,,,
- 22
-
t-
, . , , , - , , . , .
. , , , , , , , , . , . , , .
Statistica 5.5.
2×2
χ- , . , , .
22 2 , χ- .
, ; 1- , 2- , 1- , 2- .
, :
a = 15, b = 25, = 27, d = 30,
a - ,
b - ,
- ,
d - .
.
1.1
1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | |||
1 | a | b | 1 | 15 | 25 | |
2 | c | d | 2 | 27 | 30 |
( 5)
' = (a+b)*(a+c)/N ≥ 5
b' = (a+b)*(b+d)/N ≥ 5
c' = (a+c)*(c+d)/N ≥ 5
d' = (c+d)*(b+d)/N ≥5
N=a+b+c+d 30 N=15+25+27+30=97 30
:
' = (15+25)*(15+27)/97 ≈ 17,3 ≥ 5
b' = (12+25)*(25+30)/97 ≈ 21 ≥ 5
c' = (15+27)*(27+30)/97 ≈ 24,7 ≥ 5
d' = (27+30)*(25+30)/97 ≈ 32,3 ≥ 5
, .
1.2
1 | 2 | |
1 | 17,3 | 21 |
2 | 24,7 | 32,3 |
=(ad-bc)2*N/(a+b)*(a+c)*(c+d)*(b+c);
=(450-675)2*97/(15+25)*(15+27)*(25+30)*(25+27) = 1,02
p :
1.3 p
2,71 | 3,84 | 6,64 | 10,83 | |
p | 0,1 | 0,05 | 0,01 | 0,001 |
p = 0,1 ; p 0,1 , p > 0,1 .
, !
1,02 < = 2,71 p > 0,1, .
. () :
=; =≈ 0,1
0,3 < 0,5, ;
0,5 < 0,7 ;
0,7 .
(0;1) 0 1
< 0,3, .
: -, , , ( 1,02, p > 0,1)
- , , , -. , . , - , . , , . , , , .
. : , , (. 1).
STATISTIKA 5.5.
- (. . 2.1-2.3).
. 2.1.
- , .
. 2.2.
- , .
. 2.3.
- , .
p ( , p 0,05!!!!!).
: ( , , ) - , , - . .
t-
t- . . , t- :
) , ( t-),
) , .
, .
t- ( 3.1).
t- STATISTIKA.
, !!!
3.1
/ |
( ) | ( ) |
1 | 1,000 | 12,000 |
2 | 5,000 | 15,000 |
3 | 2,000 | 14,000 |
4 | 6,000 | 12,000 |
5 | 3,000 | 13,000 |
6 | 9,000 | 16,000 |
7 | 5,000 | 14,000 |
8 | 4,000 | 15,000 |
9 | 8,000 | 15,000 |
10 | 5,000 | 14,000 |
11 | 6,000 | 12,000 |
12 | 3,000 | 12,000 |
13 | 2,000 | 14,000 |
14 | 5,000 | 15,000 |
15 | 7,000 | 12,000 |
16 | 5,000 | 13,000 |
17 | 8,000 | 16,000 |
18 | 5,000 | 14,000 |
19 | 6,000 | 15,000 |
20 | 6,000 | 12,000 |
21 | 5,000 | 14,000 |
22 | 9,000 | 18,000 |
23 | 6,000 | 15,000 |
24 | 5,000 | 14,000 |
25 | 8,000 | 12,000 |
26 | 2,000 | 14,000 |
27 | 3,000 | 12,000 |
28 | 4,000 | 12,000 |
29 | 1,000 | 14,000 |
30 | 5,000 | 12,000 |
31 | 2,000 | 14,000 |
32 | 8,000 | 14,000 |
33 | 9,000 | 14,000 |
34 | 5,000 | 11,000 |
35 | 6,000 | 10,000 |
36 | 6,000 | 10,000 |
37 | 5,000 | 10,000 |
38 | 6,000 | 18,000 |
39 | 3,000 | 12,000 |
40 |
2,000 | 11,000 |
41 | 4,000 | 14,000 |
42 | 7,000 | 15,000 |
43 | 8,000 | 18,000 |
44 | 8,000 | 17,000 |
45 | 9,000 | 12,000 |
46 | 5,000 | 14,000 |
47 | 6,000 | 15,000 |
48 | 3,000 | 10,000 |
49 | 2,000 | 10,000 |
50 | 5,000 | 10,000 |
51 | 6,000 | 10,000 |
52 | 5,000 | 10,000 |
(.. 3.2.).
. 3.2 t-
Marked differences are significant at p < ,05000 | ||||||||
Variable | Mean | Std.Dv. | N | Diff. | Std.Dv. Diff. | t | df | p |
( ) | 5,17308 | 2,184806 | ||||||
( ) | 13,28846 | 2,181352 | 52 | -8,11538 | 2,486464 | -23,5358 | 51 | ,000000 |
3.2, (t-23,5358, p<0,000001). , . .
(. . 3.1).
. 3.1.
, . , .
: t- , . - , 3.1.
, . , , .
, .
.
:
n (, )
D
Σ (D ²) - .
, 0,3 , ; 0,4, 0,7 - , 0,7 - .
, , (. 1).
Statistica 5.5. 4.1.
4.1
Pair of Variables | Valid N | Spearman R | t(N-2) | p-level |
_ & _ | ||||
_ & _ | 52 | -,040350 | -,285550 | ,776402 |
_ & | 52 | -,123455 | -,879691 | ,033235 |
& | 52 | -,040350 | -,285550 | ,776402 |
_ & _ | ||||
_ & | 52 | -,037583 | -,265941 | ,791378 |
& _ | 52 | -,123455 | -,879691 | ,033235 |
& | 52 | -,037583 | -,265941 | ,791378 |
& |
, :
(R -0,123455, p<0,05) .
(. . 4.1.).
. 4.1. , ,
. , , .
: Statistica 5.5. , . . , , .
1. , .. : / .. . : , , 2002. 336 .
2. , .. STATISTICA 5.5 : . . / .. . : , 2008. 66 .
3. , .. STATISTICA : . . / .. . : , 2007. 148.
1
/ |
|||
1 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 0,000 |
2 | 2,000 | 5,000 | 60,000 |
3 | 5,000 | 2,000 | 30,000 |
4 | 2,000 | 6,000 | 20,000 |
5 | 3,000 | 3,000 | 50,000 |
6 | 2,000 | 9,000 | 40,000 |
7 | 5,000 | 5,000 | 20,000 |
8 | 2,000 | 4,000 | 0,000 |
9 | 3,000 | 8,000 | 30,000 |
10 | 2,000 | 5,000 | 50,000 |
11 | 3,000 | 6,000 | 20,000 |
12 | 2,000 | 3,000 | 30,000 |
13 | 5,000 | 2,000 | 20,000 |
14 | 2,000 | 5,000 | 20,000 |
15 | 3,000 | 7,000 | 0,000 |
16 | 3,000 | 5,000 | 60,000 |
17 | 2,000 | 8,000 | 20,000 |
18 | 3,000 | 5,000 | 20,000 |
19 | 2,000 | 6,000 | 50,000 |
20 | 1,000 | 6,000 | 50,000 |
21 | 3,000 | 5,000 | 50,000 |
22 | 5,000 | 9,000 | 20,000 |
23 | 2,000 | 6,000 | 0,000 |
24 | 3,000 | 5,000 | 20,000 |
25 | 5,000 | 8,000 | 50,000 |
26 | 2,000 | 2,000 | 40,000 |
27 | 1,000 | 3,000 | 60,000 |
28 | 2,000 | 4,000 | 50,000 |
29 | 4,000 | 1,000 | 30,000 |
30 | 2,000 | 5,000 | 0,000 |
31 | 3,000 | 2,000 | 20,000 |
32 | 2,000 | 8,000 | 10,000 |
33 | 5,000 | 9,000 | 20,000 |
34 | 5,000 | 5,000 | 10,000 |
35 | 3,000 | 6,000 | 50,000 |
36 | 2,000 | 6,000 | 20,000 |
37 | 1,000 | 5,000 | 60,000 |
38 | 2,000 | 6,000 | 50,000 |
39 | 3,000 | 3,000 | 20,000 |
40 | 2,000 | 2,000 | 30,000 |
41 | 1,000 | 4,000 | 0,000 |
42 | 1,000 | 7,000 | 20,000 |
43 | 3,000 | 8,000 | 10,000 |
44 | 1,000 | 8,000 | 40,000 |
45 | 2,000 | 9,000 | 50,000 |
46 | 3,000 | 5,000 | 20,000 |
47 | 2,000 | 6,000 | 30,000 |
48 | 5,000 | 3,000 | 20,000 |
49 | 3,000 | 2,000 | 60,000 |
50 | 2,000 | 5,000 | 50,000 |
51 | 5,000 | 6,000 | 40,000 |
52 | 3,000 | 5,000 | 0,000 |
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