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1 OSI

. 1980 . (ISO) , . " " (OSI), 1984 .

OSI . , ( ), , , , OSI. , , , .

OSI , , , . , , , , .

. . . OSI ; , , .

OSI , (, ) (, ) , . , , , , , "" "".

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, . , , . , , , ( ).

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7) , , , . , , , , , .

, , . , , , . .

. , , . , AppleTalk TCP/IP, OSI, ..

. ( ), , . (LAN) ; , , . .. , . , , .

A , ( ), . , , , , , , , , , , . , , .

. , , "". , .

, , , . (, , - ); , (, "" AppleTalk).

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, , . , . " ", "", " ", "PDU", "", "" - , , .

" " (frame) , . "" (packet) , - . , "" (message) oo , . "" , , .

2 OSI

OSI . . , OSI . OSI, OSI , (, DECnet ppleTalk) (, Internet).

OSI .

End system (ES) " " , .

Intermediate system (IS) " " .

Area "" ; .

Domain "" . , .

, 7- , OSI . OSI . OSI IEEE 802.2, IEEE 802.3, IEEE 802.5, FDDI, X.21, V.35, X.25 .

OSI , . ISO 8473 ( Connectionless Network Protocol - CLNP - ). , ( Connection-Oriented Network Service - CONS) ISO 8208 (X.25 Packet-Level Protocol - X.25, Connection-Mode Network Protocol - CMNP) ISO 8878 ( , ISO 8208, OSI). ISO 8881 , X.25 IEEE 802. OSI , . , , OSI, :

ISO 8648

" " (internal organization of the network level - IONL). , , .

ISO 8348

" " (network service definition). , OSI. . ISO 8348; ISO 8348 1993 .

ISO TR 9575

, , OSI.

ISO TR 9577

, , . , , OSI - (ID) .

, CLNP , . , . , " " (data transfer). - , , .

CLNP , , CLNS ( ) , , , (best effort). , , , , . , . CLNS , . .. CLNS , CLNP, CNLS CLNP .

OSI ISO 8208 ISO 8878. OSI X.25 Racket-Level Protocol . 6 ( , , ). 4 : (request), (indication), (response) (confirmation).

OSI , " " (network service access point - NSAP). NSAP.

NSAP NSAP ( - NSAP). , OSI , , NSAP. , n-selector.

, , , , - ( ). , network entity title (NET) ( ). NET NSAP, n-selector "00". NET, IP, . , , a NET.

NET NSAP . ( ), ( ). NSAP : (initial domain part - IDP) a (domain specific part - DSP). IDP (authority and format identifier - AFI) (initial domain identifier - IDI).

AFI IDI DSP, , IDI DSP . IDI , DSP .

DSP , . , , . , , , , (area) , (ID) (selector) ..

OSI, o , . 5 OSI : 0, 1, 2, 3 4. , 4, OSI . 4 , .

0 OSI, . . , 0 (protocol data unit - PDU) , , , .

1 . PDU , . 1 , DU.

2 . 2 (PDN), . 0 1, 2 PDU.

3 1 2.

4 OSI. 4 Internet; , . 3, 4 . , .

OSI :

OSI , , . , (.. , ) .

(token), . , ES , .

OSI, , . , Abstract Syntax Notation 1 (ASN.1) ( ) OSI, ASN.1 . , .

SI , (application service elements - ASE). ASE . ASE (Association Control Service Element - ACSE), (Remote Operations Service Element - ROSE) (Reliable Transfer Service Element - RTSE). ACSE . ROSE (generic) "/", , (remote procedure calls - RPC). RTSE , . OSI:

Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP) - OSI , SNMP Net View, ES ( ES).

Directory Services (DS) . .500 CITT, , .

File Transfer, Access, and Management (FTAM) , - . , FTAM , FTAM , NetWare Novell, Inc Network File System (NFS) Sun Microsystems, Inc.

Message Handling Systems (MHS) - , , . , MHS NetWare MHS Novell.

Virtual Terminal Protocol (VTP) - . , ES . VTP , , .

3 OSI

(ISO) . ISO (Intermediate System to Intermediate System Intra-Domain Routing Exchange Protocol (IS-IS)) ISO 10589. ISO IS-IS .3S3.3 (ANSI), . ISO, , ISO 9542 (End System to Intermediate System, ES-IS - - ) ISO 10747 (IS-IS Inter-Domain Routing Protocol, IDRP - ).

IS-IS , Digital Equipment Corporation Phase V DECnet. IS-IS CLNP ISO, CLNP, IP. IS-IS Integrated IS-IS (); Dual IS-IS ().

OSI . " " (end system - ES) , ; " " (intermediate system-IS) . OSI ES-IS ( ES IS ) IS-IS ( IS). OSI:

Area () , .

Domain () . , .

Level 1 routing 1.

Level 2 routing Ma 1.

IS-IS OSPF (IP-). . , RIP, (routing hierachies), (path splitting), (type-of-service - TOS), (authentication), ( Integrated IS-IS) .

ES-IS

ES-IS , . ES-IS ES IS . (configuration). .. , ES, ES-IS .

ES-IS :

Point-to-point subnetworks . . .

Broadcast subnetworks . . Ethernet IEEE 802.3.

General-topology subnetworks . . , - n . .25.

. ES (Es hello messages - ESHs) ES IS . IS (IS hello messages - ISH) IS ES . , .

ES-IS . ES-IS IS . IS , . ES-IS - .

ES-IS , . OSI (NSAP), 3 4, (NET), OSI IS. OSI ( - subnetwork point of attachment - SNPA) , ES IS - . SNPA , . Ethernet, , SNPA 48- (). , ES-IS, NSAP SNPA NET SNPA.

IS-IS

IS-IS . , .

IS-IS IS 1 2. IS 1 IS 1, . IS 2 IS . .. IS 1 1; IS 2 1.

IS 2 . , IS 2 IS 2 IS 2. , .. IS 1 IS 2. , .

ES

OSI . ES . ES IS ISH. - ES ES, IS , . . ES , IS ESH . IS (redirect - RD) , . - ES , IS . - ES , IS 1 IS 2. IS 2 , IS 2 . IS , a ES .

IS , ES IS, , . IS, , .. ( ). . .. IS IS, IS . .

()

IS-IS , 1024. . 64. . , , , .

IS-IS () , . (delay) . (expense) , . (error) .

IS-IS (quality-of-service - QOS) CLNP. , IS-IS .

IS-IS :

IS-IS hello packets - IS-IS

Link state packets (LSPs) -

Sequence numbers packets (SNPs) -

IS-IS . 8- , . . , .

.

IS-IS (protocol identifier), IS-IS. (131).

(header length). . 8 , , IS-IS CLNP.

(version), IS-IS.

ID, ID () NSAP, e 1 8 (). , ID 6 . 255 ( ), ID 0 .

(packet type), IS-IS (hello, LSP SNP).

.

(reserved), .

. , e .

, , .

IS-IS

IS-IS IS-IS, , CLNP. IS-IS IS-IS (Dual IS-IS), , IP CLNP.

IS-IS , IS-IS . :

;

;

, - .

IS-IS ; " " (ships in the night). , ( , ). , , .

(IDRP)

IDRP OSI, . CLNP, ES-IS IS-IS. IDRP (BGP), , IP.

IDRP , :

Border intermediate system (BIS) . IS, . IDRP.

Routing domain (RD) . ES IS, , .

Routing domain identifier (RDI) . (RD).

Routing information base (RIB) . , IDRP. BIS RIB , RD BIS. RIB , - BIS.

Confederation . (RD). RD, , RD. RD, . , ; .

IDRP RDI. RDI . BIS RD , , BIS, RD , . , - . , - BIS , BIS. : , - BIS BIS.

IDRP :

CLNP QOS;

RD, ;

, RD ;

;

;

;

RIB.

Web-

: OSI ( 5). 6 HTML-, 10 JPG--. :

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.. : . - .: , 2005.

.. : , , . - : "", 1999.

: . : 3- . - 2 / . . .. , .. , .. . - ; , 2002.

.. Intranet Internet. - .: , 1998.

. Internet WWW HTML. - .: , 2003.

. Web-: . - .: , 2001.

. HTML 4.0. - .: -, 2001.

. Web-: . - .: , 2000.

.., .. . - .: , 1990.

.., .. IP-. - .: , 2000.

Internet (www.citforum.ru ..).


1 OSI . 1980 . (ISO) ,

 

 

 

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