,,,
-
: n- , n>2
:
:
2007
6
:
2
3
4
5
6
7
. , , - . . , , .
. , , .
: .
:
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- , ( 1758 ).
31 1730 27 1783 .
1763 , 1768 .
, . , , ( . ) , m n mn .
1848 , 1764 1769 . , : , . .
, .
n- x x-a x=a. ( a , .. .)
, .
1. , , . , 1/x x=0; 1/(x2-25) x=5 x=-5.
, . .
2. , , , . , , , . . .
(1-x) * . x=1 , . , x=1 .
Lim [(1-x) * ] = Lim =1/2.
x→1 x→1
, x=1 (1-x) * . , ½, , .
R x, , . , R x .
( )
f(x) =(x-a)q(x)+R.
x, , x=a.
x a, :
f(a)=(a-a)q(a)+R. (1)
f(a) f(x), .. x, x=a. q(a) q(x) x=a.
R , , R x .
(a-a)q(a) , (a-a) , q(a) . ( q(x) x .)
(1) :
f(a)=R,
.
1.
f(x) (ax+b)
x=-b/a, .. R=f(-b/a).
:
:
f(x)= (ax+b)*q(x)+R.
x=-b/a:
f(-b/a)=(a(-b/a)+b)q(-b/a)+R=R. , R=f(-b/a),
.
2:
a f(x), (x-a) .
:
f(x) (x-a) f(a), a f(x), , f(a)=0, .
, f(x)=0 f, ( ).
3:
f(x) a1, a2 , ,an , (x-a1)(x-an) .
:
. n=1 2. , k, , f(x)
(x-a1)(x-a2)(x-ak), a1, a2,, ak - .
f(x) (k+1) . a1, a2, ak,, (ak+1) , , , (x-a1)(x-ak), ,
f(x)=(x-a1)(x-ak)q(x).
(ak+1) f(x), ..
f(ak+1) = 0.
, x (ak+1), :
f(ak+1)=(ak+1-a1)(ak+1-ak)q(ak+1)=0.
(ak+1) a1,, ak, (ak+1-a1),, (ak+1-ak) 0. , q(ak+1), .. (ak+1) q(x). 2 , q(x) (x-ak+1) .
q(x)=(x-ak+1)q1(x),
f(x)=(x-a1)(x-ak)q(x)=(x-a1)(x-ak)(x-ak+1)q1(x).
, f(x) (x-a1)(x-ak+1) .
, , k=1, n=k , n=k+1. , , .
4:
n n .
:
: f(x) n n - n+k (a1, a2,..., an+k - ), 3 (x-a1)...(x-an+k), (n+k), .
, , n , n , .
5:
f(x) a (f(x)-f(a)) (x-a).
:
f(x) - n, a - .
f(x) : f(x)=(x-a)q(x)+R, q(x) - , f(x) (x-a), R - f(x) (x-a).
:
R=f(a), ..
f(x)=(x-a)q(x)+f(a).
f(x)-f(a)=(x-a)q(x),
(f(x)-f(a))
(x-a), .
6:
a f(x) , f(x) (x-a) .
:
.
1. .
a - f(x), 2 f(x) (x-a) .
f(x) (x-a) , a f(x), .. .
2. .
f(x) (x-a),
R=0, R - f(x) (x-a), R=f(a), , f(a)=0, , a f(x).
, f(x) (x-a) , a f(x).
f(x) (x-a) , a f(x), .
7:
, , .
:
: , f(x)
(xa):
f(x)=(xa)q(x),
(xa), 6 a f(x), . , , , , .
.
, :
;
(a);
(x-a);
;
.
1
x2.
:
R=f(2)=233*22+6*25=3.
: R=3.
2
a x4+ax3+3x24x4 x2?
: R=f(2)=16+8a+128 4=8a+16.
R=0, 8a+16=0, a=-2.
: a=-2.
3
a b ax3+bx273x+102 x25x+6 ?
: x25x+6=(x2)(x3).
x2 x3 , x2 x3, , :
R1=f(2)=8a+4b146+102=8a+4b44=0
R2=f(3)=27a+9b219+102=27a+9b-117=0
:
8a+4b44=0 2a+b=11
27a+9b117=0 3a+b=13
: a=2, b=7.
: a=2, b=7.
4.
a b x4+ax39x2+11x+b
x22x+1?
: x2 2x + 1 = (x 1)2
x1 , :
R1=f(1)=1+a9+11+b=a+b+3=0.
x1:
_ x4+ax39x2+11xa3 x1
x4x3 x3+(a+1)x2+(a8)x+(a+3)
_(a+1)x39x2
(a+1)x3(a + 1)x2
_(a8)x2+11x
(a8)x2(a8)x
_(a+3)xa3
(a+3)xa3
0
x3+(a+1)x2+(a8)x+(a+3) (x1) ,
R2=f(1)=1+(a+1)*1+(a8)*1+a+3=3a3=0.
:
a + b + 3 = 0 a + b =-3
3a 3 = 0 a = 1
: a=1, b=-4
: a=1, b=-4.
5
f(x)=x4+4x25.
1 f(x), , 2 f(x) (x1) :
f(x)/(x1)=x3+x2+5x+5, f(x)=(x1)(x3+x2+5x+5).
x3+x2+5x+5 x=-1 , , 2 x3+x2+5x+5 (x+1) :
_x4+4x25 x1 _x3+x2+5x+5 x+1
x4x3 x3+x2+5x+5 x3+x2 x2 +5
_x3+4x2 _5x+5
x3x2 5x+5
_5x25 0
5x25x
_5x5
5x5
0
(x3+x2+5x+5)/(x+1)=x2+5, x3+x2+5x+5=(x+1)(x2+5).
f(x)=(x1)(x+1)(x2+5).
7 (x2+5) , .. , f(x) .
: x4+4x25=(x1)(x+1)(x2+5).
6
f(x)=x4+324.
f(x) , .. x4 -324, , 7 f(x) .
: .
7
, 4 2 -2.
3, f(x) 4 2 -2, (x4)2(x+2), :
f(x)/(x4)2(x+2)=q(x), ..
f(x)=(x4)2(x+2)q(x),
f(x)=(x28x+16)(x+2)q(x),
f(x)=(x38x2+16x+2x216x+32)q(x),
f(x)=(x36x2+32)q(x).
(x36x2+32) - , f(x) , , Q(x) . Q(x)=1, f(x)=x36x2+32.
: x36x2+32.
8
x4+3x3-13x2-9x+30=0.
301; 2, 3, 5, 6, 10.
(x-2)(x3+5x2-3x-15)=0
(x-2)(x+5)(x2-3)=0
_x4+3x3-13x2-9x+30 x-2
x4-2x3 x3+5x2-3x-15
_5x3-13x2
5x3-10x2
_-3x2-9x
-3x2+6x
_-15x+30
-15x+30
0
: x1=2, x2=-5, x3,4=.
9
x6+x5-7x4-5x3+16x2+6x-12=0.
, , 4 6 .
-12 1; 2; 3; 4; 6; 12.
_x6+x5-7x4-5x3+16x2+6x-12 x-1
x6-x5 x5+2x4-5x3-10x2+6x+12
_2x5-7x4
2x5-7x4
_-5x4-5x3
-5x4+5x3
_-10x3+16x2 _x5+2x4-5x3-10x2+6x+12 x+2
-10x3-10x2 x5+2x4 x4-5x2+6
_6x2+6x _ -5x3-10x2
6x2-6x -5x3-10x2
_12x-12 _ 6x+12
12x-12 6x+12
0 0
x6+x5-7x4-5x3+16x2+6x-12=(x-1)(x5+2x4-5x3-10x2+6x+12)=0
x6+x5-7x4-5x3+16x2+6x-12=(x-1)(x+2)(x4-5x2+6)=0
x4-5x2+6=0 , x1,2=, x3,4=.
: x1,2=, x3,4=, x5=1, x6=-2.
10
x3-5x2+8x-6=0.
-6 1; 2; 3; 6.
_x3-5x2+8x-6 x-3
x3-3x2 x2-2x+2
_-2x2+8x
-2x2+6x
_2x-6
2x-6
0
x3-5x2+8x-6=(x2-2x+2)(x-3)=0
x2-2x+2=0 , , .. D<0.
: x=3.
11
6x3+11x2-3x-2=0.
-2 1; 2.
_6x3+11x2-3x-2 x+2
6x3+12x2 6x2-x-1
_-x2-3x
-x2-2x
_-x-2
-x-2
0
6x3+11x2-3x-2=(6x2-x-1)(x+2)=0
6x2-x-1=0 , x1=½, x2=-⅓.
: x1=½, x2=-⅓, x3=-2.
- , .
, . , , , , , .. , , .
.
2. .. ( ) .
3. ..
4. .., .. .
5. .., - .., - .. .
6. .. .
7. Internet
- : n- , n>2 : :
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