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, . . , , , . , , . 1986 , . , , , , .

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. : 20 24 , . , Iowa Swine Enterprise Records, 19.4 / / 17.2 - , . , - 6%. - , , - 20%. 1%. , Iowa Swine Enterprise Records Summary, 5% . , . , . , . .

, , , .

, , . . 70%, 50%, 40%, 25% . . .

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1999 . - " ", . , . "Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals". , , .

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1998 ", ", 2010 , , :

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, I , , .

1. .., .. . "", 1999, 5, .3-6.

2. .., .. . "", 1999, 10, .3-5.

4. ., . . " ", 1995, 95, .36.

5. .., .. . "", 1997, 6, .3-18.

6. .., .., .., .. Pseudomonas . "", 1998, 2, .37-43.

7. .., "" . "", 1999, 11.

8. .. . "", 1999, 7, .50-53.

9. .., .. . ., 1977, .6.

10. .., .., .., .. . .: . . .1. ., 1991, . 52.

11. .., .., .., .. -400 . "", 1979, 4, .34-35.

12. ., . . . . ., 1977, .95.

13. .., .., .. . " ", 1987, 8, . 563-571.

14. .. . ., 1971.

15. .. . , . . ., 1981, . 62-66.

16. .. - . .: , , 1981, .32-33.

17. .., .. - . - , .12-13.

18. .., .. , , . "", 1978, 8, .88-92.

19. ., ., . . ., 1977, .6.

20.Thomke S., Elwinger K. Growth and feed efficiency responses. K.Skogs-o.Lantbr.acad.Tidskr. 1997, V.136, N 19, p.8-15.

21.Hinders R. Ionophores can help reduce age at first calving in heifers. Feedstuff, 1997, May 12, p.12.

22.Costanzo A., Cassady J.M., Lehnder C.M. Ionophores prove to be beneficial in cattle diets. Feedstuffs, 1997, May 17, p.11-13.

23.Butaye P., Devriesse L. et al. Enterococci with acquired vancomycin resistance in pigs and chickens of different age groups. Antim. Ag. Chem., 1999, Feb., p.365-366.

24.Witte W. Antibiotic use in animal husbandry and resistance development in human infections. APUA Newsletter, 1998, v.16, N 3, p.3-6.

25.McManus PS. Antibiotic use in plant disease control. APUA Newsletter, 1998.

26.Honeyman M. Vastgotmodellen: Swedens sustainable alternative for swine production. Am. J. Altern. Agricul., 1995, V.10,N3, p.129-132.

27. . : . ., , 1987, . 209.


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