,,,
, , , . , , . , . , - -- , , , . , , , , . , - , , , . , , , , . , , . , , [ , , , ], , , . , , , , , .
XIX . , : , , , . , , , , , , , .
, 30- , , , , , . , , , . , , , , .
, , , :
a) ;
b) - ;
c) .
. , : , , , . , , , , .
. , ; .
, , , , , , , , , , .
1875 . . , , , , , . , , . , , . , , , .
, , , . .
, . , .
XVII ., . , , , . , , . , . , (Bank of England) 1694 ., . II (Charles II) . , 1672 . , . , III (William III) (Patterson), , (Governor and Company of the Bank of England). (Tunnage Act), , , , " 1,200,000 ", .
, . 1,200,000 . , . [ . . Feavearyear, "The Pound Sterling", p. 118.] . 1697 . , , , . , , , , -- , .
, , . , , , , , . , .
, . , . , 1709 . , , , , , . , . , , .
1713 . [ the charter -- , (certificate); , -- . ], . , . 1742 . " " , . 1751 . . 1764 . 110,000 . 1781 ., 1800 . , 1694 . IX . [c. McCulloch, "A Treatise on Metallic and Paper Money and Banks", p. 42], , .
, , , , , , 1780 . , , , , .
1797--1819 . , , , , , , .
. 1694 . . , ; .
1793 . , , , , , , , .
, , , , , , . 1795 . , , ; , , . . , , , . [ 1 1775 ., 5 -- 1777 .]: 1795 . , 1797 ., , - .
, "" , . ; , , , , .
, 1797 ., , . , , , , , , , .
1800 ., , , . 1812 , , - , , .
, 1812 . . , . , . , (Bullion Committee), .
, .
, . (Gallatin) ["Considerations on the Currency and Banking System of the United States", 1831, p. 47.], 7% 10%, 13 , (), , ["La Liberte des Banques", 1866, p. 301], , , 16%.
1819 . , . , , , " " ["Parliamentary Papers, Reports from Committees, 1819", Vol. Ill, Report... 338].
, , , . , , 5 ; , . , , . , , , , , . 1825 . , , . , , 5 , , .
1825 . . , , 150 1810 1825 . , . , . , : , , , , . (Thomas Joplin), , 1822 . ["The General Principles and Present Practice of Banking in England and Scotland"], , (National Provincial Bank). , . (Lord Liverpool) , . , [. 1826 ., . (J. Horsley Palmer)] "Causes and Consequences of the Pressure on the Money Market", 1837), , , , , , -- , .
-- . 1826 ., 65 , . , , 5 .
, . : . . , , 1833 . , . , , (London and Westminster Bank), (London Joint Stock Bank), (London and County Bank). [ ; 1858 .]
1833 ., , ( ) , . [ (Usury Laws) , , 1716 , 1833 .] . 5 , , , , . , , , . , ( ).
1826 1836 . , . 1836 1839 . (Horsley Palmer), ["The Causes and Consequences of the Pressure on the Money Market", 1837]. . 1832 . ["Report of the Committee of Secrecy on the Bank of England Charter", 1831] , . , 1836 . , , , , . , 1834 1836 ., , , , , , 25%, .
, , , , 1826 ., , . , . " 80 1825 ., -- , -- , , (, ) ". ["Reflections suggested by a perusal of Mr. J. Horsley Palmer's pamphlet on the "Causes and Consequences of the Pressure on the Money Market", 1837], , , , , . , , , , ", ". , , , , . , , [c. "Remarks on the management of the circulation and on the conduct of the Bank of England and the Country Issuers during the year 1839."].
, , ( ) . . , , , . , , 1844 ., , , , , , . 1844 . . , ( ) 14 . , , . , , , , . .
, (Peel's Act), , (Bagehot) " " (lender of last resort) [. Feavearyear, "The Pound Sterling", . 256]. , , , 1825, 1836 1839 . , , , . 1847, 1857 1866 . , ; , , , , , . , , , , . , , .
, , , , . "Lombard Street".
1844 . , , , , XIX ., , . , , , , . , . -, , , , , . . , 1833 . , , 1825 ., . , , , , , , - . (Gladstone) (Country Note Issues Bill), 1865 . , , ( ), 1% . , 15 . (Hankey and Goschen) , . , , , , . , , 1866 ., , , , , . , .
, , .
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