. , , ,

,,,

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: . 1341

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2002.


4

1. , , 充.6

1.1. 6

1.2. . 14

. 14

1.3. . 23

II. , , , ...46

2.1. . 46

2.2. . 46

2.3. , - . 50

2.4. . 57

2.5. . 61

2.6. -. 64

2.7. . 66

. 74


, . , .

. , , .

, .

, . , .

, .

, , .

.

, , :

     , ;

     - .

    

     .

     .

p .

: 60 35-50 , .

 


1. , ,

1.1. 

1.1.1.

. .

, . -, , . , , , , , , , . , , , , , , . -, , . , , , . -, , , , , [1].

, , .

, - " - - - ".

, , . , , . , . , , .

"" (. ergon - + nomus - ) 1949., . 20- "", .

: - " ", - "" .

, , . , . , , . , , , . , , - . , , , , - , [2].

, : , , , , - "-", . - (, , , ) .

. , . .

- . , , . , .

1.1.2.

, , , . , , .

, , . , , , . , .

, , .

. . : , , , , , , [3].

:

*                                                                                                                                        , ;

*                                                                                                                                        - , ;

*                                                                                                                                        , .

*                                                                                                                                        , .

*                                                                                                                                        .

*                                                                                                                                        .

*                                                                                                                                        .

*                                                                                                                                        , .

*                                                                                                                                        , .

*                                                                                                                                        .

*                                                                                                                                        , .

*                                                                                                                                        .

*                                                                                                                                        .[4]

:

                                                                                                                                          ( , , , ).

, . : , , . -, , . , - ( ) , :

                                                                                                                                          (, , , ).

                                                                                                                                          ( , , , , , ).

4. ( - ).

5. ( , ).

6. ( , , , . .).

, - . . ?[5], . [6], , ... , , . : . . . [7] : , , , , , .

. -, , . :

*                                                                                                                                       

*                                                                                                                                       

*                                                                                                                                       

*                                                                                                                                       

*                                                                                                                                       

*                                                                                                                                       

*                                                                                                                                       

*                                                                                                                                       

*                                                                                                                                       

*                                                                                                                                       

*                                                                                                                                       

*                                                                                                                                       

*                                                                                                                                        , , , . .

, , ; , , , , - , .

.

1.2.

, " - - - ". , , , - .

- . , . . , , ( ) . , [8].

, .

, .. , - . - . , . , , ( ).

: (, , ), ( ), ( ) . (, ) .

, , , () , , , . , , - . " - - ".

. , , , " ". , , , , (.. , , , ) - . . .

, . " - - ": ; .

, , , , . , , .. . .

, " - ", , .

1. (). .

2. . , . . , , , (, ). ( ) - , .

3. (, , , ). . .

4. (, ). . , .

, " - ", :

1. , ( ). , .

2. - ( ). , . , , , .

3. - ( ). [9].

, , . , .

,

, , (). , :

- ;

- , .. ;

- .

, , .

: , - ( , ). , .

. , , , . :

1) ; 2) ; 3) .

: , , , , ..

. , , - (, .); , , , , , , .

, : , , .

. , ..

, . , , .. . . , .

, . , . . .

, , .

, . , , , . , . , , ( .. ).

, , , , () .

, .

- . , , .. , .

, , . . . , . , , , .

- - , .. , .

,

, - .

. , .. , . , . , . , .. , , , .

, , , .

, , .

, , . , , .

. , . , , , , , .. - , , .

, ( , ), , , . , . , , , .. , , , .

- . - , . , .

, , , .

1.3.

 

1.3.1.

, - . .., . . . , , , , , .

. , , , , . , , .

. , , , .

. , - , ? "" "" ? . , , . , , , , .[10]

.

( -, -)- , , . . ( ), , . . - ( , , , , .).

, , " ". , - . , . , , . , , , . , , . . , , . , , , . , , , . - , , . , , , . . , , . , , ..

. , . ,[11] " ". , " - ". , , , . - , " ", , , , . , , " ". " ". . " ". , , . " " . . " ". ? , , . , , , . , . , , : , , . .

. , , , . , " ". , , . . , - . , , , . , , . , , . , - . .

, , . , , . , . , - . , . , .

, . " " . , , . , . . , , . " !" . , , . , , . , , , , . . , , " ", , , . , , , . . , , , "" , , ( , , , ). , " ". , , , .

 

1.3.2.

, - : , , , - , , . , ; , . .. [12] :

-, , ., , , . , , , , . ( , , ) .

-, - , . - (). ( ).

, -, , . , . , . , - . , ( , , ). . , , , .

-, - , ( - , , ), , , . , .[13]

, , . - , - , , , . , , , .. .

, , . , - ?

, , - - , . , , : ; ; , ; ; , . , , , , : , , , , - : , , .

, , . , , , . .[14]

, . , . , , . , , . , , , . , , , . .

- :[15]

1.   , .

2.   .

3.   . , , , , .

4.   . . , , , , .

5.   . , - .

6.   . , , . , .

7.   . ( , , ), ( , , ), ( , , ).

8.   . , , .

9.   . , .

10. . , , . , , . , , - , .. : , , , . . , .

11. ( ). . , , .

12. . , , .

 

1.3.3.

: - . , . , . , . , , . .. , , .

.. [16] , , , .. , . , , .

, , .

, , , - [17].

. : ( - , , )- 1) , , , ( ) , ;

2) , 腻.

, , , , . . , , ( ), , ( ). , ( ), , ( , ).

- , , . , , , , .

, , .

, , . . [18] . , , , , - . , . , . , , . , ; . , : , , , .

, , , , . , . , - . ( , ..). , , . , .

, . , , , . , .

, , , . , . , , , , . , , , , , , , . , .

1.3. 4.

, , , , , . , , .

. , -. , - , , . , , , , .[19]

, . , -, , .

( ), . . . , , . , , () , , , .

, , ( ), :

) ;

) .

. , .

[20], , :

1) ( );

2) ( );

3) ( ).

.

, . , , , , . .

:

1) , ;

2) , ; ;

3) , .

, , .

, , . , - , , . , , .

- . ,

;

;

, . , .

, . , . , , .

, . , . , , .

, , , . , , .

[21] , :

1) , , ;

2) , , ;

3) . . : , . , - ;

4) , . , , , , ;

5) ;

6) - , .

, .

-, , . , (I) (II) () () .

, , , . , - , , , .

(I)

54% 36% 10%

73% 24% 3%

 

(II)

4% 44% 52%

19% 38% 41%

, .[22] , , . , . , , ; . . , , , , , , .

, :

1) , . : .

2) .

, :

1) , ;

2) ;

3) , .. ;

4) .

, , . -, , . . , , , .[23]

, , .. . , , .

. , , . , , .

. , , .

.

, , , . , , , , , , , .

, , , , .

, , .

, , , . .

1. :

1.   , , , , , , , , .

2.   - . , , ( ) . .

3.   , . , .

4.   .


II. , , , .

2.1. .

: , , , .

, .

:

1) - .

2) .

3) ;

4) .

p : , .

:60 35-50 , .

1 35-50 30 , 3 .

2 35-50 30 , 5 .

2.2. .

. 1.

- - (): . 2.

, . 3.

2.2.1. -[24]

: - , .

.

. , .

.

-     : , 10 - 15 . , 25 - 30 . (.. 5 . ). ;

-     :

. ;

-     : 5- . ;

-     : 10 - 15 . - ;

-     : . - .

 

2.2.2. [25]

- , , - , .

:

29 - . , .

14-28 - , . , .

13 - - . , .

2.2.3. [26]

,

22 , . 15-30 .

.

.

.

40-50 ;

25-40 ;

15-25 ( );

5-15 ( );

0-5 .

2.2.4.

j- U- .[27]

j-:

U-

- , .

 

2.3. , -

2.3.1. - : 绻.

2.3.1.1. - 1, 3 , 2, 4.

:

- , 4 (..2.1.):

     (6 )-6 ;

     (7-13 ) 12 ;

     (14-28 ) 12 ;

(29 )0

1 13,7 , .

2.3.1.2. 1, 3 , 3, 4

- , 4 :

2( 5 ) (..2.1):

     (6 )-6 ;

     (7-13 ) 8 ;

     (14 -28 ) 16 ;

(29 )0 .

15,06 , - .

2.3.1.3. - (..2.1.)

:

     1 2 , ( 1 12 ; 2 16 ) ( 1 8 ; 2 12 )(..2.1.).

     1 13,7 , 2, 15,06 , .. , 2 - .

     .2.2. , 2, .

:

- .

. 2.4.

2.3.2.

2.3.2.1. , 3 . .2, 4.

5 (..2.3.):

     40-50 ;

     26-40 - 5 ;

     16-25 ( ) 11 ;

     5-15 ( )-9 ;

     0-5 5 .

2.3.2.2. 2, 5 . .3, 4

:

     (..2.3.):

o  40-50 ;

o  26-40 - 8 ;

o  16-25 ( ) 13 ;

o  5-15 ( )-3 ;

o  0-5 6 .

     1 17,3 , , 20,36 , , .. , . , , , , .2.5. .

     .2.4. , 2, .

     :

.

.. , .

2.3.3. -

2.3.3.1. - 1 . .2, 4.

2.3.3.2. , 5 . .3, 4

.

:

) :

1 (<3):

     ( )-8;

     ( )-5 ;

     - ( )-9 ;

     ( )-8

2(>5 ) :

     ( )-7;

     ( )-4 ;

     - ( )-14 ;

     ( )-5 .

) -(..3,4 4, .2.5.) , .

.2.6.

2.4. .

2.4.1. :

, , .

, , - .

:

     ) , .. 1 3 , 2 5 .

     ) , .. 1 3 , 2 5 .

j*- .

2.4.2. :

:

0: 1 3 , 2 5 .

1: 1 3 , 2 5 .

j*  .

2.1.

- 1(<3), (n1=30) 12 12

1 (n1=30) %

40% 40%
- 1(>5 ), (n2=30) 16 8
2 (n2=30) % 53,3% 26,6%
j1* 1,369 1,369
j2* 1,637 1,084
j* 1,03 1,03
>0.1 >0.1
0 0

: : j1,2* j ; j* j; p

2.4.3. 1(<3):

%.1=(/n1)*100%=(12/30)*100%=40 %,

, 14 ; n1 .

2.4.4. j* (. XII, 1, ..):

j*1(40%) =1,369;

j*2(53,3%) =1,637.

2.4.5.. j*:

j*. =(j1*-j*2)* Ö ((n1*n2)/(n1+n2))=

=(1,637-1.369)* Ö(30*30)/(30+30)=0,268*Ö900/60=1,03,

j1*-, ;

j*2-- , ;

n1*,n2 .

2.4.6. j* :

j*.0,05=1,64 (r £ 0,05); j*.0,01=2,31 (r£ 0,01).

2.4.7. :

j*. ³j*., 1.

j*. =1,03 < j*0,05, .. 1 : 1 3 , 2 5 .

2.4.8. Ӡ .2.4.2-2.4.7.

2.4.9. :

0: 1 3 , 2 5 .

1: 1 3 , 2 5 .

2.4.10. Ӡ (..2.3.):

j*. =1,03 < j*0,05, .. 1 : 1 3 , 2 5 .

:

     j* - , : 1 3 , 2 5 .

     j* - , : 1 3 , 2 5 .

.., , 3 5 , , , , - .

2.5. .

. 2.3.2. :

.

.. ,

j*- .

2.5.1. .

:

0: 2 5 , 1 5

1: 2 5 , 1 5

j* .


2.2.

- 1(<3), (n1=30) 5

1 (n1=30) %

16,6%
- 1(>5 ), (n1=30) 8
2 (n2=30) % 26%
j1* 0,839
j2* 1,07
j* 0,89
<0.1

: : j1,2* j , , 26 ; j* j; p

2.5.2.. j*- . 2.4.2-2.4.7.

2.5.3. :

j*. ³j*., 1.

j*. =0,89 < j*0,05, .. 1 : 2 5 , 1 5 .

2.5.4. .

j*- (..2.3.)

, 15 , .. .

2.5.5. :

0: 2 5 , 1 5 .

1: 2 5 , 1 5 .

j* .

2.3.

- 1(<3), (n1=30) 16

1 (n1=30) %

53%
- 1(>5 ), (n1=30) 21
2 (n2=30) % 76%
j1* 1,631
j2* 2,118
j* 1,886
0,03
1

: : j1,2* j , , 15 ; j* j; p

2.5.6 . j*- .2.4.2.-2.4.7.

2.5.7. :

.. j*. =1,886> j*0,05, .. 0 1: 2 5 , 1 3

:

     j* - , : 1 3 , 2 5 .

     ( 15 ) , ( £0,03) 1: 2 5 , 1 3 , .. , , (=0,03) ( 1, ) , , .

.. , , , -, , .

2.6. -

2.6.1.

U- .

: , 1 2 .

2.6.1.1. :

: 2 , 1;

1: 2 , 1.

2.6.1.2. .2.4.

2.4.

1( 3 ) 2( 5 )

59

59

59

58

58

58

58

57

16

14.5

14,5

9,5

9,5

9,5

9,5

5.5

58,8

58,4

57,7

57

56,5

56,2

56

56

13

12

7

5.5

4

3

1.5

1.5

466 88.5 456,6 47.5
58.25 10.06 57,075 5.93

2.6.1.3. U:

2.6.1.4.U.=(n1*n2)+ (n2*(n2+1)/2-=(8*8)+8*(8+1)/2-88,5=11,5,

n ;-

2.6.1.5. U n1,2=8(.II 1, ..):

U.(0,05)=15; U (0,01)=9

2.6.1.6. :

U. £ U, .

:

U.=11,5, U.(0,05)=15, 1 , .. 2, , , 1.

2.7. .

1. : :

     (6 ), (7-13 ) (14-28 ) . (29 ) .

     j* - ., .. -

2. :

     1, 3 , 16,6%, - 30%, - 36,6%, - 16,6%.

     2, 5 , : 26,6%, - 43%, - 9%, - 26,6%.

     j* - .

     ( 15 ) , ( £0,03) , , , , .

.. , , , .

3. -, .

     U- , 2 (£0,05) , ... , , , ( ).

.. , .

:

1.   - ;

2.   j - , , ;

3.   - , .. , .

.. , .


- .

, , , , .

, .

, , , .

, , :

.

:

, : 绻 , .

 

 

1.   .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .. . . . , 1999.

2.   . . . - 1976.

3.   X. . - . - 1996.

4.   . . - M. - 1997.

5.   . . - . - 1988.

6.   P. . - . - 1992.

7.   . . - . - 1984.

8.   . - . - ., , 1997.

9.   . . - . 1997.

10.   . . - .. - 1997.

11.                                                                                                                                                               . . . - ., . ͻ 1998.

12.                                                                                                                                                               ., . - . - ., . ͻ 1997.

13.   . . - . - 1993.

14.   . . . - 1967.

15.   . . . . - 1997.

16.                                                                                                                                                               . . : . -̻, 1997.

17.                                                                                                                                                               .. ? . 1998.

18.   . -/. - 1998.

19.   . . - 1996.

20.   .. . - . - 1986.

21.   . , ., 1970.

22.   X. . . . - 1980.

23.   . . - .-. - 1999.

24.                                                                                                                                                               .. . - ; 1997.

25.   . . - . - 1960.

26.                                                                                                                                                               .., .. : , . . . , 2001.

27.                                                                                                                                                               .. . 1 2 . - ., . 1999.

28.                                                                                                                                                               . .; . . . - . . 1992.

29.                                                                                                                                                               .. . . . ., 2002.

30.   . . - 1979.

31.   . - . - 1998.

32.                                                                                                                                                               , , , / / - . , 2000.

33.   . . - . -1998.

34.                                                                                                                                                               .. .- .2: . . .:.. ѻ,1998.

35.   . . - .. - 1999.

36.                                                                                                                                                               . . ., . л, 1992.

37.   . . - . - 1960.

38.   . . . - 1982.

39.   . . - .-. - 1998.

40.   . : , . - .-. - 1998.

41.                                                                                                                                                               . . - ., ʻ 1998.

42.                                                                                                                                                               .. . -.: - ,1996.

43.   . . - ./. - 1997.

44.   . ., . .. - 1996.

45.   . . - .

46.                                                                                                                                                               ⠠ . - -. 1986.

47.  . . - .-.-1996.

48.                                                                                                                                                               . . - . 1997.

49.   ., . . . . - 1976.

50.   ., . - .-. - 1999.


1

-

. .

, . , . . , , , , . , .

. , .

- , . .

-     : , 10 - 15 . , 25 - 30 . (.. 5 . ). ;

-     :

. ;

-     : 5- . ;

-     : 10 - 15 . - ;

-     : . - .

: , (203283 ), 8, 4 , , , .

. (10 .) . , . . ( ) - . ,

: !, 10 . : . 10 . 8- .

:

1)   ;

2)   ,

5- - .

, .


2

: 绻

- , , - , .

:

84 , 30 .

, .

:

, .

1

10-

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

5

6

7-8

9-10

11-13

14-17

18-22

23-28

29-32

33


:

29 - . , .

14-28 - , . , .

13 - - . , .

 


3

,

22 , . 15-30 .

.

.

.

40-50 ;

25-40 ;

15-25 ( );

5-15 ( );

0-5 .


4

1, 3 .

2

.. -
( 10) /
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
  1. ..
24 25 67 65 66 68 67 66 67 66 /
  1. ..
14 13 62 60 55 58 58 59 55 55 /-
  1. ..
8 27 52 54 58 55 53 54 52 52 /
  1. ..
37 7 59 59 58 56 56 55 55 53 /
  1. ..
16 10 68 69 65 64 65 63 65 64 /-
  1. ..
25 18 49 46 46 45 44 44 44 41 /
  1. ..
34 20 56 55 54 56 55 55 52 52 /
  1. .
3 5 60 61 65 65 63 62 61 61 /
  1. ..
31 22 67 65 65 64 64 63 64 62 /
  1. ..
10 8 52 51 51 48 49 50 50 51
  1. ..
18 12 56 54 54 52 51 53 55 55
  1. ..
16 21 62 62 61 60 60 61 61 60 /
  1. ..
21 5 57 53 52 54 55 53 50 52 /-
  1. ..
3 17 74 74 73 72 71 73 73 75 /-
  1. ..
4 6 68 71 72 72 71 71 71 69 /
  1. ..
6 5 52 54 58 55 55 54 52 51 /
  1. ..
10 12 42 43 43 45 43 43 41 42 /
  1. .
22 8 52 51 51 48 49 50 50 52 /-
  1. ..
14 25 74 75 75 76 77 77 75 76 /
  1. .
25 13 48 48 46 45 46 47 48 48 /-
  1. ..
35 25 62 62 60 59 60 61 61 62 /-
  1. ..
16 13 58 57 58 57 56 56 57 58 /
  1. ..
9 7 56 55 54 52 52 53 54 55 /-
  1. ..
4 5 50 54 58 55 53 54 52 51 /
  1. ..
23 10 49 52 54 54 53 50 50 49 /
  1. ..
8 18 69 68 63 64 62 64 63 63 /-
  1. ..
3 5 50 54 58 55 53 54 52 51 /
  1. .
15 8 71 71 70 71 71 70 70 71 /
  1. ..
40 15 75 75 73 72 71 73 73 75 /-
  1. ..
25 28 56 56 52 52 51 53 52 51 /-
: 519 413 1773 1774 1768 1749 1734 1741 1725 1723

 

17 14 59 59 59 58 58 58 58 57

 

: - ; ӻ- - ; ( ), / ѻ - -


4

2, 5 .

3

.. -
( 10) /
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
.. 18 22 59 59 56 53 52 52 54 50 /-
.. 21 13 64 63 60 61 60 59 61 60 /-
. 16 7 60 61 65 65 63 62 61 61 /
.. 5 5 67 65 66 68 67 66 67 66 /
.. 16 10 58 57 58 57 56 56 57 58 /
.. 18 18 67 65 66 68 67 66 67 66 /
.. 32 5 50 48 46 46 45 46 45 46 /-
.. 4 20 49 52 54 54 53 50 50 49 /
.. 25 22 52 51 51 48 49 50 50 51 /-
.. 35 15 57 58 53 52 50 51 50 50 /
.. 21 23 48 48 46 45 46 47 48 48 /-
.. 25 21 68 69 65 63 64 64 62 64 /-
.. 34 17 59 56 53 52 52 52 50 51 /
.. 25 23 52 48 46 49 48 45 46 47 /-
. 3 6 68 71 72 72 71 71 71 69 /
.. 5 5 60 61 65 65 63 62 61 61 /
.. 17 8 58 57 58 57 56 56 57 58 /
.. 22 12 52 51 51 48 49 50 50 51 /-
.. 38 13 56 55 54 56 55 55 52 52 /
.. 23 25 52 51 51 48 49 50 50 51 /-
.. 40 25 62 62 59 55 56 58 55 55 /
.. 21 15 59 58 56 53 52 52 54 53 /-
.. 20 21 64 64 62 61 60 60 61 60 /-
.. 38 26 67 65 65 64 64 63 64 62 /
.. 5 17 75 75 73 72 71 73 73 75 /-
.. 24 6 49 52 54 54 53 50 50 49 /
.. 9 5 51 53 56 55 52 51 50 50 /
.. 3 8 68 69 65 63 64 64 62 64 /-
.. 22 12 57 53 52 54 55 53 50 52 /-
.. 26 27 57 55 54 53 54 53 52 50 /
: 611 452 1765 1752 1732 1711 1696 1687 1680 1679

 

20 15 58,8 58,4 57,7 57 56,5 56,2 56 56

 

: - ; ӻ- - ; ( ), / ѻ - -



[1] .., .. : , . . . , 2001.

[2] .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .. . . . , 1999.

[3] .. . - ; 1997

[4] ., . - . - ., . ͻ 1997.

[5] .. ? . 1998.

[6] . . - . 1997.

[7] . . : . -̻, 1997.

[8] , , , / / - . , 2000.

[9] .., .. : , . . . , 2001.

[10] . . ., . л, 1992

[11] . , ., 1982

[12] . , - --, 1997.

[13] . , , 1999

[14] ., . . . , 1976

[15] . . ., 1993

[16] . . -, 1997

[17] . , ., 1970.

[18] . . ., 1993

[19] . . ., 1960

[20] . . ., 1960

[21] . . , 1988

[22] . . ., 1960

[23] . . ., 1976

[24] .. . - : - . . , 1994

[25] .. .-.2: . . .:.. ,1998.

[26] .. .-.2: . . .:.. ,1998.

[27] .. .-..., ,1996.

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