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Bill Bryson The Mother Tongue —


Mother language: english & how it got that way


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Bill Bryson “The Mother Tongue: English & How It Got That Way” ( : ).

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9 16 Mother Tongue 19


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16 , . , , ( , . 24), : , , , .. (. . 6, 8, 1315). (, , ) : (. 16). , . ( , , Global Language.) , , .

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, . 157 ( 168 ), (, 3 ). , , , . , . : 1977 , , (“Iveco”), , : (12). , - , , , , . , 1989 : , (13).

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(enduring) : , , (20)?


, . , (2530), (2425) .. homo sapiens (2223). , , , .. : , , , -, . , , (3334). , , , (34).


: , , , (35). ( ) , -, ( , 44) , -, , . (, ) , (minority languages). , , (45). , , (, , .) : , , (!).

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, : (5 .) ( 1617 .). ( - , Angeln, , , , 46), , : , . , , (50). () , , . , they, them, their (53).

(1066 .), ( ) . 300 , , - (54). , : (), , ( ). 1399 , IV, . ( 10 , ), , , , . 14 , (57). , , ( , - , , ): .

( 1516 .), , , Old English : , , , . - 4,5 , 1% (58).

1416 : , . , - , : , , coude speke no frenshe (59). : (, ) . , . .

(64). 2000 , : vanish into thin air, play fast and loose, to be or not to be, to be cruel to be kind .. , : to take arms against a sea of troubles (). , , , ( 1623 ), , . , , : . , , , (66): , . , , .

, 17 . , , , . : 20 - , ( ). , 18 , . . . ( ). 16 : , ( ). : , , , , ( ).


, . ( ) (69). fine, sound, round , , , ( round 7 15000 70). , , , . , sanction , ( ). ( , , , , , sanction sanctio, . , 20 , , , , , , .)

, , , , , , .

, . , Merriam-Webster Dictionary (. 1934 .): density dord “D or d” ( D) (71). , ( !) 350 , .

. , , (73). : shampoo (), potato (), ketchup (), boondocks ( ), slogan ( ) .. : ( , ) , . fingers are not fingerish, they are digital; eyes are not eyeish, they are ocular (75). ( ). (, , , , , : , 23% , 8%; .) , , , : , , - . <> , , ( ..) Inuit. , , ( ). , : ,

(7577). dog, , , - ( hund). ? , . (anglicized), . bankrupt () , , banca rotta ( ). . . : clumsy ( ), exact ( ), environment ( ), superman ( ). .. , : (coinage) vocular , . .

, (7780). , , , (77). brave , , , bravado. . vest (, ) undershirt (79).

, (8083). , : able, -ness, -ment, -pre, -dis .. , : ( ) , , ? , political, apolitical, , , 1952 (82). , 1952-

, - . , . , - , . -  (83). ? , , ( , , , , ), : houseboat/boathouse etc. ( ). (!) ( ). .

: ? , [ǝ] , (84). , , ( ), th. : , : . , , - (8485).

( ), ( 86). , ( clipped 8889). 18 (, ) (, bath ba:θ). , , (98). , , ( ).


, , , , - , (99). , (idiolect) , . , : , , , ( ) . : , , ( 100 160 .) , (99100). . ( ), bomb, balm, cot, caught (102). DARE (Dictionary of American Regional English, 1963 ).

, , , . ( ), , - . . , How are you? How you is?, stream watrem. .. (115116) , : Donald Dondall, , , .


: . ( ) , , , . , . : - ( ..) , , ( : that bedevil ..) (117). ( ): (118119).

, , , , , . misspelled, mispelled ( ), , , , , .

, , , , (a trifle erratic) (124). : 1604 words . (, , - : , .) (!) Shakespeare (125).

, , , (132). , , , , , once ( ) ( ). : , . , girl gurl, , gel, gill (133)


9 16 Mother Tongue

, (134146), . . , , , . , , , . , , , , , ( , , 18 ). , , , I were, I was (143). , , (.. ) . .: , , - (145). : , , ?

10- , . , Webster’. : , (157). : (1989 ) Webster’s Dictionary 615.000 , 2.412.000 , 60 (160). : ( ).

, (161178). , , . , , , 12.000 , (161). , , (, , - 166167). (quintessential Americanism 164), OK, , (.: 164166).

, , . 18 : , , , , , (166). , , , 17 16 , , 18 . gotten, (170), . : honour ( honor, ). ( 20- 176), , , . . , , , , , (dustmen); , does her own dusting ( ) (176). 4 , (177). : , ( ..), (178).

, . , , . -? . , 40 - (180). : , - - ,

. - (182). , , , native speakers . US News & World Report , , 10 % ( ). : , , , ( ).

, . , , , ( ) (194). . - ( ): , (195). : , ( ). , , , ( ).

, , , , , , , . : (239245). , 21 , (243). ( , Burchfield’) , , , , . , , , , (245). .

, , , ( ) . , , , . - , . (, ) , . , .


Mother language: english & how it got that way :

 

 

 

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