. , , ,

,,,

..

, , .

D,  (LiCl, NaCl, KCl) , .

.

, , . , , , , , , .

, , . , . , , , . ., .

, ..

, , , , .

, . , , .

, . , , , , , . , ( ), , , , .

, , . .

. . .

, , .

, . , , , .

.. [.. . . . . . . 1986, .29, . 8, .38-44 ( ); .. , .. . . 1985, .284, .6, . 1384-1387 ( )]

, , .

, , 15%, 5%, , 0,05 0,08%.

: LiCl, NaCl, KCl, , .

. , . , , , .

2.

[1 - 6] .

(1)

. j  .

(2)- (fM [7]),

(3)- ,

- ,

- . .

[7], (1) , 0 10 /.

(1) ,  ,  ,  s,  , G, :

, (4)

, (5)

, (6)

, (7)

(8)

F ; ; V=5R/2 ; k ; , ; , - , ; , ; ns ; - , ; ri zi () ; rs rd ; , .; ; - ; NA ;  - , ; i (i= c0); 0 .

3.

b. , , , . .

, CGS , 1 . , .

 , . ,  , , . Fc, . , b,  :

(9)

(10)

,

(11)

, , . . [8]

(12)

r - . ,

(13)

b (11),

(14)

r ,   ,

(14)

, . D

(15)

k . :

(16)

, (14).

, ,

(17)

, :

(18)

, k1 k2 , - . , (18) ( ) , , , . . , (18) , V (18) E, . (2, 3).

(2)

(19)

(20)

(19) . .

( = 0), (20) .

, (19), (20) b=V/eE :

(21)

(22)

(17) , , .

:

. (23)

- .

D , ,

(24)

.

, LiCl, NaCl, KCl.

(17) rs , ,

(25)

[1-6]:

, (26)

, (27)

(28)

rs ,

ns ,

ri ,

Z ,

Z ,

I ,

R0 ,

,

 - ,

s .

Z  , [9].

1

, 26 28

I, Z

ns

Li+ 75,62 2,7 0,5446 7,3873 4,4246
Na+ 47,29 6,55 1,0004 3,2301 3,3583
K+ 31,81 7,75 1,3785 1,8682 2,7980
Cl- 3,82 4,875 1,8100 1,0090 2,2786

2

25

LiCl 1,5040
NaCl 1,3575
KCl 1,2559

(17) ( = 298), i- :

(29)

(30)

, , , , .

, 1-1

(31)

(32)

(33)

(34)

(23)

(35)

D0 (33)

(1) (35), , ,

(36, 37)

, (36, 37), . 4.3 4.5.

, (36) , , (37) (36), (37) .

(1), , , , , - .

(35) , .

, ,  , .

,

(38)

, (37) :

(39)

 - , (36, 37). (39) ,

(40)

(16)

, (38)

(41)

(40)

(41)

(21)

(42)

(. 4.1), 2, 30, 35, 38, 40 29, 41, 41, 42,  i , . . 4 12.

D  10%,  5%.

4

, , , LiCl

C mol/l

[13, 10]

(36)

(37)

f
0,0000 115,03 115,0272 102,6938 0,0000 1,0000 1,0000 1,0000
0,0010 111,89 111,7256 99,9015 -0,0201 0,9727 1,0111 0,9892
0,0030 110,54 110,2571 98,7011 -0,0321 0,9610 1,0192 0,9813
0,0050 109,35 108,9754 97,6305 -0,0391 0,9506 1,0247 0,9759
0,0100 107,45 106,9120 95,9211 -0,0496 0,9341 1,0350 0,9661
0,0500 99,92 98,6459 89,0524 -0,0663 0,8686 1,0782 0,9259
0,1000 95,86 93,9805 85,2381 -0,0579 0,8333 1,1107 0,8968
0,5000 82,21 77,5348 71,7584 0,0600 0,7147 1,2474 0,7838
0,6000 80,00 74,8439 69,5160 0,0873 0,6955 1,2710 0,7658
1,0000 73,26 66,5405 62,5579 0,2015 0,6369 1,3499 0,7086
1,2300 69,50 62,1439 58,7745 0,2776 0,6042 1,3881 0,6824
2,0000 60,69 51,7162 49,7563 0,6206 0,5276 1,4949 0,6143
2,5140 55,20 45,6671 44,3722 0,9317 0,4799 1,5548 0,5791
3,0000 50,00 40,2781 39,4739 1,2812 0,4347 1,6061 0,5506
3,5000 45,00 35,3091 34,8919 1,6871 0,3912 1,6546 0,5249
5,1000 31,90 23,1378 23,4169 3,1493 0,2773 1,7902 0,4593
7,7500 16,78 10,8205 11,3334 5,0527 0,1459 1,9741 0,3832
10,4200 7,14 4,1320 4,4640 4,3115 0,0621 2,1295 0,3289
14,0823 - 5,1179 2,3131 0,2745

5

LiCl

C mol/l

D

(30)

D

(35)

D

(38)

D

(40)

D

[10]

D

[11]

0,0000 1,3226 1,1808 1,1808 1,3226 1,1802
0,0010 1,2865 1,1570 1,1386 1,2733 1,1621
0,0030 1,2710 1,1429 1,1208 1,2521 1,1500
0,0050 1,2573 1,1346 1,1075 1,2362 1,1431
0,0100 1,2354 1,1222 1,0886 1,2134 1,1336
0,0500 1,1489 1,1025 1,0422 1,1545 1,1146
0,1000 1,1022 1,1124 1,0402 1,1468 1,1059
0,2000 1,1475 1,0973
0,3000 1,1838 1,0886
0,4500 1,2352 1,0886
0,5000 0,9452 1,2516 1,0978 1,1861 1,0973
0,6000 0,9198 1,2839 1,1071 1,1920 1,1016
0,7000 1,3161 1,1059
1,0000 0,8423 1,4187 1,1454 1,2183 1,1232
2,0000 0,6978 1,9135 1,2362 1,2849 1,1750
3,0000 0,5749 2,6936 1,2834 1,3095 1,2355
3,5000 0,5174 3,1728 1,2687 1,2839 1,2649
5,1000 0,3668 4,8993 1,0982 1,0851
7,7500 0,1929 7,1468 0,5907 0,5639
10,4200 0,0821 6,2716 0,1978 0,1831
14,0823 0,0000 -4,8622 0,0000 0,0000

6

LiCl

C mol/l

(29)

(41)

(41)

(42)

[10]

[12]

0,0000 0,9433 1,0619 0,9481 1,0177 0,8937 0,9125
0,0010 0,9697 1,1013 0,9848 1,0191 0,8586
0,0050 0,9923 1,1322 1,0143 1,0211 0,9228
0,0100 1,0098 1,1518 1,0334 1,0227 0,9024
0,0500 1,0859 1,2031 1,0861 1,0308
0,1000 1,1319 1,2055 1,0933 1,0380 0,9613
0,1250 1,0412 0,9044 0,9663
0,2500 1,0552 0,9221 0,9928
0,5000 1,3199 1,1422 1,0571 1,0790 0,9534 1,0156 1,0337
0,6000 1,3563 1,1326 1,0519 1,0877
1,0000 1,4811 1,0947 1,0292 1,1204 1,0212 1,0628 1,0986
1,2300 1,5612 1,0844 1,0256 1,1381
2,0000 1,7879 1,0143 0,9759 1,1942 1,2208
2,5140 1,9657 0,9835 0,9557 1,2301 1,1504
3,0000 2,1701 0,9770 0,9575 1,2632
3,5000 2,4112 0,9883 0,9766 1,2969
5,1000 3,4014 1,1418 1,1556 1,4030
7,7500 6,4663 2,1229 2,2235 1,5781
10,4200 15,1968 6,3379 6,8471 1,7584
14,0823 2,0172

7

, , , NaCl

C mol/l

[13, 10]

(36)

(37)

f
0,0000 126,45 126,4452 126,4559 0,0000 1,0000 1,0000 1,0000
0,0010 123,74 123,8839 124,1052 -0,0160 0,9786 1,0100 0,9930
0,0030 121,93 122,1710 122,5421 -0,0264 0,9643 1,0173 0,9879
0,0050 120,64 120,9423 121,4142 -0,0329 0,9541 1,0223 0,9844
0,0100 118,53 118,9344 119,5879 -0,0435 0,9374 1,0316 0,9780
0,0500 111,06 111,7609 113,1362 -0,0731 0,8783 1,0706 0,9515
0,0700 109,62 110,3868 111,9977 -0,0784 0,8669 1,0836 0,9428
0,1000 106,74 107,5453 109,4273 -0,0825 0,8441 1,0999 0,9320
0,2000 101,71 102,5226 105,0841 -0,0829 0,8043 1,1412 0,9053
0,5000 93,62 94,0614 97,8557 -0,0551 0,7404 1,2233 0,8544
1,0000 85,76 85,3416 90,3338 0,0092 0,6782 1,3158 0,8005
1,5000 79,86 78,5873 84,3315 0,0894 0,6316 1,3868 0,7614
2,0000 74,71 72,6592 78,8992 0,1885 0,5908 1,4467 0,7300
3,0000 65,57 62,2472 68,9945 0,4430 0,5185 1,5470 0,6801
4,0000 57,23 53,0225 59,8362 0,7554 0,4526 1,6317 0,6408
5,0000 49,46 44,7258 51,3076 1,0944 0,3911 1,7062 0,6080
5,5203 1,2691 1,7421 0,5928

8

NaCl

C mol/l

D

(30)

D

(35)

D

(38)

D

(40)

D

[10]

D

[11]

0,0000 1,4539 1,3912 1,3912 1,4539 1,3910
0,0010 1,4227 1,3690 1,3535 1,4103 1,3694 1,3738
0,0030 1,4019 1,3546 1,3300 1,3830 1,3565 1,3565
0,0050 1,3871 1,3455 1,3144 1,3649 1,3478 1,3478
0,0100 1,3628 1,3307 1,2904 1,3367 1,3349 1,3392
0,0500 1,2769 1,2895 1,2242 1,2559 1,3020 1,3046
0,0700 1,2604 1,2821 1,2181 1,2460 1,3046 1,3046
0,1000 1,2273 1,2764 1,2017 1,2250 1,2813
0,2000 1,1694 1,2760 1,1920 1,2057
0,2200 1,2775 1,2787
0,5000 1,0764 1,3146 1,2086 1,2085
0,5700 1,3259 1,2701 1,2701
1,0000 0,9861 1,4040 1,2493 1,2395 1,2822 1,2787
1,5000 0,9182 1,5157 1,2874 1,2741
2,0000 0,8590 1,6536 1,3216 1,3078 1,3098
3,0000 0,7539 2,0075 1,3724 1,3631 1,3522
4,0000 0,6580 2,4422 1,3787 1,3781 1,3772
5,0000 0,5687 2,9138 1,3259 1,3358 1,3738
5,5203 3,1569

9

NaCl

C mol/l

(29)

(41)

(41)

(42)

[10]

[12]

0,0000 0,9507 0,9985 0,9555 1,0320 0,8937 0,9545
0,0010 0,9715 1,0264 0,9850 1,0307 0,9544 0,882
0,0030 0,9859 1,0445 1,0045 1,0299
0,0050 0,9965 1,0569 1,0178 1,0293
0,0100 1,0142 1,0766 1,0393 1,0284 0,896
0,0500 1,0824 1,1348 1,1062 1,0254
0,0700 1,0966 1,1405 1,1149 1,0248
0,1000 1,1262 1,1561 1,1340 1,0242 0,9020 0,9583 0,9467
0,1250 1,0239 0,9053 0,9598
0,2000 1,1819 1,1655 1,1522 1,0237 0,9653
0,2200 1,0238
0,2500 1,0240 0,9154 0,9636
0,5000 1,2841 1,1494 1,1496 1,0271 0,9361 0,9717 1,0031
0,8860 1,0345 0,9815 0,9831
1,0000 1,4018 1,1120 1,1208 1,0370 1,063
1,5000 1,5053 1,0791 1,0904 1,0486 1,0276 0,9984
1,8300 1,0568 1,0760 1,0051
2,0000 1,6091 1,0512 1,0622 1,0610 1,0773 1,0091 1,12
3,0000 1,8334 1,0122 1,0191 1,0870
4,0000 2,1006 1,0077 1,0081 1,1138
5,0000 2,4306 1,0477 1,0400 1,1411
5,5203 1,1555

10

, , , KCl

C mol/l

[13, 10]

(36)

(37)

f
0,0000 149,89 149,8840 149,7958 0,0000 1,0000 1,0000 1,0000
0,0010 145,90 146,0854 146,2624 -0,0164 0,9734 1,0092 0,9939
0,0030 144,92 145,2336 145,6019 -0,0271 0,9668 1,0160 0,9895
0,0050 143,61 144,0036 144,5005 -0,0338 0,9581 1,0207 0,9865
0,0100 140,80 141,3354 142,0616 -0,0450 0,9394 1,0292 0,9809
0,0500 134,41 135,3996 137,0724 -0,0779 0,8967 1,0653 0,9579
0,1000 130,01 131,2067 133,5506 -0,0915 0,8674 1,0924 0,9409
0,5000 117,25 118,4013 123,3921 -0,0968 0,7822 1,2066 0,8727
0,7000 113,60 114,4728 120,2643 -0,0880 0,7579 1,2445 0,8512
1,0000 111,07 111,4574 118,3158 -0,0693 0,7410 1,2922 0,8249
1,5000 107,20 106,6835 114,9154 -0,0253 0,7152 1,3579 0,7900
2,0000 104,12 102,6718 112,0035 0,0311 0,6946 1,4132 0,7617
2,2220 102,70 100,8436 110,5826 0,0584 0,6852 1,4356 0,7505
3,0000 100,70 97,3787 108,5911 0,1519 0,6718 1,5061 0,7164
3,5000 0,1979 1,5466 0,6976
3,9000 0,2187 1,5770 0,6837
5,0000 0,1568 1,6534 0,6502
6,0000 -0,1237 1,7157 0,6240
7,0000 -0,7022 1,7731 0,6009

11

KCl

C mol/l

D

(30)

D

(35)

D

(38)

D

(40)

D

[10]

0,0000 1,7234 1,7223 1,7223 1,7234 1,7220
0,0010 1,6775 1,6941 1,6650 1,6608 1,6969
0,0030 1,6662 1,6757 1,6476 1,6398 1,6805
0,0050 1,6512 1,6641 1,6297 1,6196 1,6710
0,0100 1,6189 1,6449 1,5948 1,5806 1,6563
0,0500 1,5454 1,5881 1,5304 1,5006 1,6105
0,1000 1,4948 1,5648 1,5025 1,4626 1,5932
0,2000 1,5498 1,5880
0,3000 1,5477 1,5880
0,5000 1,3481 1,5556 1,5025 1,4277 1,5984
0,7000 1,3062 1,5708 1,5161 1,4321 1,6122
1,0000 1,2771 1,6030 1,5645 1,4687 1,6347
1,1800 1,6273 1,6502
1,5000 1,2326 1,6788 1,6424 1,5321 1,6788
2,0000 1,1972 1,7759 1,7273 1,6058 1,7280
3,0000 1,1578 1,9840 1,9206 1,7810 1,8248
3,5000 2,0632 1,8662
3,9000 2,0990 1,8973
5,0000 1,9923
6,0000 1,5092
7,0000 0,5129

12

KCl

C mol/l

(29)

(41)

(41)

(42)

[10]

[12]

0,0000 0,8669 0,8718 0,8713 1,0536 0,8937 0,9714
0,0010 0,8906 0,9019 0,9041 1,0523 0,9706 0,982
0,0030 0,8966 0,9114 0,9157 1,0513
0,0050 0,9048 0,9214 0,9272 1,0507 0,9698
0,0100 0,9229 0,9416 0,9500 1,0496 0,986
0,0500 0,9667 0,9812 1,0007 1,0459
0,1000 0,9995 0,9994 1,0267 1,0440 0,991
0,2000 1,0425 0,9682
0,3000 1,0422
0,5000 1,1082 0,9994 1,0517 1,0433 1,005
0,6900 1,0454 0,8950 0,9753
0,7000 1,1438 0,9904 1,0485 1,0456
1,0000 1,1699 0,9598 1,0224 1,0499 1,012
1,4300 1,0574 0,9000 0,9882
2,0000 1,2480 0,8693 0,9351 1,0685 1,03
2,2220 1,2652 0,8523 0,9177 1,0730 0,9150 1,0013
3,0000 1,2904 0,7819 0,8431 1,0895 0,9350 1,0157 1,04
3,9000 1,1095 1,0292
5,0000 1,1348
6,0000 1,1584
7,0000 1,1825

, , - , .

, .

:

, , .

, ( ) , .

D .

.

, .

. ., . . //. . 1985. . 284. 6. . 1384.

. . //. . . . 1986. . 29. 8. . 38.

. ., . ., . . //. . 1988, . 299, 4, . 899-904.

. ., . ., . . //. . . 1990, . 64, 1, . 88-94.

. ., . . //. . . 1992, . 66, . 1263-1271.

. ., . ., . . //. . . 1992, . 64, . 1263-1271.

. ., . . // 93. . , 1993. . 19.

Stokes G. G. //Trans. Camb. phil. Soc., 1845, V. 3, p. 287.

.. , .. , . : . , 1975, . 70.

. . III. . .: . 1965, . 672, 719.

.., .., .., .. //. . . 1987, . 51, 8, . 2188-2193.

. . 8-, ./ . . . . . . .: , 1983. 232 .

. . . //, 1991, .27, .613.

http://www.sciteclibrary.ru/

.. , , . D,

 

 

 

! , , , .
. , :