. , , ,

,,,

— ,

*

*

*

Internet *

Internet *

HTTP *

*

WEB Windows *

HTML- *

*

C ARPANET 1969 Bolt, Beranek

and Newman (BBN)

(ARPA)

, ( )

.

:

(. . )

. ARPANET

.

ARPANET

.

, ,

,

. ARPANET .

1982 ARPANET :

Transmission Control Protocol,

, Internet Protocol,

. 1974 ,

ARPANET, -

. ,

IP- . ARPA (

)

.

.

,

.

1983

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet

Protocol) ARPANET. ,

, Internet.

,

. ARPANET

MILNET, , ARPANET,

. ARPANET

1990 ,

Internet.

(. Internet . inter . net , ),

() ,

, , . .

, -.

50 . (

) .

Internet .

,

, ,

. Internet

,

.

.

FTP, WWW Telnet (. ).

-

. ,

, , .

( )

.

. ,

( ) - ,

, On-line ,

, Internet: WWW, FTP (. ) .

.

, Off-line , ,

.

,

E-mail . ,

, , ( FTP),

On-line :

-, ,

E-mail , , . ,

.

Internet

C :

IP (Internet Protocol)

, ARP RARP.

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) IP-

(MAC).

RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) ARP,

IP-.

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)

,

-, ,

. . ICMP TCP/IP.

IP-.

:

UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

.

(Protocol Ports) -

1-65535. 1-255

(Well-known port assignments),

. UDP- ,

( ),

. UDP- ,

( ) IP-

.

UDP :

() IP- .

, 0.0.0.0 (

" ").

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

, .

,

.

, UDP-. ( )

, - ,

. IP-

TCP (TCP Socket).

TCP ,

. ,

. ,

. ,

TCP,

. , ,

.

:

TelNet - ( )

UNIX-.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) - TCP.

TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) -

UDP.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) - ,

.

RIP (Routing Information Protocol) -

, .

DNS (Domain Name System) -

IP- .

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) -

RPC (Remote Procedure Call) - (

).

NFS (Network File System) - ,

Sun Microsystems.

FTP, HTTP, Telnet SMTP

POP.

(File Transfer Protocol, FTP)

(. ).

Internet

(MAC) ,

, IP-

. IP- ()

ARP-.

IP- 0-255,

, ,

. ,

, -, .

,

.

Internet.

A 0 ,

7 , - - 3 . 126

16 .

B 10 ,

6 , - - 2 .

16 65 .

110 ,

5 , , - - 1

. 2 254 .

(Subnet) .

- IP-, - .

IP- , -.

, -

.

() .

() ().

32- ,

IP-, ,

, , ( -) - .

IP- IP-

IP- ().

()

.

Routing - - (datagram)

.

Direct Routing - -

().

IP- ,

.

Indirect Routing - -

(). ()

IP-, IP-

. IP-

, (),

,

. (

) IP- .

TCP/IP ,

IP- (IP Datagram), (IP Datagram

Header) (IP Datagram Data).

, IP- .

, ,

.

, IP

-

( IP-) -

.

,

.

-

- , .

IP-

DHCP BOOTP .

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) - ,

IP-

- DHCP-.

(), DHCP-.

. DHCP

( IP),

IP- (

).

BOOTP ,

IP- .

HTTP

WWW- (HyperText

Transfer Protocol, HTTP).

Telnet

,

ASCII-.

(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol,

SMTP) (Post Office Protocol, POP)

.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

FTP - .

. ,

\, /,

UNIX.

WWW (World Wide Web)

WWW , :

-, ,

, ;

-, WWW-,

WWW- .

WWW-

,

WWW-,

. WWW-

, ,

. WWW .

Telnet

Telnet

Telnet .

,

, . ,

,

,

.

WEB Windows

Windows 98 ,

WEB . FrontPage Express WEB ,

,

. , ,

Web (Web Publishing Wizard), ,

.

FrontPage Express ,

.

HTML-

HTML- *.htm (Unix-

*.html). HTML-:

<html>

<head>

<title>

1

</title>

</head>

<body>

<H1>

!

</H1>

<P>

HTML-.

</P>

<P>

*.htm-

Notepad, Netscape. Notepad,

Reload ('') Netscape,

HTML-.

</P>

</body>

</html>

, HTML

. ,

HTML-.

:

<html>

<head>

<title> 1</title>

</head>

<body>

<H1>!</H1>

<P> HTML-.</P>

<P> *.htm- Notepad, Netscape.

Notepad, Reload ('')

Netscape, HTML-.</P>

</body>

</html>

,

, "<" ">". (,

<html>) (- tag, "").

HTML- , <tag>

</tag> , "/".

, . ,

<body>, <BODY> <Body> .

, , ,

, .

, , .

.

<html> ... </html>

<html> HTML-. , </html>

HTML-.

<head> ... </head>

.

(. <title> ),

,

.

<title> ... </title>

, <title> </title>,

. Netscape Navigator, ,

. 64 .

<body> ... </body>

HTML-, ,

, .

<H1> ... </H1> <H6> ... </H6>

<Hi> ( i 1 6)

. , ,

.

<P> ... </P>

. , <P> </P>,

.

<Hi> <P> ALIGN ( "",

""), :

<H1 ALIGN=CENTER> </H1>

<P ALIGN=RIGHT> </P>

2:

<html>

<head>

<title> 2</title>

</head>

<body>

<H1 ALIGN=CENTER>!</H1>

<H2> HTML-</H2>

<P> , , </P>

<P ALIGN=CENTER> </P> <P ALIGN=RIGHT> .</P>

</body>

</html>

, Windows 98, . 1999

Scott Muller TCP-IP Troubleshooting, . Microsoft Press, 1996

http://www.km.ru/

http://www.hadrware.ru/

* * * Internet * Internet * HTTP * * WEB Windows * HTM

 

 

 

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