,,,
1 OSI
. 1980 . (ISO) , . " " (OSI), 1984 .
OSI . , ( ), , , , OSI. , , , .
OSI , , , . , , , , .
. . . OSI ; , , .
OSI , (, ) (, ) , . , , , , , "" "".
OSI . . . , , . , , , , , . , .
( )? . , , , -. , , , . , , .
OSI
, OSI, . , , .
1) OSI. , OSI; , OSI. , , ..
, , . , .
2) , , , . .
, , . ( ), .
3) . , , . . . () , , .
4) . . , , .
, . , , . , , , ( ).
5) , , "", . "" ( ).
.. , , , . . .
6) ( - ) . , ( ), , ( ), , .
7) , , , . , , , , , .
, , . , , , . .
. , , . , AppleTalk TCP/IP, OSI, ..
. ( ), , . (LAN) ; , , . .. , . , , .
A , ( ), . , , , , , , , , , , . , , .
. , , "". , .
, , , . (, , - ); , (, "" AppleTalk).
, , . , . " ", "", " ", "PDU", "", "" - , , .
" " (frame) , . "" (packet) , - . , "" (message) oo , . "" , , .
2 OSI
OSI . . , OSI . OSI, OSI , (, DECnet ppleTalk) (, Internet).
OSI .
End system (ES) " " , .
Intermediate system (IS) " " .
Area "" ; .
Domain "" . , .
, 7- , OSI . OSI . OSI IEEE 802.2, IEEE 802.3, IEEE 802.5, FDDI, X.21, V.35, X.25 .
OSI , . ISO 8473 ( Connectionless Network Protocol - CLNP - ). , ( Connection-Oriented Network Service - CONS) ISO 8208 (X.25 Packet-Level Protocol - X.25, Connection-Mode Network Protocol - CMNP) ISO 8878 ( , ISO 8208, OSI). ISO 8881 , X.25 IEEE 802. OSI , . , , OSI, :
ISO 8648
" " (internal organization of the network level - IONL). , , .
ISO 8348
" " (network service definition). , OSI. . ISO 8348; ISO 8348 1993 .
ISO TR 9575
, , OSI.
ISO TR 9577
, , . , , OSI - (ID) .
, CLNP , . , . , " " (data transfer). - , , .
CLNP , , CLNS ( ) , , , (best effort). , , , , . , . CLNS , . .. CLNS , CLNP, CNLS CLNP .
OSI ISO 8208 ISO 8878. OSI X.25 Racket-Level Protocol . 6 ( , , ). 4 : (request), (indication), (response) (confirmation).
OSI , " " (network service access point - NSAP). NSAP.
NSAP NSAP ( - NSAP). , OSI , , NSAP. , n-selector.
, , , , - ( ). , network entity title (NET) ( ). NET NSAP, n-selector "00". NET, IP, . , , a NET.
NET NSAP . ( ), ( ). NSAP : (initial domain part - IDP) a (domain specific part - DSP). IDP (authority and format identifier - AFI) (initial domain identifier - IDI).
AFI IDI DSP, , IDI DSP . IDI , DSP .
DSP , . , , . , , , , (area) , (ID) (selector) ..
OSI, o , . 5 OSI : 0, 1, 2, 3 4. , 4, OSI . 4 , .
0 OSI, . . , 0 (protocol data unit - PDU) , , , .
1 . PDU , . 1 , DU.
2 . 2 (PDN), . 0 1, 2 PDU.
3 1 2.
4 OSI. 4 Internet; , . 3, 4 . , .
OSI :
OSI , , . , (.. , ) .
(token), . , ES , .
OSI, , . , Abstract Syntax Notation 1 (ASN.1) ( ) OSI, ASN.1 . , .
SI , (application service elements - ASE). ASE . ASE (Association Control Service Element - ACSE), (Remote Operations Service Element - ROSE) (Reliable Transfer Service Element - RTSE). ACSE . ROSE (generic) "/", , (remote procedure calls - RPC). RTSE , . OSI:
Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP) - OSI , SNMP Net View, ES ( ES).
Directory Services (DS) . .500 CITT, , .
File Transfer, Access, and Management (FTAM) , - . , FTAM , FTAM , NetWare Novell, Inc Network File System (NFS) Sun Microsystems, Inc.
Message Handling Systems (MHS) - , , . , MHS NetWare MHS Novell.
Virtual Terminal Protocol (VTP) - . , ES . VTP , , .
3 OSI
(ISO) . ISO (Intermediate System to Intermediate System Intra-Domain Routing Exchange Protocol (IS-IS)) ISO 10589. ISO IS-IS .3S3.3 (ANSI), . ISO, , ISO 9542 (End System to Intermediate System, ES-IS - - ) ISO 10747 (IS-IS Inter-Domain Routing Protocol, IDRP - ).
IS-IS , Digital Equipment Corporation Phase V DECnet. IS-IS CLNP ISO, CLNP, IP. IS-IS Integrated IS-IS (); Dual IS-IS ().
OSI . " " (end system - ES) , ; " " (intermediate system-IS) . OSI ES-IS ( ES IS ) IS-IS ( IS). OSI:
Area () , .
Domain () . , .
Level 1 routing 1.
Level 2 routing Ma 1.
IS-IS OSPF (IP-). . , RIP, (routing hierachies), (path splitting), (type-of-service - TOS), (authentication), ( Integrated IS-IS) .
ES-IS
ES-IS , . ES-IS ES IS . (configuration). .. , ES, ES-IS .
ES-IS :
Point-to-point subnetworks . . .
Broadcast subnetworks . . Ethernet IEEE 802.3.
General-topology subnetworks . . , - n . .25.
. ES (Es hello messages - ESHs) ES IS . IS (IS hello messages - ISH) IS ES . , .
ES-IS . ES-IS IS . IS , . ES-IS - .
ES-IS , . OSI (NSAP), 3 4, (NET), OSI IS. OSI ( - subnetwork point of attachment - SNPA) , ES IS - . SNPA , . Ethernet, , SNPA 48- (). , ES-IS, NSAP SNPA NET SNPA.
IS-IS
IS-IS . , .
IS-IS IS 1 2. IS 1 IS 1, . IS 2 IS . .. IS 1 1; IS 2 1.
IS 2 . , IS 2 IS 2 IS 2. , .. IS 1 IS 2. , .
ES
OSI . ES . ES IS ISH. - ES ES, IS , . . ES , IS ESH . IS (redirect - RD) , . - ES , IS . - ES , IS 1 IS 2. IS 2 , IS 2 . IS , a ES .
IS , ES IS, , . IS, , .. ( ). . .. IS IS, IS . .
()
IS-IS , 1024. . 64. . , , , .
IS-IS () , . (delay) . (expense) , . (error) .
IS-IS (quality-of-service - QOS) CLNP. , IS-IS .
IS-IS :
IS-IS hello packets - IS-IS
Link state packets (LSPs) -
Sequence numbers packets (SNPs) -
IS-IS . 8- , . . , .
.
IS-IS (protocol identifier), IS-IS. (131).
(header length). . 8 , , IS-IS CLNP.
(version), IS-IS.
ID, ID () NSAP, e 1 8 (). , ID 6 . 255 ( ), ID 0 .
(packet type), IS-IS (hello, LSP SNP).
.
(reserved), .
. , e .
, , .
IS-IS
IS-IS IS-IS, , CLNP. IS-IS IS-IS (Dual IS-IS), , IP CLNP.
IS-IS , IS-IS . :
;
;
, - .
IS-IS ; " " (ships in the night). , ( , ). , , .
(IDRP)
IDRP OSI, . CLNP, ES-IS IS-IS. IDRP (BGP), , IP.
IDRP , :
Border intermediate system (BIS) . IS, . IDRP.
Routing domain (RD) . ES IS, , .
Routing domain identifier (RDI) . (RD).
Routing information base (RIB) . , IDRP. BIS RIB , RD BIS. RIB , - BIS.
Confederation . (RD). RD, , RD. RD, . , ; .
IDRP RDI. RDI . BIS RD , , BIS, RD , . , - . , - BIS , BIS. : , - BIS BIS.
IDRP :
CLNP QOS;
RD, ;
, RD ;
;
;
;
RIB.
: OSI ( 5). 6 HTML-, 10 JPG--. :
-
.. : . . - .: , 1999.
.., .. . - .: , 2001.
.. : . - .: , 2005.
.. : , , . - : "", 1999.
: . : 3- . - 2 / . . .. , .. , .. . - ; , 2002.
.. Intranet Internet. - .: , 1998.
. Internet WWW HTML. - .: , 2003.
. Web-: . - .: , 2001.
. HTML 4.0. - .: -, 2001.
. Web-: . - .: , 2000.
.., .. . - .: , 1990.
.., .. IP-. - .: , 2000.
Internet (www.citforum.ru ..).
Copyright (c) 2024 Stud-Baza.ru , , , .