,,,
.., .., ..
XX . , XIX XX [11, 6, 7, 5]. , . . 60-70 ., , , .
- 25-30 . , , , , , . , , , , , .
. , . , , , , , , c , [2, 8, 9, 10].
- , , XIX XX . .. , .. . , , , , [10].
, . .. [8] .. [9]. , , .
. , . - . , . .
- , , [2].
, - , . 1984-1998 . , , .
-, - - , pa 15 , , - [23, 24, 25].
, [14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21].
10-8 . .. - . 300 700 . , . - . , 1 50-100 [14]. , . -, - .
7-5 . .. , [20]. , , . , [2].
- [20, 21], 4200 . , 4-3- , (5.3-4.5 3.5-2.9 . ..) (4.5-3.5 2.9-2.5 . ..). , [19]. , .
. , ( 4 1 . ), , : - , - - - [1]. , - .
, , , , , . . , - . , ( , , - , ) .
3900-3500 .. - [20]. . 4%. : : =2.2. ( V . ..) 0.4-0.6% ( - 0.11-0.16%). . 3400-2900 , - 2900-2500 . . . , 1 . .. . ( 4.5-5%). . 2000-2200 . + = 55-63 - . + = 75-92 .
- , - , . .
II . .. - , - - . - , - . 65-76, 45-60 . - , , . [] [], , , , , , .
, , - - . , , , -- . [] .
, . , - . - , , , , .
- , 3.5-1 . , - , , , . - , - .
- , , , . .
. , , , , . ( , ) . : ( ) ( ) ( ).
- : ( ) - - ( ) - - ( ).
( ) . . - . - - .
, 4000 .. - . , 3400-3600 .., [A]+[] = 50-60 . - ( + = 83-97 ) (7-8.5%) - .
, , , - . - , - , , . (50-60 ). - . - - . 1.07, 1.16, - 1.19, - 1.67-2.21. , . , 1.13-1.26. , 4000 .. , - .
- - 10 (62-71% ). . 1 5 1%, 1-0.5 5 3% 0.5-0.25 17 23%. 73-81%.
. 1.41-1.43 . [AB1] 1.47-1.53 /3 . [B1] . 2.63 2.74 /3 , 46-44%. - , , 1.40-1.54 /3, 2.65-2.73 42-48%. 1, (6-9%), 1.15-1.25 /3 , 2.56-2.60 51-56%.
- . : SiO2 70-71, R23 19-19.5, CaO 1.8-2.1, MgO 2-2.4, 2 2.5-2.7, Na2 1.1-1.3%. - . - SiO2 2-5% R2O3 . : SiO2 72-73, R2O3 17-18, CaO 1.9-2.1, MgO 2.1-2.2, 2 2.3-2.4, Na2O 1.5-1.6%, ( 150 ) : SiO2 67-69, R2O3 20.9-21.7, CaO 1.9-2.4, MgO 2.7-2.9, 2O 2.4-2.6, Na2O 1.5-1.7%.
, , - . , . - - - . . , .
II . .. - 50 . 3.1 2%, 193 /. - , 3.5 . .., , (4.3-3.2 . [A] 3.1-2.2% . []) (234 0-50 326 / 0-75 ) .
[18] - (344 /) . (30%). (4-6% ), , (67-77%) (19-28%), (54-56%). .
: = 1.7-1.9.
, 28-30% , . (39-45% ) (38-43%) (17-21%).
, , . : . , , , .
- . A1A2 (6.5-9%), 4-3% . B1 1.5-2% 40-50 . 295-320 /. , (10-2% ), , (66-76%) (20-24%). ( 18% ) . - .
- , 30-34 23-25 -/100 . . (7 -/100 20-21% ) 26 33, 53 47% . 6-9% , 34-36%, 55-60%. , , 29,57 14% .
- (35-42 -/100 ), (7-10%) (25-41%) (53-67%) . . 3 5 17 0.6 8.6% . .
- (34-64% ) (29-67%), (3-15%). ( 55% ), (6%), (23%) (16%). - . , , , . 6-14% 3 11-5% . . . 12. B1 2, (10-12%) .
- - . 1-2.5 . 0.8-1.9 /, 10-18 -/ 3 -, 0.3-1.2 S4 2-, 0.05-0.1 l -, 0.7-2.3 Ca2+ , 1.5-4.6 Mg2+ , 0.05-0.2 + , 8-12 Na+. , .
- II . .. 0.25 1.1% 0.25-0.94% . (0.91-0.95%) . [B1], 0.17-0.35% 0.42-0.51% 1.5- .
, [4], [12], , : . [AB1] (3)2, Mg(HC03)2, NaHCO3 Na2S4; . [1] -(3)2, CaS04, MgS04, Na2S4 (3)2, Mg(HC3)2, MgS4, Na2S4. . . [AB1] (44-52% , 0.25-0.32%) (46-30%), (3-2%) (6-7%). 1% (~50%), (24-27%) (18-19%) (6%). 0.5%, (83%) (4%) (10%) (3%). , 3 2- . (S4 2- 3 -), -/ 1.0-1.3 . [AB1] 2.0-2.5 1.2-1.5 .
, - . [AB1].
-. Na : Mg 28-38 . [AB1] 2 10 , Na : Ca 15, 1.5 9, Mg : Ca - 0.5, 0.7 0.9. .
- , , . , -. 0.7 1.8%, : 3 - 7-13, l - 0.1-1.0, S4 2- 0.3-12, 2+ 0.5-2.5, Mg2+ 0.6-2, Na+ 3-14 -/100 . : 0.06-0.35%, 0.3-1.7, 0.01-0.1, 0.1-0.7, 0.2-0.6, 0.1-0.5, 0.05-0.8 -/100 .
. , , , , .
- , . , , . [2]. , (0.8 / 20-35 . [AB1] [B2]).
- . . [AB1] , (20-31 6-12 /). - . , , (pNa 2.2-1.9) ( 2) (5.4-6.2). 1.2-1.5, 1.8-1.9, 7.1-7.7 .
- [22] - ( 1.8-2). pNa (pNa 1.9-2.2), 2 3 (pNa 1.2-1.5). [AB ] [B1]. (0.03-0.19 /), - 1.5-4 /.
(1:0.5), , , 8.3-8.2 . [1] 8.1-8.0 . [] 7.8 . - (6.4-7.2), 8.4-8.6 8.1. 1:2.5 1:5 0.3-1.1. .
, , - . 0-70 7.6-7.8, , .
- (5.9-6.8) (7.4-7.8) , ( 3.9) (2.85 , (2.3-2.4) . (0.7-1.3 /).
. .
, - - , , , , , , . , ( ) , , , , , . , .
, , II . .. - , . , - -, - , - . , - , . , II . .. , , , - - - . - - , .
- , 1984-1998 ., . , 15 , , - . , , , . .
. , , , , . ( , , ) . : ( ) ( ) ( ).
. - , : ( ) -, - - ( ) - - ( ).
( ) . , II . .. - . - . , - , . , II . .., , , , - - - . - - , , .
03-04-48211 ( ).
1. Ax .. / .. Ax, .. Ax // . , 1984. . 5. . 146-153.
2. .. / .. Ax, .. Ax, .. // - . , 1997. 10. . 15-24.
3. .. . / .. Ax, .. Ax // . , 1986. . 6. . 113-124.
4. .. / .. , .. // . 1968. 11. . 3-15.
5. .. /.. // . 1925. 4. . 61-71.
6. .. / .. // . 13 . 1907. . 1. . 311-316. 7. .. / .. // 1915 . ., 1917. . 117-142.
8. .. / .. . : PA, 1997. 213 .
9. .. / .. . : - , 1997. 228 .
10. .. - ( ): / .. . // : . . ., 1994. . 15-17.
11. .. / .. . .: , 1952. 635 . 12. .. / .. , .. // . 1975. 12. . 3-10.
13. .. 50-45 . . . .-. / .. . , 1974. 74 . 14. .. . . . . / .. . ., 1996. 46 . 15. .. /.. // . . 1978. . 242. 4. . 902-904.
16. .. /.. , .. // . 1960. 4. . 61-71. 17. .. /.. // . . . . 1983. 2. . 103-108.
18. .. / .. . .: - , 1992. 400 .
19. .. / .. // . , 1982. . 179-186.
20. .. / .. // . , 1991. . 53-55.
21. .. : / .. // . ., 1982. . 142-147.
22. .. , , / .. // . 1977. 4. . 45-56.
23. Akhtyrtsev B. P., Akhtyrtsev A. B. Formation and Evolution of Chernozemic-Meadow Paleosolonetzes in Forest-Steppe of the Russian Plain in the Holocene. Paper /.. Akhtyrtsev, .. Akhtyrtsev // Eurasian Soil Science. 1997. Vol. 30(9). P. 940-953.
24. Akhtyrtsev B.P. On evolution of gray forest soils in Middle Russian forest-steppe /.. Akhtyrtsev // Eurasian soil Science. 1993. Vol. 25, 11. . 92-106.
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