,,,
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.-101 . ..
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2001
I.
1.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
2.
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4. .
2.5. Myxomycetes
2.6.
2.7. Myxomycetes
3. ,
II.
1
2
Myxomycota.
, . , , , , .[1]
, , , .
, , .
, : (Protosteliomycetes), c (Myxomycetes), (Plasmodiophoromycetes), , (Acrasiomycetes).
1.1 K - Protosteliomycetes
, . , , , , , , (, , . .).
65 . .
( ) , . , . , , , , . , , .
-, (Flagellatae), . , , . . , , Flagellata .
1.2. PLASMODIOPHOROMYCETES.
. , .
{Plasmodiophora brassicae). , , . , , . , , . . . , , , () (), . . .
. ( , ), (, ), , , . . , . - .
, , . (), , . ( ), . ( ). , . , , , . , , , . , , , . . . (1878). , , .
, , - (Spongospora solani). . , . , . .
. ; , , ; , , , , , , . .
1.3. , AKPA3ŗACRASIOMYCETES (Dictyostelids)
, ( ), , , . , . ( ), ( ), . ( ), , ( ). .
(Dictyostlium discoideum). , , 0,20,3 38 . ( ) 34 . ( , , , .).
.
MYXOMYCETES
MYXOGASTEROMYCETIDAE
myxomycetes myxa () myketes (), 1833, . , , -, Mycetezoa, mykes () zoon ().[2]
Myxomycetes, , , .. , .
(A), . , 1-4 . (B) (C), , . . - . . , (D), . 2 (E), ( ), (F G). , , (H), . , (I). (J). (K) , (L).
, , . .
, . .
Myxomycota
Myxomycetes
Myxogasteromycetidae[3](. . I)
|
|
|
|
Echinsteliales | Echinosteliaceae | Echinostelium | |
Clastodermataceae |
Barbeyella Clastoderma |
||
Liceales | Liceaceae | Licea | |
Reticulariaceae |
Dictydiaethalium Lycogala Reticularia Tubifera |
||
Cribrariaceae |
Cribraria Lindbladia |
||
Trichiales | Dianemaceae |
Calomyxa Dianema Listerella Minakatella |
|
Trichiaceae |
Arcyria Arcyodes Calonema Cornuvia Hemitrichia Metatrichia Oligonema Perichaena Prototrichia Trichia |
||
Stemonitales | Stemonitaceae |
Amurochaete Brefeldia Colloderma Comatricha Diachea Diacheopsis Elaeomyxa Enerthenema Lamproderma Leptoderma Macbrideola Paradiacheopsis Stemonitis |
|
Physarales | Physaraceae |
Badhamia Badhamiopsis Cienkowskia Craterium Erionema Fuligo Leocarpus Physarum Protophysarum |
|
Didymiaceae |
Diderma Didymium Lepidoderma Mucilago |
||
2.3.
. , . . . (, , ) . - , , , . , , .[2]
, , . , . , , , . .
, .
2.4. . .
. , , . 1933, Protococcus . .
2.4.1.
, (1-2 ) . ( , .) , . (Quercus), (Fraxinus), (Ulmus), (Acer) (Carya) . , ; - (Juniperus), . . , . , , .
2.4.2.
, , , . . . . , . .
. (, , ) , , . . . , , , .
. . , .
2.4.3.
. , . , , Echinostelium, 24 48 .
. , ( ), , .
, . . , 16-54 , , . , , .
- , , . .
2.5. Myxomycetes
, , , - , . . . ( ) , . ( ), - .
- . : , , , , . , . , . Cribraria , . Didymium, . . (Drozdowicz, 1977), , .[4]
(, 1993; , 1991; Stephenson, 1994), . (Ainthwors, Bisby, 1995), 70% . , . , , 90 .
2.5.1.
, . , , . Escherichia coli Enterobactor aerogenes . , , ( 1928). , , , .
, , (Cohen 1941), , . (Blackwell 1974). .[2]
, , , ( ) (Lister 1888, Curie 1932). (McManus 1962). , , .
, , , . , . , , . , , ; (Alexopoulos 1960).
2.5.2.
, , , (Pratt 1934, Gray Alexopolous 1968, Stephenson 1988). , . (Eliasson 1981, Blackwell 1984), , , , (Stephenson 1988).
2.5.3.
() . , . , Lycogala epidendrum .
Ceratiomyxa fruticulosais . Metatrichia vesparium (Stephenson 1988). , myxomycetes , . , myxomycetes , (Lazo 1966).
, - (Alexopoulos 1968). . Blackwell Gilbertson (1984) , Physarum straminipes Sonoran - 20o C, 30o C. , , P. straminipes ; . , , , , , (Maimoni-Rodella Gottsberger 1980). , , myxomycetes , 14o C.
- myxomycetes , .
, , 65% , 35% , 84% , , 11% , 5% .[4]
2.5.4.
Myxomycetes , , . myxomycetes - . Leiodidae . . , - (Blackwell 1984, Wheeler 1987). - myxomycetes (Buxton 1954). , myxomycetes, Mycetophilidae, Scaridae Drosophilidae. Epicypta testata, Lycogala epidendrum. Sellier Chassain (1976) , Enteridium lycoperdon Tubifera ferruginosa. , , . , .[2]
2.5.5.
. - hyphomycetes, - . hyphomycetes - . (Stephenson Studlar 1985).
2.5.6.
, myxomycetes . . .
2.6.
, , . , myxomycetes , . . Didymium difforme . .
Arcyria cinerea, A. denudata, Certatiomyxa fruticulosa, Comatricha typhoides, Lycogala epidendrum, Stemonitis fusca - .
2.6.1. Myxomycetes,
2.6.1.1 ,
. . , , , . , , , . , , . . , , . . , , .[4]
2.6.1.2. Myxomycetes .
Diderma effusum, D. testaceum, Didymium melanospermum, Lamproderma scintillans, Physarum bivalve P. cinereum . Arcyria cinerea , Stemonitis herbatica, , , Cribraria microcarpa .[2]
2.6.1.3.
, 80 myxomycetes , , . . - , , myxomycetes.
, , , .
2.6.1.4.
Thom Raper (1930), Warcup (1950) Indira (1968) . , Feest Madelin (1985, 1988a, 1988b) - . Myxomycetes - . Didymium spp. , (Feest Madelin 1988a).
2.7. Myxomycetes
. 頠 . , , , .. (Reyter, Chastellier, 1977; Madelin, 1984). (Konijn, Koevenig, 1971; Hader, Schrecken-bach, 1984). . , (Hatano et, al. , 1980).[3]
3 : , , (Alexopoulos, 1960). 3 , . . Echinosttlialts Liceales. ( Haskins,1978), (Wollman, Alexopoulos, 1967).
Stemonitals. , , " ; , , ( Collins, 1979).
Physarales (Rammeloo, 1976), Licealee (McManus, l966). , , , , . ( Coll ins, 1079). .
, , . " , , , . , Echinosteliales Physarales.
Trichiales, . , (Indira, 1964; Rammeloo, 1976). .
, (), . , , (Aldrich, Blackwell, 1976). , , , . , (McCormic et al. , 1970).
, . . , ; , , , , - ; () , ; ( ) ; , , , . , .
, , . e . . , . , 頠 젠 " , . , . , . , . , , , , , .. (Madelin. 1984). , . 2 : . ( Collins,1979).
, (Gray, Alexopoulos, 1968;Collins, 1979;Goodman, 1980; Sauer, 1982; Madelin. 1984).
, , .
. . : , , , . , , .
, , , . , , , . Liceales, Trichiales, Physarales Stemo-nitales, Echinosteliales.
, , . .
, , , () , . -.
, , , , . Liceales. Physarales, Stemonitales Trichiales Echinosteliales.
, , , ࠠ . , , Liceales, Physarales, Trichiales, Stemonitales.
, , . Physarales, . . , Reticularia (. Liceales) , Liceaceae .
, . , , , , , , -, , .. . , , , . , , . .
. . Trihiaceae(Trichiales), Stemonitaceae (Ctemonitales), Physaraceae (Physrales). . Trichiaceae , . .Arcyria, ichi . Floriformis Metatrichia (M. vesparium). richia, Hemitrichia. . Trichiaceae , .
. Stemonitaceae , , . , . Lamproderma , . Comatricha Stemonitis .
. Physaraceae . , . , , Physaraum viride . - , , . . , , , . - .
, , . - 2 : Stemonitomycetidae Myxogastromycetidae (Ross, 1957, 1973). , . , , . , , , Diachea. .
. , Comatricha , Macbfideola , Stemonitis . Trichiales . , . , , , - . , Trichia varia .
. . . , (Licea biforis), (L. parasitica), (L. kleistobolus). , Licea . , , : , Cribraria, Dictydium. Cribrariaceae, Dictydiaethalium Reticulariaceae, Craterium Physarae .. , , . , Licea, .
. . ( Gray, Alexopouios, 1968; Ellis et al., 1973; Keller et al., 1973; Gaither, 1974). Comatricha, Stemonitis , (Ross, 1973). , , . , - . Reticulariaceae (Liceales) , Fuligo, uilg ( Pbysarales). Reticulariaceae (Reticularia), (Lycogala), (ubifra) , (Dictydiaetalium). Dictydium Cribraria, , .
, , ... a priori (, 1907; Martin, Alexopoulos, 1969). , . , Licea, Perichaena, Echinostelium , , , . . , - , Minakatella , Dianemaceae Trichiaceae (Keller et 1., 1973), totrichia (Ellis et 1. , 1973). , , Comatricha Stemonitis Lamproderma Diachea. . Trichiaceae, . Physaraceae.
. . , , , Physarales. ( . Physaraceae) , (Didymium) (Lepidoderma). Trichia contorta, Calomyxa metallica, Metatrichia vesparium ( Nelson et al., 1977). Diachea leucpodia Lepidoderma iridescens ( Stemonitales) , ribrri (Liceales) (Schoknecht, 1975). , richaena , Physarales . , Physarales , richaen . richaena .
, , , , . , (), . , , .
, , , , Eloomyxa (Stemonitales). . Cribrariaceae (Liceales).
. , , Licea. Trichiaceae. Stemonitaceae. , , , . , . Perchaena (Trichiales) , Physarum Diderma (Physarales) . . ( , ) , . Trichia (Rammeloo, 1974).
(), , . . , . Stemonitaceae. Physarales Diderm, Didimium, Lepidoderma .
() , Craterium Physarum, , . . .
(). , . , .
, . , , . , . ( ), . , , , . . , . . . Echinostelium , , . (). , . Licea, , - ( ) , .
. , . (Schoknecht, Small,1972; Rammeloo, 1974, 1975;1990). , , , . (, , 1989). . , , . - . .
, Liceales Echinosteliales Physarals.
Physarales Stemonitales. , 900, . , 0.8 , . , ࠠ .
Trichiales , Stemonitales , Physarales . : - , , Comatricha irregularis , Lamproderma atrosporum , - 蠠 , , Diahema depressum Protophysarum phloiogenum . , , , , .
3. , .
(1831-1888). . Mycetezoa, , protozoans, . Die Mycetezoen 1859.
(1830-1908)
(1860-1949)
, , -. . , . Monograph of the Mycetezoa 1894.
, . ( 1912 1932 ).
(1848-1934)
. , myxomycetes . myxomycetes , , 1891. 1899 . The Myxomycetes, G. W. . 64 .
(1850-1917)
, Kew. , , .
(1850-1925)
. , . , Versuch eines Systems der Mycetezoen (1873) Sluzowce Monographia (1874, 1875) .
II.
1.
1.1. .
19 . :
1-10
11
12, 13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20 - .
1.2.
19 2000. (. 2.4.). , . . , , . . . -10 26 56 . 20 6 1-2 .
2.
5, 9, 12, 13, 18 , .
2.1.
[3].( . . II ).
5 Arcyria pomiformis
9 Paradiacheopsis sp.
12 Arcyria cinerea
13 - Arcyria cinerea
18 Physarium decipiens
2.2.
Arcyria pomiformis
, , 2-3, , , , , , -, -, 2 . , 0,30,7 . , . . , , . ࠠ , , - -, 1/3 1/2 . , , . , , . , , , - , 28 . , .
6(7)8(10) 젠 ., , , , ; .
.
, , .
Paradiacheopsis sp.
, . , , . , . , . , .
Arcyria cinerea
, , , , , , , 0.10.8 젠 , 0.34.0 . , . , , . , , , 0.22 . , , 1521 . , . , - ; , , , . -.
67 ., , , , .
, , -.
, , , 堠 .
Physarium decipiens
( ), , , , . , 0.30.7 . , 2 . , . , , . , , , , . ,
914 ., -, .
.
, .
3.
[2], .2.4.1.
5 20 . 11 (10 ) .
9 . 젠 頠 ( , , , , , ) , ( -2 , ) .
, . Arcyria.
. .., ., , 1981
Myxomycetes: A Handbook of Slime Molds. Steven L. Stephenson. Published by Timber Press.
. myxomycota, . 1. Myxomycetes. .. , -, , 1993.
. .. 2000.
State indicators. State and change of Biodiversity. Russian Academy of Sciences. Institute for the history of science and technology.
. . . . 1988
. . .-. ..
. .. ,
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