Np = 0,003. .

. , . . N= 1,459, 2,203. ( ). , , .

S4∙2 SO4 . : α- (S4∙ 0,52), β- (S4∙0,52), γ- , β- , α- (S4), β- γ- .

α- SO4∙0,52 120125 . (. 6). . : Ng=1,584, Np=1,559. : Ng Np = 0,025.

. 6. α- 150 (150)

2,722,73. .

β- S4∙0,52 120 . . Ng=1,556, .Np = 1,550, Ng N = 0,006. 2,672,68. β- , α-. .

S4 , , 220 . αβ. . . α-: Ng=1,570, Np=1,554, β-: Ng=1,570, N = 1,546. .

, ..

() S . (N = 2,90). , . . 2,71. .

∙ iO2 . -. N = 2,36. .

. 40. , , . 7.

, 4. . . 2,482,52. 9. , , .

() 51 (1650 2000 ) ( 2000 ) . [814] [514] . 3,216, 3,217, Ng=2.697, Np=2.654 , Ng-Np=0.043. , , . -, , . 9.

Nb3N5 1200 ˚C. . 8,4. 8 9.

WC W2C WO3 c . . WC=9, W2C =9 10.

2 , 2. . 7 9.

1) . 2001.

2) , . 1989.

3) , ().


. -21 .., .. ,

 

 

 

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