. , , ,

,,,

2

(Jefferson C. Davis), , . , , , . 1884 , 17 .

, , , , . . " " (the Alaska Times), 75 . . , 1873 . , , , . . - ; ; . , - .

. . . .

1877 . , , - (Mottrom D. Ball).

1879 , , , . , . . , , "" (Osprey). 1879 "Jamestown " .

" " (Alaska Commercial Company). 1870 . - 20- . , . .

, . , .

1880 100 , , . : . , 1878 .

, , . , , .

1880 . - , , . . , : " " (Gold Creek) , , . , (Harrisburg Mining District) . , (Juneau City), (Juneau).

, . , . , , , .

(John Treadwell) " Treadwell Mine " , . 1890 . 1 251 , , , , .

: 1884. . , , . , , , - , , . 25 . .

1896 (Klondike) - . , , . , . 1898 , (Anvil Creek). (Nome Mining District) 1900 " ", 20 , .

(Tanana Valley). - (Fairbanks) 1902 . .

(James Wickersham) - . . , . 1905 5 .

. (Chandalar) (Koyukuk). (Coldfoot) (Wiseman). (Kuskokwim) (Innoko) (Iditarod), (McGrath), (Bethel), (Flat) (Ophir).

. . , . , . , , .

1898 . - . 1899 , . . . , . 1900 . .

: . - 1825 . , , .

1898 (Skagway) (Dyea), .

, . , (Richard Alverstone). - "" "" . . , 1903 , - , - .

1900 63 592 . . , . , , , , .

. 1905 . , 70% , 25% - 5% - . , .

1920 " " (Alaska Road Commission) 7 870 .

1912 (Woodrow Wilson) . . 1914 , 1915 - 35 . . 1923 65 . .

( - ) . , - " " (Alaska Engineering Commission), . , . , . , 2 , 1914 4 .

1906 . 1908 (James Wickersham).

1917 , - .

- . , . , . , . - . . , .

1920 , . - - , . , , , . .

. . . . 1938 . - "". , 1930 , , . , , - .

- . (Franklin D. Roosevelt), , . . . . 1932 10 209 . , 1940 26 . 178 .

(Matanuska Valley), . , . 5 . .

. 1934 "Indian Reorganization". , . . , . , .

- , . . 1940 .

, , , , . 1940 . 1945 , ( , " " .). "" , "" . () .

(1939-1945)

. . . 11 300 .

1935 6 , . . (Billy Mitchell) , . , , . : " , - . . , , - ." 1940 . 4 . , .. - . . 1941 , , 1940. , 1940 . . , .

7 1941 - - , . . 3 1942 , .

: - (Alaska-Canada Military Highway) , 9 . 20 1942 . . (Alaska Highway) . - 2 288 (Delta Junction) - . . .

, . 1941- 45 2 . . , , , . , , . - . , , , . 1940 1950 74 112 .

. 1916 . . 1943 . (William Langer) (Anthony J. Dimond) .

. , .. , , 1946 . . 1950 . , , , . , 1950-1953 . . 1955 , - , 1956 . (Ernest Gruening), 1939 1953 (William A. Egan). (Ralph J. Rivers) . , , .

, 7 1958 - , (Dwight D. Eisenhower) . 1959 . (William A. Egan)

, , ... (Cold War). 40 . , , .

, 1959 . 1954 . , 1940 , . , . . . , , , . , : .

, : . 1954 (Ketchikan.) 1957 " ", , (Swanson River) , .

- . 27 1964 17:30 . . 9,2 , 1906 , -. , , 350- 500 . . - , .

, ( )- 114 . ! . (Valdez), . , , . , . (Lyndon B. Johnson) .

1968 . "-" (Atlantic-Richfield Company) , , 10 . . . 1969 (The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System) " Atlantic-Richfield ", " British Petroleum " " Humble Oil " 1 280 . .

, , . , 1966 , . 1967 (Alaska Federation of Natives), .

, , , , . 1971 . (Richard M. Nixon) (ANCSA). 18 , 962, 5 . 12 . 100 , . , 80 ; - ,

" ", . - 1973 - . , . 1974 , . 28 1977 . . 9 ! . , 1 200 - .

1985 . . 1986 6 000 .

. , , . , , , . 1978 . , , 80% . , : 19,6%; - 29,2%; - 15%. 1980 . 90%. , , 10 . 1986 . 14- 20 .

1976. . 25% , . . , (Jay S. Hammond), 1974 1982 - . , , . : 1982 , 6 , . 1995 , , , 990 30 .

.

"Exxon Valdez"

, - - "" . , .

23 1989 "Exxon Valdez" . - (). , - , . . , , . 24 16 (Bligh Reef). , 38 (10 ) (Prince William Sound). .

"Exxon" - . . 900 . , . , .

1990 . , . , . , . , . , , 881 000 .

, . , .

(Tony Knowles) - , 1994 .

- - , . , , . , , , .

2 (Jefferson C. Davis), , .

 

 

 

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