,,,
, , . .
0.1 -1-1 100 -1 1. [1-8].
50 , , , .
, , , , .
, , , . , [1]. , [21] [22]. . , , , .
, , , , . , c . [5], , . 10 - 50 , 2 /, 2500 4000 1 3 /3. . . [1]. [19], , , .
, , [1]. . , . , , , . , . , , . , 10100 . .
.1. 1 . . , , , . , , , . , . , . :
Rx = UxR/(Uo - Ux), (1)
Uo Ux - , R . - .
. 1 , , . , .
. 5 , 2 - 4 , [3,4], 20 [1], ( 6,5 / ) [1]. . 1 , 0.25 . .2 . . . , , . , .
, , , , . , [4,5]. , , .
. . , .
[1] 50/50, 50/50, , , , , . , 10-8 . 50/50 ( 700 100 -1-1).
[1] , , ().
[2]. . 0,25 . , 20 , 200 , . (100 -1-1) .
[9]. . - .
( ) [10]. Æ6 , . [9]. : 1 , [7], , . , .
.. [4]. [1]. 3-4 , . , , . [9,23] , , , . , [4].
[7]. 10 . (25 -1-1) 5 , [1]. . . . . [7,9]. , . , , , . [1,4,5] , , , , [7,9], , . 50 .
[6]. , 10 . , . [6] , , , , . , . 250 -1-1.
[13] - . . . , .
, , (.6). , , - , , . . . , , .
, , , .
, , , . [13].
. . , , . , . , , , .
. , . , , , , .
, , . . , . , , , . , .
8 6, , 200 . .3 . 5-15 . , , , . , , . , , , .
10 1000 , -1. = 100 , RC , [1], . 700 , 7 70 , . Nokia 56 . , 50 , 2 .
. , , [1], .1. , .
-1 . .4. . , . , , , . R, . R Rx 0.1 5 . , , R, , R Rx. 700 , R 7 70 . :
Rx = (RUx + L(dU/dt))/(Uo - Ux) - r, (2)
Uo Ux - , R , r , L .
. , , . , . , .
. 30 40 . 10 , 1 . . .5 , , .
, . . , , . . .
. , , , , . . .
, , .
.
. . 1.
, . . 1.
[3].
Ro . . , Ro . , Ro . , . .4.
- . . , .7, . , . dL/dx = 11 /, .7. , 15 , 1,5 dL/dx = 11 / 16,5 , L = 32 . , , , 30%. L = 30 10 . R = 0.1 .
:
, (3)
b - , l .
1.5
.
τ 10-11-10-12, .
τ .
.
,
.
.
. , , . , , :
, (4)
b - , D - , , l - , . [7].
. l - , . , . , , . . .
, .8 . . , , . 0,1 , 1 , , . . . . , . , , . , , .9, . 0.5 6 -1-1 0,5 -1-1. , , . .
0.3 , . . .8 . , . . - .
, , , .
.10 .13 , . , , . 0,1-0,2 1,5 -1-1 0,9 -1-1 . . 0,5 . 1-1,5 . . 0,3 .
0,1 -1-1 , . 1 2.
[9,10]. : .
. , .
.14 , . , . , , , .14. , , , , , .
.15 . 0.5 4 -1-1 0.5 -1-1. 0.3 .
. .16 , . , . , , .16. , , .
, , , , , , . . , . , . . , , .
, , . . , . . .27, .
.17 . 0.5 70 -1-1 5 -1-1. 0.3 .
, . , . , 70 -1-1 40 -1-1 100 -1-1. 1 2.
. [7] , , 2 3 . , 0,1 . , , 0.5 . , . , , .
. , , . 7.6 /. 10 . .
.18 .25 , , , . . . , , , . , , , . .
. , . , 3 , 18 , 37 . , , . 0,5 , . . , 2,2 .
20 -1-1,
27 -1-1 35 -1-1 , . 1 -1-1,1 -1-1 4 -1-1 . 1, 2 3.
55 -1-1, . , ,
2 . , .
. . . 0,3 .
, , , . , . , . , .
, , . , .
. , .
, , -, . . , , , , .
, .
, , , , . , .
, , . , . -, , . , , , , .
, , . , , . , , 103 -1-1. [2]. , , . .
, . -, [24] , , , , . , , . . 3,6 7 -1-1, 44 -1-1. , . . , , , , . . , .
, , [5], [25,26]. , [5] . , .
: , , ( 10 -1-1 200 ) [27].
, , [27], , . [27] 3,2 . , 4-5 . . .
1 , , , , , , . 1-3 [28], . , .
[29] 200 10 -1-1. CNHO, 10-40%. H3O+ OH [25] 1-4 -1-1, . [25] .
. -, . - , . . -, , , . .
, , , [30], . , .
[31]. , , (). , (10-15 2). , 310-8 , . . , . , . , , , , - .
: [32], , [33], (105-106 /) [34,35], [36]. , .
[9,10]: , , - . , .
, . s 0,1-1 -1-1 .
, , .
[19,31,37]. Ieff. , .
. - ρ0 = 2 /3.
, (5)
μ , N0 , ν . : , , , - na = 1,11023 -3. a = (na)-1/3 ≈ 210-8 . , (C, O, N, H) (1-1,6)10-8 . , , . .
3 , nm = na/3 = 3,4 1022 -3. am= (nm)-1/3 ≈ 310-8 , .
[38], (6)
, P , γ . [3] ρ0 = 2 /3 - 300 . W, ,
, (7)
γ = 3 W ≈ 5 . kT = 0,3 ( = 3,5 105 ) ρ0u2/2nm ≈ 0,5 W , .
[31,37] . , am. am . ΔI = e2/am = 5 . , , , , (). ε ΔI. ΔI = 5 .
, , I = (12-15) . Ieff = (7-10) . Ieff
(8)
n, 1017 -3 ³ n ³ 1014 -3. , , . .
, , , . , [22] , . [39,40] .
7 . n = 7ρ0N0/μ. [41] 20% , ≈ 2·1022 -3.
I = 11,25 . Ieff = (67) . 1017 -3 ³ n ³ 1016 -3.
= 3,5·103 . n = 1017 -3 [19] T* = 4,351011n2/3 = 10 << T. . v = 4107 /. λ = h/p = 2 10-7 ( h , p = mv ). . . [31] ≈ 10-15 2 .
l . [41] . l >> λ = 210-7 . . , l >> λ .
. [34,35] ≈ 106 /. li li = Ieff/eE 10-5 .
li³l . 10-5 ³ l >> 210-7 .
, , λf ³ 2λ. plf2/4. l = 4naλ4/π3 ≈ 210-5 . l 10-5 ³ l >> 210-7 .
n = 1017 -3 a = (n)-1/3 ≈ 210-6 . ae >> λ, . W = e2/ae ≈ 710-2 < kT = 0,3 . . 10-6 £ ae . τa ~ a/v ≈ 10-15 , τi ≈ e2/vkT ≈ 10-14 . τ = l/v>>l/v ≈ 10-14 . τ >> (τa ,τi). σ . , σ = (0,1-1) -1∙-1 l 10-5 1017 -3 ³ n ³ 1015 -3. , , . , .
- , . , - , , . . - .
1017 -3 ³ n ³ 1016 -3 l £ 10-5 σ £ (0,1-10) -1∙-1. , .
. d £ λ = 210-7 . d ≈ λ, .
[41], , , d ³ (4-5)10-7 . , , n nk ≈ (1019 1018) -3. , , , nk > (1019 1018) -3.
d > λ ≈ 2 10-7 . l , lk = 4/(nkπd2), σ . nk = 1018 -3, n = 1017 -3, d = 510-7 σ ≈ 0,3 -1-1. , . , σ, , , . .
~ 4e/d2. r 10-6 , (nk)-1/3 ≈ 10-6 . , , . . τn = 1/(4πσi), σi (+) . , ≈ 10-15 2, ni = n, τn ≈ (10-9 - 10-8) , .
. Δt (nvΔt)/lk . ß Δn = - (ßnvΔt) /lk. , ,
Δn/Δ = - (ßnv)/(ulk), u , . 0 = (ulk) /(ßv).
,
ß = (ulk)/(v0) ≈ 10-8-10-7, .
[1] . , . , , , , , . , .
. C10H16 . , . , . , C-H . , . , , .
, . . n = 1023 -3, l = 1/(nS0) ≈ 10-7 , S0 1.5510-16 .
,
N - , NH , l , e , m . mv = (mkT)1/2 , ≈ 3103 . mv ≈ 10-18 , σ ≈ (NH/ N)10 3 -1∙-1. (NH/ N) . (NH/ N) = 8/28 C4H8O8N8 , C3H6O6N6 (NH/ N) = 6/22. , . 10 3 -1∙-1 , , . , , . , .
.26 . C18H36O2, . . , . .
. . , , , . . . . , . t ≈ 0.6 R ≈ 0.03 D = 7.6 /. σ ≈ 1/RDt.
σ ≈ 500 -1∙-1. , , , .
:
q , , ;
q ;
q , , ;
q , : . , ;
q ;
q ;
q , , , ;
q ;
.. , .. , .. . .. .
1. .., .., .. . . 1959. .37. . 6, . 1543.
2. Hayes B. On the Electrical Conductivity of Detonation High Explosives // Proc. 4th Symposium (Internat.) on Detonation. White Oak, MD, 1965. Office of Naval Research, ACR-126. Washington. 1967. P.595-601.
3. .., .., .., .. , ., , 1970.
4. .., .., .. . , 1975, . 225, . 1086.
5. .., .. . , 1975, . 221, . 1143.
6. .., .. . , 2001, . 71, . 9, . 123.
7. .., .., .. . , 2000, . 36, 5, . 97.
8. .., .., .. . .: . 1971, , , . 8, . 177-182.
9. .., .., .. . , 1971, . 7, . 2, . 295 - 299.
10. .., .., .. // . 1974. . 10, 6. . 864-873.
11. .., .., .. . XV " ". , 2000 . . 111 - 113.
12. . ., . ., . . . , . . 2000, , . . 164.
13. . ., . ., . ., . . . III . . . . . , -, 2001. . 29-31.
14. . ., . ., . ., . ., . . . XVI . , 2001. . 41-42.
15. .. , .. , .. , .. , .. . , . VI . 24-28 2001 . . , . . .72.
16. .. , .. , .. , .. , .. . . VI . 24-28 2001 . . , . . . 45.
17. .. , .. , .. , .. , . . , .. . . XVII . 1- 6 2002 . , -, . .65-66.
18. .. , .. , .. , .. , . . , .. . . 2002. , 2002. , , 2002 . . . 93 - 94.
19. .., .. . , 1966.
20. .. ..-.. . , 1977.
21. . . , . . . . XV " ". , 2000 . . 109-111.
22. .., .., .. . // . . 1988. . 302, 3. . 611 - 613.
23. .., .., .. . - . // , : V , , 17-21 2003 . .. . . . 2003 . . 141-144.
24. .., ..,
..
// . 1989.
. 35, 3. .117.
25. .., .. // . : 5 . , 1977. , , 1977. . 93-96.
26. .. // . 1978. . 14, 2. . 3-19.
27. Mallory H.D., Plauson R.A. Liquid explosives with transparent detonation products // Nature. 1963. 199, P. 58-59.
28. .. - // , 1897. . 57, 9. . 1866-1867.
29. Haman S.D., Linton M. Electrical conductivitiesof aqueous solutions of KCl, KOH and HCl, and the ionization of water at high shock pressures // Trans. Farad. Soc., 1969. 65, p. 2186-2196.
30. .., .., .. // . 1984. . 20, 3. . 79-83.
31. .. // . 1975. . 11, 6. . 864-873.
32. .., .. // . 1986. . 22, 5. . 144-149.
33. .., .., .. // . 1977. 6. . 19-23.
34. .., .., .. // . 1974. . 44, 12. .2537-2538.
35. .., .., .. // . 1976. 1. . 134-138.
36. .., .., .. // III . : . . ., 1979. .81-82.
37. .. // . 1953. . 25, 6(12). .733.
38. . . .. . .: , 1975.
39. O.V. Evdokov, M.G. Fedotov, G.N. Kulipanov. et al. Dynamics of the formation of the condensed phase particles at detonation of high explosives // Proceedings of the 13th National Synchrotron Radiation Conference. Novosibirsk, Russia, July 17 21, 2000. Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. 2001. V.470, Nos.1 2, P.236 239.
40. .., .., .., - // . 2001. . 37, 5. . 104.
41. I.Yu. Malkov and V.M. Titov. Structure and properties of detonation soot particles. 1996, page 783.
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
.17
.18
.19
.20
.21
.22
.23
.24
.25
.26
.27
1
2
3
.
.1
,
.
.2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
.3
.
.4
( )
.5
|
|
|
|
|
1 ,
2 ,
3
4
5
.6
) .
) , .
.7
.
.8
.
.9
.
.10
.
.11
.
.12
.
.13
.
.14
.
.15
.
.16
.
.17
.
.18
.
.19
.
.20
.
.21
.
.22
.
.23
.
.24
.
.25
.
.26
.
.27
1
|
, ρ, /3 |
Δρ/ρ, % |
, D , / |
ΔD/D, % |
|
1.29 |
7 |
6.9 |
2 |
|
1.12 |
7 |
6.37 |
2 |
|
1.05 |
7 |
5.7 |
4 |
|
1.629 |
7 |
6.85 |
2 |
|
1.42 |
7 |
7,6 |
1 |
2
|
-, σ, -1 1 |
-, σ, -1 1 |
, l1 , |
, l2 , |
|
6 |
0.5 |
0.6 |
0.2 |
|
1,5 |
0.1 |
0.7 |
0.4 |
|
0.9 |
0.1 |
0.7 |
0.4 |
|
70 |
5 |
0.6 |
0.2 |
|
4 |
0.5 |
0.6 |
0.3 |
3
|
-, σ, -1 1 |
-, σ, -1 1 |
, l1 , |
, l1 , |
|
20 |
1 |
0.5 |
0.3 |
|
27 |
1 |
0.5 |
0.3 |
|
35 |
4 |
1 |
0.3 |
|
55 |
4 |
2 |
0.3 |
Copyright (c) 2025 Stud-Baza.ru , , , .