. , , ,

,,,

, —

. ..

 

,

 

.-101 . ..

.. ..

..


2001

I.

1.

1.1.

1.2.

1.3.

2.

2.1.

2.2.

2.3.

2.4. .

2.5. Myxomycetes

2.6.

2.7. Myxomycetes

3. ,

II.

1

2

Myxomycota.

, . , , , , .[1]

, , , .

, , .

, : (Protosteliomycetes), c (Myxomycetes), (Plasmodiophoromycetes), , (Acrasiomycetes).

 

1.1 K - Protosteliomycetes

, . , , , , , , (, , . .).

65 . .

( ) , . , . , , , , . , , .

-, (Flagellatae), . , , . . , , Flagellata .

1.2. PLASMODIOPHOROMYCETES.

. , .

{Plasmodiophora brassicae). , , . , , . , , . . . , , , () (), . . .

. ( , ), (, ), , , . . , . - .

, , . (), , . ( ), . ( ). , . , , , . , , , . , , , . . . (1878). , , .

, , - (Spongospora solani). . , . , . .

. ; , , ; , , , , , , . .

 

1.3. , AKPA3ŗACRASIOMYCETES (Dictyostelids)

, ( ), , , . , . ( ), ( ), . ( ), , ( ). .

(Dictyostlium discoideum). , , 0,20,3 38 . ( ) 34 . ( , , , .).

.

MYXOMYCETES

MYXOGASTEROMYCETIDAE

myxomycetes myxa () myketes (), 1833, . , , -, Mycetezoa, mykes () zoon ().[2]

Myxomycetes, , , .. , .

 

(A), . , 1-4 . (B) (C), , . . - . . , (D), . 2 (E), ( ), (F G). , , (H), . , (I). (J). (K) , (L).

, , . .

, . .


Myxomycota

Myxomycetes

Myxogasteromycetidae[3](. . I)

Echinsteliales Echinosteliaceae Echinostelium
Clastodermataceae

Barbeyella

Clastoderma

Liceales Liceaceae Licea
Reticulariaceae

Dictydiaethalium

Lycogala

Reticularia

Tubifera

Cribrariaceae

Cribraria

Lindbladia

Trichiales Dianemaceae

Calomyxa

Dianema

Listerella

Minakatella

Trichiaceae

Arcyria

Arcyodes

Calonema

Cornuvia

Hemitrichia

Metatrichia

Oligonema

Perichaena

Prototrichia

Trichia

Stemonitales Stemonitaceae

Amurochaete

Brefeldia

Colloderma

Comatricha

Diachea

Diacheopsis

Elaeomyxa

Enerthenema

Lamproderma

Leptoderma

Macbrideola

Paradiacheopsis

Stemonitis

Physarales Physaraceae

Badhamia

Badhamiopsis

Cienkowskia

Craterium

Erionema

Fuligo

Leocarpus

Physarum

Protophysarum

Didymiaceae

Diderma

Didymium

Lepidoderma

Mucilago

 

2.3.

. , . . . (, , ) . - , , , . , , .[2]

, , . , . , , , . .

, .

2.4. . .

. , , . 1933, Protococcus . .

2.4.1.

, (1-2 ) . ( , .) , . (Quercus), (Fraxinus), (Ulmus), (Acer) (Carya) . , ; - (Juniperus), . . , . , , .

2.4.2.

, , , . . . . , . .

. (, , ) , , . . . , , , .

. . , .

2.4.3.

. , . , , Echinostelium, 24 48 .

. , ( ), , .

, . . , 16-54 , , . , , .

- , , . .

2.5. Myxomycetes

, , , - , . . . ( ) , . ( ), - .

- . : , , , , . , . , . Cribraria , . Didymium, . . (Drozdowicz, 1977), , .[4]

(, 1993; , 1991; Stephenson, 1994), . (Ainthwors, Bisby, 1995), 70% . , . , , 90 .

2.5.1.

, . , , . Escherichia coli Enterobactor aerogenes . , , ( 1928). , , , .

, , (Cohen 1941), , . (Blackwell 1974). .[2]

, , , ( ) (Lister 1888, Curie 1932). (McManus 1962). , , .

, , , . , . , , . , , ; (Alexopoulos 1960).

2.5.2.

, , , (Pratt 1934, Gray Alexopolous 1968, Stephenson 1988). , . (Eliasson 1981, Blackwell 1984), , , , (Stephenson 1988).

2.5.3.

() . , . , Lycogala epidendrum .

Ceratiomyxa fruticulosais . Metatrichia vesparium (Stephenson 1988). , myxomycetes , . , myxomycetes , (Lazo 1966).

, - (Alexopoulos 1968). . Blackwell Gilbertson (1984) , Physarum straminipes Sonoran - 20o C, 30o C. , , P. straminipes ; . , , , , , (Maimoni-Rodella Gottsberger 1980). , , myxomycetes , 14o C.

- myxomycetes , .

, , 65% , 35% , 84% , , 11% , 5% .[4]

2.5.4.

Myxomycetes , , . myxomycetes - . Leiodidae . . , - (Blackwell 1984, Wheeler 1987). - myxomycetes (Buxton 1954). , myxomycetes, Mycetophilidae, Scaridae Drosophilidae. Epicypta testata, Lycogala epidendrum. Sellier Chassain (1976) , Enteridium lycoperdon Tubifera ferruginosa. , , . , .[2]

2.5.5.

. - hyphomycetes, - . hyphomycetes - . (Stephenson Studlar 1985).

2.5.6.

, myxomycetes . . .

2.6.

, , . , myxomycetes , . . Didymium difforme . .

Arcyria cinerea, A. denudata, Certatiomyxa fruticulosa, Comatricha typhoides, Lycogala epidendrum, Stemonitis fusca - .

2.6.1. Myxomycetes,

2.6.1.1 ,

. . , , , . , , , . , , . . , , . . , , .[4]

 

 

2.6.1.2. Myxomycetes .

Diderma effusum, D. testaceum, Didymium melanospermum, Lamproderma scintillans, Physarum bivalve P. cinereum . Arcyria cinerea , Stemonitis herbatica, , , Cribraria microcarpa .[2]

2.6.1.3.

, 80 myxomycetes , , . . - , , myxomycetes.

, , , .

2.6.1.4.

Thom Raper (1930), Warcup (1950) Indira (1968) . , Feest Madelin (1985, 1988a, 1988b) - . Myxomycetes - . Didymium spp. , (Feest Madelin 1988a).


2.7. Myxomycetes

. 頠 . , , , .. (Reyter, Chastellier, 1977; Madelin, 1984). (Konijn, Koevenig, 1971; Hader, Schrecken-bach, 1984). . , (Hatano et, al. , 1980).[3]

3 : , , (Alexopoulos, 1960). 3 , . . Echinosttlialts Liceales. ( Haskins,1978), (Wollman, Alexopoulos, 1967).

Stemonitals. , , " ; , , ( Collins, 1979).

Physarales (Rammeloo, 1976), Licealee (McManus, l966). , , , , . ( Coll ins, 1079). .

, , . " , , , . , Echinosteliales Physarales.

Trichiales, . , (Indira, 1964; Rammeloo, 1976). .

, (), . , , (Aldrich, Blackwell, 1976). , , , . , (McCormic et al. , 1970).

, . . , ; , , , , - ; () , ; ( ) ; , , , . , .

, , . e . . , . , 頠 젠 " , . , . , . , .   , , , , , .. (Madelin. 1984). , . 2 : . ( Collins,1979).

, (Gray, Alexopoulos, 1968;Collins, 1979;Goodman, 1980; Sauer, 1982; Madelin. 1984).

, , .

. . : , , , . , , .

, , , . , , , . Liceales, Trichiales, Physarales Stemo-nitales, Echinosteliales.

, , . .

, , , () , . -.

, , , , . Liceales. Physarales, Stemonitales Trichiales Echinosteliales.

, , , ࠠ . , , Liceales, Physarales, Trichiales, Stemonitales.

, , . Physarales, . . , Reticularia (. Liceales) , Liceaceae .

, . , , , , , , -, , .. . , , , . , , . .

. . Trihiaceae(Trichiales), Stemonitaceae (Ctemonitales), Physaraceae (Physrales). . Trichiaceae , .  .Arcyria, ichi . Floriformis Metatrichia (M. vesparium). richia, Hemitrichia. . Trichiaceae , .

. Stemonitaceae , , . , . Lamproderma , . Comatricha Stemonitis .

. Physaraceae  . , . , , Physaraum viride . - , , . . , , , . - .

, , . - 2 : Stemonitomycetidae Myxogastromycetidae (Ross, 1957, 1973). , . , , . , , , Diachea. .

. , Comatricha , Macbfideola , Stemonitis . Trichiales . , . , , , - . , Trichia varia .

. . . , (Licea biforis), (L. parasitica), (L. kleistobolus). , Licea . , , : , Cribraria, Dictydium. Cribrariaceae, Dictydiaethalium Reticulariaceae, Craterium Physarae .. , , .   , Licea, .

. . ( Gray, Alexopouios, 1968; Ellis et al., 1973; Keller et al., 1973; Gaither, 1974). Comatricha, Stemonitis , (Ross, 1973). , , . , - . Reticulariaceae (Liceales) , Fuligo, uilg ( Pbysarales). Reticulariaceae (Reticularia), (Lycogala), (ubifra) , (Dictydiaetalium). Dictydium Cribraria, , .

, , ... a priori (, 1907; Martin, Alexopoulos, 1969). , . , Licea, Perichaena, Echinostelium , , , . . , - , Minakatella , Dianemaceae Trichiaceae (Keller et 1., 1973), totrichia (Ellis et 1. , 1973). , , Comatricha Stemonitis Lamproderma Diachea. . Trichiaceae, . Physaraceae.

. . , , , Physarales. ( . Physaraceae) , (Didymium) (Lepidoderma). Trichia contorta, Calomyxa metallica, Metatrichia vesparium ( Nelson et al., 1977). Diachea leucpodia Lepidoderma iridescens ( Stemonitales) , ribrri (Liceales) (Schoknecht, 1975). , richaena , Physarales . , Physarales , richaen . richaena .

, , , , . , (), . , , .

, , , , Eloomyxa (Stemonitales). . Cribrariaceae (Liceales).

. , , Licea. Trichiaceae. Stemonitaceae. , , , . , . Perchaena (Trichiales) , Physarum Diderma (Physarales) . . ( , ) , . Trichia (Rammeloo, 1974).

(), , .  . , . Stemonitaceae. Physarales Diderm, Didimium, Lepidoderma .

() , Craterium Physarum, , . . .

(). , . , .

, . , , . , . ( ), . , , , . . , . . . Echinostelium , , . (). , . Licea, , - ( ) , .

. , . (Schoknecht, Small,1972; Rammeloo, 1974, 1975;1990). , , , . (, , 1989). . , , . - . .

, Liceales Echinosteliales Physarals.

Physarales Stemonitales. , 900, . , 0.8 , . , ࠠ .

Trichiales , Stemonitales , Physarales . : - , , Comatricha irregularis , Lamproderma atrosporum , - 蠠 , , Diahema depressum Protophysarum phloiogenum . , , , , .

3. , .

(1831-1888). . Mycetezoa, , protozoans, . Die Mycetezoen 1859.

(1830-1908)

(1860-1949)

, , -. . , . Monograph of the Mycetezoa 1894.

, . ( 1912 1932 ).

(1848-1934)

. , myxomycetes . myxomycetes , , 1891. 1899 . The Myxomycetes, G. W. . 64 .

(1850-1917)

, Kew. , , .

(1850-1925)

. , . , Versuch eines Systems der Mycetezoen (1873) Sluzowce Monographia (1874, 1875) .

 

II.

1.

1.1. .

19 . :

1-10

11

12, 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 - .

 

1.2.

19 2000. (. 2.4.). , . . , , . . . -10 26 56 . 20 6 1-2 .

2.

5, 9, 12, 13, 18 , .

2.1.

[3].( . . II ).

5 Arcyria pomiformis

9 Paradiacheopsis sp.

12 Arcyria cinerea

13 - Arcyria cinerea

18 Physarium decipiens

2.2.

Arcyria pomiformis

, , 2-3, , , , , , -, -, 2 . , 0,30,7 . , . . , , . ࠠ , , - -, 1/3 1/2 . , , . , , . , , , - , 28 . , .

6(7)8(10) 젠 ., , , , ; .

.

, , .

Paradiacheopsis sp.

, . , , . , . , . , .

Arcyria cinerea

, , , , , , , 0.10.8 젠 , 0.34.0 . , . , , . , , , 0.22 . , , 1521 . , . , - ; , , , . -.

67 ., , , , .

, , -.

, , , 堠 .

Physarium decipiens

( ), , , , . , 0.30.7 . , 2 . , . , , . , , , , . ,

914 ., -, .

.

, .

3.

[2], .2.4.1.

5 20 . 11 (10 ) .

9 . 젠 頠 ( , , , , , ) , ( -2 , ) .

, . Arcyria.

 

. .., ., , 1981

Myxomycetes: A Handbook of Slime Molds. Steven L. Stephenson. Published by Timber Press.

. myxomycota, . 1. Myxomycetes. .. , -, , 1993.

. .. 2000.

State indicators. State and change of Biodiversity. Russian Academy of Sciences. Institute for the history of science and technology.

. . . . 1988

. . .-. ..

. .. ,

 

 

 

! , , , .
. , :