. , , ,

,,,

: . ., . .

: . . .

TOC o "1-3" t ". . -;1" ............................................................................................................................................. PAGEREF _Toc163815363 h 3

1.. . ⠠ PAGEREF _Toc163815364 h 5

2.. .................................................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc163815365 h 8

3.. ...................................... PAGEREF _Toc163815366 h 14

4.. ........................................... PAGEREF _Toc163815367 h 18

5.. . .. PAGEREF _Toc163815368 h 21

....................................................................................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc163815369 h 27

............................................................................................ PAGEREF _Toc163815370 h 28

1835 . 200 , , , . , , , : , , . .

. XIX , , . . , , - . , , ( ), , . , , . .

, . . , . , , , .

- . , . , , , . .

1    

XIX . . 1838 . . . . , . [1].

18601870 . , . . ( ). .  1871 . . 18581859 . . .  , . . 1874 . . .  [1].

1876 . .  , . , . . , . . , [2].

, .

XIX . 1860 . .

1869 . . . . . , , , . . , , . , . , [1].

, , . . 1882 . , 1889 .

1882 . Siemens Brothers , , , . , . : , . . , . , ; , 50 %. .

. . , () . . 1880- . .

1886 . - , , , . . , . , 1,4 , . , , , . , .

. XX [1].

2    

. XX . , , . - , .

1904 . . 1912 . .  . . 19131914 . 730 [1].

( , ) (18841960) , - , - - , . 1915 . -. , 19151918 . 1919 . [1, 3].

(1922) . 1924 . , - , . . 1927 . . ( , .)

25003000 , 500600 1000 [4].

. () . , .

, . . . .  . .  1922 . 19221923 . . .  .

1926 . - . . , . [4].

1927 . ( -406), .

1934 . -34. 10,440 . 1935 . -35, 630 . . [5].

30- . , , [6].

1939 . 9 . , . : , , , - .

1939-1940 . - 12- . . .

1949 . -3 . , 627 , 10 . . .

1965 . -3-3 . . -3-3 -2/3. (431 ) , -3.   2500 , 150 .

1951 . -12, 36-143 . 10 . . -12 , 16 , .

-12-2 (19561957 .) ( -12). .

1951 . -12, 1260 . 12 .

-12 -24, 1953 ., . -24 12-108 .

1957 . -60, 12252 60 5 . [5]. 50- , -60, V-60-S. 1965 - 1966 , , V-60-E [7].

50- . . -24 -60 .

-1920 19591960 . 1920 300 . , , , , . 3128524 .

-300. 300 601300 . -120, 1300 [5].

, . -12, -12, -24, -60, -1920 ( ). . -300 [8].

-3600, -5400, -10800. .

(), (-, -, -) 30- . , - () () , - ( ). , , , .

():

-        

-        

-        

-        

-        

, , , . .

. , , . , :

-        

-        

-        

-        

-        

, , . , , - (WDM), xDSL.

3    

XX . . .  , , , . 1937 .  - (). 40- . , XX .

, 60- ( 70-) . 96- . , 50- . - 1956 ., (1948 .) .

, - , Bell Systems () 1962 . 24 , . 64 /. , 8 / , 1544 /. [9, 10]

DS1, T1. 1544 / . , - -, . .

( , Intel) . , .

. , , T1 . , , , (, -, - , , ) , 64 / , [10].

, . E1, 2048 /. E1 E2, 8448 /. E3 (34368 /) E2. , (E4) 139264 /, E5 564992 /.

, , 1544 /. 6312, 44736 274176 /. ( 1544, 6312, 32064, 97728 /) [3].

, , . , () () . , ( ), , , . [10].

, , . . , (PDH, Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy).

. -15 -15. -30. -120. -480 -1920 [3].

, , . E1 E2 , E4 1,52 . , , .

80- - -2, . 120 8448 /. -120-5. : -26 ( 850 ) -24 ( 1300 ).

-2. 8448 / , -2 -120-5.

2001 E2 -025 ( , . ) -41 ( ). , - . [11].

-2 -3, 480 34368 / (E3). E4 -4. - . -2, -3, -4.

. . , E1 E4 E3, E3 E2, E2 E1. .

, , , .

, [3, 10].

, SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, ). . - , .

4    

, , . :

-        

-        

-        

-        

-        

80- :

-        

-        

-        

-        

-        

-        

1984-86 ., , 1 () 50,688 / (STS-1). SONET , 51,84 /. - PDH-, SDH, (STM-1) 155,52 /. - (VC), . , STM-1 -3 SONET.

1989 . ( G.707 G.709). SONET ANSI Bellcore.

SDH STM-1. (1991 .) . , (8448 /). . 1993 [10].

. - , . , 155520 / ( ) . , , SDH. 1999 . G.708, STM-0 (51,84 /, SONET), -STM sSTM-2n sSTM-1k (k=1, 2, 4, 8, 16; n=1, 2, 4). , VC-12 ( 2 /) .

, SDH. , , (, ATM, . .) SDH , () . VC-n-Xc , X VC-n [12].

SDH . . , SDH . , , , , .

SDH, 40 / (STM-256). , . .

. WDM (Wave Division Multiplexing), , .

5    

, - ,  ()  () , WDM-  DWDM-. - ; ,  (TDM), .

:  (TDM), , WDM-.

, ,  (SONET/SDH), . TDM-   40 /, .

, 10 /, , . , - , , , . - (). .   , - , , . , , , / . . .

.   , WDM-. ,  WDM, . [13].

WDM : , (), , SDH, SDH. WDM (1310 1550 , 240 SDH, ) 57 3,2 1,6 , . WDM .

WDM , ( draft) (1997), (10.98) 1999 SDH G.692. 100 (0,8 ) , WDM, WDM, DWDM, 50 (0,4 ). 50, 25 12,5 , .

DWDM ( ) , 6,25 - ( ), - WDM (HDWDM). WDM WDM, CWDM, 20 : . WDM: 1270 1610 , , 1383 .

WDM SDH. WDM , -. WDM , ( ) ( ) . , OSI. IP, Ethernet , SDH PDH .. WDM , .. WDM, , ( ).

, WDM ATM, Ethernet IP . SDH/SONET, , , . / Ethernet IP SDH SONET. MSPP (Multiservice Provisioning Platform) . SDH/SONET . SDH/SONET WDM, , WDM .

, WDM ATM, Ethernet IP, // (STM/STS), , , .

:

-        

-        

-        

-        

48- WDM. ( ). 19971999 , 32, 64, 128 . . . , (4, 8, 16), . , , 160/320-, 4-8-16- [14].

DWDM- XXI . 2001 . , STM-64 (10 /). DWDM -. . 690 , 96 , 345 . , 2002 - . 15 /.

DWDM - . 2005 DWDM- . SDH STM-4 , 2003 . . Huawei Technologies. 2005 . .

, DWDM SDH, 916 , . 15 : , , , , , , , .

DWDM , 10 (20 ) Gigabit Ethernet, STM-16. STM-16 SDH. DWDM Gigabit Ethernet: , ,   , , , . SDH E1, , DWDM .

DWDM . DWDM 2004 ., 24 2004 . - 900 . 2005 . , 18 925 .

, :

-        

-        

-        

:

-        

-        

, , , , DWDM .

, , DWDM.

DWDM-. (), TeliaSonera International Carrier, . : - . NEC 2002 .

2003 . DWDM- . , 320 /. 2004 . DWDM . 2005 . Alcatel, - .

, Sonera Telecom, - . 2002 . Sonera, . 8 STM-16.

  DWDM- . , . . , . [15].

, . XX , . , 7080- , .

, . - , , .

. , , . , , . .

40 /, . . DWDM- SDH, ATM, Ethernet, IP . .

- . , , , . . .

1          

2          

3          

4          

5          

6          

7           http://communications.narod.ru/canal/obzor.htm)

8          

9          

10      

11      

12       SDH / .  , 2004.

13      

14       WDM // , 6, 2004.

15       Connect! , 2, 2006.

: . ., . . : . . . TOC o "1-3" t ". . -;1" ...................................

 

 

 

! , , , .
. , :