. , , ,

,,,

1

..

9 "" ࠠ ..

, 2001 .


TOC o "1-3" f .............................................................................................................................. PAGEREF _Toc514515132 h 2

...................................................................................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc514515133 h 3

1. ............................................................................................ PAGEREF _Toc514515134 h 4

2. .................................................................................................................. PAGEREF _Toc514515135 h 6

3. . ...................................................... PAGEREF _Toc514515136 h 7

3.1 ............................................................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc514515137 h 7

3.2 .................................................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc514515138 h 8

3.4 ....................................................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc514515139 h 12

3.4.1 ....................................................................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc514515140 h 12

3.4.2 .............................................................................................................. PAGEREF _Toc514515141 h 13

3.4.3 .................................................................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc514515142 h 13

3.4.4 ............................................................................................................................ PAGEREF _Toc514515143 h 14

4. . ...................................... PAGEREF _Toc514515144 h 14

4.1 1. (III)............................................................ PAGEREF _Toc514515145 h 14

4.2 2. (III)................................... PAGEREF _Toc514515146 h 15

4.3 3. (VI).................................. PAGEREF _Toc514515147 h 16

4.4 4. (VI)...................................... PAGEREF _Toc514515148 h 16

4.5 5. ....................................... PAGEREF _Toc514515149 h 17

4.6 6. ....... PAGEREF _Toc514515150 h 17

4.7 7. ........................................................... PAGEREF _Toc514515151 h 18

5. ...................................................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc514515152 h 18

5.1 ................................................................................................................ PAGEREF _Toc514515153 h 20

5.2 ............................................................................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc514515154 h 22

6. ................................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc514515155 h 24

........................................................................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc514515156 h 26

.............................................................................................................................. PAGEREF _Toc514515157 h 27

....................................................................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc514515158 h 28


, , , . , , , , -, .

, .


1.

1766 .. , , 15 . , - , . , 1770 , ... , - , - , 1752 . , , . ( ), ... . .... . .

XVIII . . 1796 . , , - , - () . , , , , . , , , - , ... , , ; , , ...

1797 . . , . , , . , ( ) , . , , 3 , . . (- - ) - . , . , , .

1854 . , , , - . 1820 . 1865 .

2.

83 /, 0,035%, 2´10-5 /. 1,8 . . 60% . , , , . , , , . , , , , , , , [1]. (, , .) ( ) 6,4 . . (0,36% ).

12 . . , 108 . . . - , , 60% .

. ., . ( . ) 1,5´4 , 500 . . 42% .

Cr2O3 ( 65%), (65-52%), (52-45%), (45-30%), (30-10%). , 45% Cr2O3 .

()

(, .)

Cr2O3 , %

46,6

39,1

62

3. .

3.1


Cr - VI , 24, 51,996, 0,0125, Cr2+ - 0,0084; Cr3+ - 0,0064; Cr4+ - 6,0056. 50, 52, 53, 54, 4,35%, 83,79%, 9,50%, 2,36%. +2, +3, +6 ( II, III, VI ) [4].

1-

2-

3.2

- , , , - , 1878220, 24690 [2]. , , , . . .

.

- , , . : 37 , . , . , , . .

1-

200C

7,19 /3

1878220

2469-2480 0C

344,4 /

93,7 /(´)

6,2´10-6

12,7´10-8´

687

+4,45´10-8/3

3.3

( ). 6000C , , , , , , . , , , , , . . 12000C , . 20000C - Cr2O3.

H2SO4 HNO3, [3]:

2Cr + 6H2SO4(.) = Cr2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O

Cr + 6HNO3(.) = Cr(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O

(HCl H2SO4). Cr2+, - Cr3+:

Cr + 2HCl = CrCl2+ H2

4Cr + 12HCl +3O2 = 4CrCl3 + 6H2O

H3PO4, HClO4 .


2-

0600 0

6001200 0

12002000 0

1.     

2Cr0 + 3F20 = 2Cr+3F3-

1.      :

2Cr0 + 3Cl20 2Cr+3Cl3-

1. :

4Cr + 3O2 2Cr2O3

2.      :

2Cr0 + 3S0 Cr2+2S3-2

3.      :

2Cr0+ N20 2Cr+3N-3

4. :

4Cr0 + 3Si0 Cr4+3Si3-4

5.

Cr0 + B0 Cr+3B-3

6.

4Cr0 + 30 Cr4+3C3-4

7. :

4Cr0 + 3O20 = 2Cr2+3O3-2

8. :

2Cr0 + 6H2+SO4-2 = Cr2+3(SO4)3-2 + 3S-2O2 +6H2O

3.4

3.4.1

(II) CrO () - , . .

(III) Cr2O3 () .

Cr2O3 + H2SO4 = Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O

Cr2O3 + 2NaOH = Na2CrO4 + H2O

(VI), :

4CrO3 2Cr2O3 + 32

(NH4)2Cr2O7 Cr2O3 + N2 + 4H2O

4Cr + 3O2 2Cr2O3

(III) () ():

Cr2O3 +2Al = Al2O3 +2Cr

2Cr2O3 + 3Si = 3SiO3 + 4Cr

(VI) CrO3 () - . H2SO4 :

K2Cr2O7 + 2H2SO4 = 2CrO3 + 2KHSO4 + H2O

(VI) - , .

CrO3 H2CrO4

CrO3 + H2O = H2CrO4

, , CrO42-.

CrO3 + 2KOH = K2CrO4 + H2O

3.4.2

(III) , ( ):

2Cr(OH)3 + 3H2SO4 = Cr2(SO4)3 + 6H2O

( ):

Cr(OH)3 + KOH = K[Cr(OH)4]

Cr(OH)3 + NaOH = NaCrO2 + 2H2O

(III) (III) Cr2O3.

2Cr(OH)3 Cr2O3 + 3H2O

.

3.4.3

, +6 CrO3 H2O, . CrO3, ( ) H2CrO4.

CrO3 + H2O = H2CrO4

CrO3 nCrO3 H2O n=2, 3, 4 , , , , . - , H2Cr2O7. - .

3.4.4

:

RCrO2 HCrO2.

Cr(OH)3 + NaOH = NaCrO2 + 2H2O

- . , 1545-17300. .

- . H2CrO4 () R2CrO4, H2Cr2O7 () - R2Cr2O7. . , - :

2Na2CrO4 + H2SO4 = Na2Cr2O7 + Na2SO4 + H2O


4. .

4.1 1. (III)

: ; ; (NH4)2Cr2O7 ().

. , . . .

, . - , , - . - .

: (III) Cr2O3 :

(NH4)2Cr2O7Cr2O3+N2+4H2O

4.2 2. (III)

: ; H2O; (III) Cr2O3;

. (III)

Cr2O3 + 3H2O = 2Cr(OH)3

Cr2O3 + 3H2SO4 = Cr2(SO4)3 + 3H2O

.

: .

4.3 3. (VI)

: K2Cr2O7; Na2SO3; H2SO4.

. K2Cr2O7, , Na2SO4. .

- .

: (VI) (III):

K2Cr2O7 + 3Na2SO3 + 4H2SO4 = K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 3Na2SO4 + 4H2O

4.4 4. (VI)

: K2Cr2O7; HCl

. K2Cr2O7 HCl. , .

: (VI) , :

K2Cr2O7 + 14HCl 3Cl2 + 2CrCl3 + 2KCl + 7H2O

:

2Cl- -220

4.5 5.

: K2CrO4, K2Cr2O7, , .

. , .

2K2CrO4 + H2SO4 = K2Cr2O7 + K2SO4 + H2O

, .

K2Cr2O7 + 4NaOH = 2Na2CrO4 + 2KOH + H2O

: , CrO42- Cr2O72- ,

2CrO42- + 2H+ Cr2O72- + H2O.

4.6 6.

: K2CrO4, K2Cr2O7, AgNO3.

. , - , , - .

K2CrO4 + 2AgNO3= Ag2CrO4¯ + 2KNO3

K2Cr2O7 + AgNO3 Ag2CrO4¯+ KNO3

:

4.7 7.

: (III) CrCl3, ( ) NaOH.

. (III) - .

: Cr(OH)3 :

CrCl3 + 3NaOH = Cr(OH)3¯ + 3NaCl

5.

, .

. , 22000, . - ( ) . , .

, , , . , . , ( ).

- . 12 K2Cr2O7, 70 22 H2SO4.

, , , . (PbCrO4, ZnCrO4, SrCrO4) - . - - SnCrO4, .

. : Al2O3 (III), - - . : .

(III) . , , , , . , , (III). : (III), , , , . 30 .

(III) , .

, - . .

5.1

, ( ), , . , , . , .

, 20- . , , . . - 6. (, , , ) 0,1 . - , , . (0,0002-0,0005 ).

. ( ) : , , . .

, . - , , , , , , . , .

- , , . . , , . 1000 , , , . ; - , . ( ) , . , . , .

5.2

.

3-

Cr

Fe

Ni

Al

Co

W

65%

35 %

15-30%

70-85%

17-30%

64-79%

4-6%

20-25%

1-3%

45-60%

5-29%

- , . - , , . , , .

, 1000-13000C, , .

650-900 . , , .

, ; , .

- , .

.

- , , 17-19% 8-13% . : , , , . ( 0,1%).

. . , , , 25-30% . 1000.

.

6.

( , )

. , . , . , .

4-

CrO3

Cr2O3

, /3

0,01

1,0

/3

0,0015

-

- - , /

0,1

1,0

, /

0,1

0,5

. : , .

, . , , .


- VI .

, : .

. 370.

. , .

- , . . "" .

.


1.      .., .. . // . - .: , 1999. - 25 .

2.      ., . .- . 2- . . . . .: , 1971.- 360 .

3.      . : . . . . . / .- . ... - .: , 1999. -448 .

4.      . / . . ...- .: , 1975.- 384 .

5.      / . .., ...- .: , 1982.- 368 .


()

.1-

FeO*Cr2O3 FeCr2O4

MgO*Cr2O3 MgCr2O4

F*(l,r)2O3 Fe(Al,Cr)2O4

(Mg,Fe)(Al,r,F)2O3, (Mg,Fe)O*(AI,r,F)23

(Fe*Al)2O3*2Cr2O3

FeS*Cr2S3

PbCrO4

2(Pb*Cu)CrO4(Pb*Cu)3(PO4)2

3PbO*2Cr2O3

(PbO)2*(PbCrO4)PbCrO3

.2-

II

CrO

III

Cr2O3

VI

CrO3

.1-

1

 

 

 

! , , , .
. , :