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1 1958 American Express. 32 475 . American Express , -, , Universal Travel Card, . "American Express" , .
50- 100 . , , , , : Bank of America Chase Manhattan Bank. 1958 .
Chase Manhattan Bank 350 5300 . 1960 25 . 160 , , . 1962 9 -, "-". American Express, 1969 50 - Chase Manhattan Bank. : 1 National BankAmericard.
, , , "BankAmericard", Bank of America. .
- . 1966 Bank of America BankAmericard - Bank of America - (Interbank Card Association). 1969 "Master Charge", , - "Master Charge". , "BankAmericard", , - Bank of America. 1970 . National BankAmericard Incorporated - .
, : . "American Express".
, " " (Travel and Entertainment - &) . Diners Club, American Express, Carte Blanshe , , . , , "" " ". , .
. 1951 , Diners Club . BHR, , , . 1965 , Rikskort, , Eurocard International - .
. 1974 BankAmericard, Access Card, Eurocard. Eurocard , "Master Charge". , 1976 "BankAmericard" "VISA". 1980 , " " "MasterCard".
Eurocard . MasterCard, Cirrus Maestro, . 1992 Eurocard International Eurocheck. Europay International.
. , , "VISA" "MasterCard", JCB. 1980 , "VISA" "MasterCard" .
. , , - , - , . 1974 . . - , , Roland Moreno Innovatron. , Dr. Kunitaka Arimura , Roland Moreno. . , - , . , , .
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. . 1969 . , . 1969 Diners Club
1974 American Express. 1975 VISA Int. Europay. 1976 JCB. , .
, 1989 . Eurocard. , , VISA 1991 .
1992 . Europay. . 1993 .
, . .STBCard., UNION CARD " ". 1993 . . " " .
, VISA Int., 60% . Europay/MasterCard Int., 30 % .
, STBCard., UNION CARD " ".
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1.2.1.
o eeoy aae apo ec a aoce, eaoe (cyae ea paoo pep, apep, o opae ocya), coe, ye p. , . , , ..
acoe apo oo pae a ecoo aeop o coepeo pa paa. Caaa - cxoco. Ca o cee paec ce acoe apo e o o e paep - 2,125" x 3,375" (pepo 54 x 86 ) oy pepo 0,039" (o 1 ). , ( , , .) () (embosser) . , , (, VISA Electron).
o y pao c apoo a c ocee epoo opa apo paec a "apo c ao ooco" "ae" "apo c o" - "oe" apo "cap-apo". aa apoa oo e coep cee opa o epeoco a o apoe cye - a e acaec oo opa, ao a ( pyoe peoe ypeee) ceye opaac cca eoxoo oa oapo ycy cy. Cap-apo, apo, xpa coe e - a o oo pecae coo e poeccop oy xpae apoao opa - opa o xpao a apoe cye. Ta opao, p paoe c a apoa opeee aeecocooc ea eoxo oo a o poecco ep (ao oo oe oc o oepaopo p oo ooo eeoa, e p oo ceax ycpoc - POS-aapao, epaopo a Verifone ..). Paoa co cap-apoa oo, e cac c pe ypee, o p o ccae cpec co cap-apo ooo oo p oo epox ycpoc, o pe a p paoe c a apoa oo e peyec. Cyecy ae apo co cea oce opa - a x oy oopeeo , aa ooca
aoce apo ec, a pee, eeoe ypaoce ceae. Ke aa, oyc peo apoo, ee oooc oye y aa opaeoo pea cyae oa apoo oapo ycy, cooc oopx peae ocao a eo aoco cee. Ba ey pe oaaec ae ye cca co cpaxooo eoa, o ec e ae oecpye ay pacxo cocex cepee a o c pyoo cea. eeoe apo oo ey aa oya ae aoaax oaa co oy oo peeax eec a eo ceao ap-cee (o poco a ceax ae-ee apo) cy. Ta opao, p oae oy eeoo apoo eoxo oo a poecco ep ycaoe, coe e, a e a, a peyey cyy. p o cya opyec a cee ea a opeeeoe pe o p poecco ep oapoo ea - slip'a, oce eo ooaeo ccaec. C oea oa oy ycy epe poecco ep o ee ooaeoo cca e "opae" a ce cyae o e aca ccaea cya ey "e a". Bypaoce ceae apo cya peocae ea ao ooex ceax ycy, ax, a oyee poeo o eoa epe aoa aa p. Ka pao, p o paoo c a ypaoc apoa aaec o ca a, o o a-eo apep. Bypaoce ceae apo eyapo, a pao, e c.
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Bce aoce apo aac o ecaopoaoo ocya cey oaae apo p oo PIN- (a aaeoo epcoaoo eaooo oepa). Ka pao, PIN - epexaoe co, p oo oopoo oaae apo oyae ocy coey cey epe aoa c ax. Boooc oopa PIN- cyae eaooo aae apoo opaea, a a oo oce pex eyax oo oa PIN- (pe eao, oo aoae ecox pax) apoa aec aoao, o e cac ecoc a aee cea ( ceo). Oaae apo oe xpa co PIN- cepee. oyae o eo ae ece c acoo apoo ceao aeaao oepe; ca oep PIN eaaec cea aoaec ycpoco, a o poe ea aa o e coe eo ye, o paec ca eo, o Pocc cpeaec peo. 3ao pcoe PIN-, oye oep ey ye yo. Ec py oaae apo aye pcoe ey PIN-, o oe opac a apoc oopy ay oepa c oo.
p oae oapo ycy opoo ce poae oa poep oc oyae o opay oc a opao copoe acoo apo o eo oopa, ec apoa caea e. Tae ea ea oe opeoac yocoepee eo oc - acop, oece paa .. : , , : VISA - -- VISA , EuroCard/MasterCard - : E "" EuroCard MasterCard .. , . American Express, . - . . , 16 (4 4 ). VISA, EuroCard/MasterCard, Union Card 6 - . (, ), 6 -. . ( Union Card, , ), . , () . . , , , , , . , , , . , , -, . . - , . , , ( ) . , , . , . PIN-, . . . , - / , , . . , . , - . -.
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