,,,
6000
, . , .
4000 .. . , .
3000 .. . . ( , ).
1300 .. . . (stylus). . , . (palm-top), .
, .
18 . , , . .
600...1800 , . ( ) , , . 14 . .
18 . , . .
9 10 : . . . 10...11. , 18- . , , , .
1708 ( ) , I. .
, , - . (- ) , , . , . ! ! ..
200 60 , 70, 10, 3.
1790 . .
1803 . 27 . 19- , . .
1884 , , ( , ). , .
"Ideal Pen", . .
1888 , 1916 . .
1940- () , . 1943 . . .
1945 , -, . , , !. 29 1945 : 10000 -.
. , , . ?! . , , . ! 1945 . , ( 1976 , ).
, , . ... ! , . !
, : 60- : ?
. . .
1953 (Bich) . , . BIC Corporation 1/3 . 1983 BIC Co. 7 . 1996 , .
60- (Tokyo Stationery Company) . ("flowmaster" . flow ). Papermate ( "Flair"), , . .
80...90- . , . , . 90- . .
1990- . . : , ( 7- ). . , , , . .
1997 , . GRANDEE Corporation .
1997 . | Ring-Pen (GRANDEE Corp.) | |
1990 . | ||
1980...1990 . | ||
1960 . | (TS Co.) | |
1953 . | (BIC Co.) | |
1940 . | ||
1884 . | ||
1800...1850 . | ||
1790 . | ||
600...1800 . .. | ||
1300 .. | ||
3000 .. | ||
4000 .. |
, , , . , : . Ring-Pen, , , .
, GRANDEE Corp., 21- . . . , - . , , .
1999 GRANDEE Corp. !.
, . 1,8. , 600. .
, , - , . , , , . RSI (Repetitive Stress Injuries, ).
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, . , , , 80 , , . : , , .
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. , , . , , : PhD (Sanford), Dr. Grip (PILOT) (, ) PILOT 8...10 , Ring-Pen, Ergopen, ZEBRA. . : (.. ) ( , ).
BIC Crystal, , . : . BIC, , , . : , . , 50- , ( Crystal BIC), .
. 15 Crystal. , 2 ( ).
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, , - , .. , "Enter". , , , , ! . .
, , Norton Commander ( DOS) double click . , . NC 160 -.
2. "Enter" : . Control panel.
, . ( ) . , , .
3. , . . , , . , , , , , , 30 30 .
, . , 100 . . , , , . . , , , .
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: , . ? . . , 15...20 . . 30...40 . RSI. .
? OSHA (United States Department of Labor Occupational Safety & Health Administration) 2000 , 1,9. 27. , RSI. 4,2 . . . RSI 300 , 9 . .
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6000 , . , . 4000 ..
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