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FTP (File Transfer Protocol ) . 7 FTP. , FTP-pecypca : ftp://ftp.netscape.com
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Gopher , 1991 . World Wide Web Gopher ( ) . Gopher WWW, , 4. - Gopher . Gopher , , , telnet- WAIS.
Gopher , . Golden Gophers ( ).
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OSI . " " (end system - ES) , ; " " (intermediate system-IS) . OSI ES-IS ( ES IS ) IS-IS ( IS). OSI: Area () , . Domain () . , . Level 1 routing 1. Level 2 routing Ma 1. 7 " OSI" . IS-IS OSPF (IP-). . , RIP, (routing hierachies), (path splitting), (type-of-service - TOS), (authentication), ( Integrated IS-IS) . ES-IS ES-IS , . ES-IS ES IS . (configuration). .. , ES, ES-IS . ES-IS : 1) Point-to-point subnetworks - . . . 2) Broadcast subnetworks - . . Ethernet IEEE 802.3. 3) General-topology subnetworks - . . , - n . .25. . ES (Es hello messages - ESHs) ES IS . IS (IS hello messages - ISH) IS ES . , . ES-IS . ES-IS IS . IS , . ES-IS - . ES-IS , . OSI (NSAP), 3 4, (NET), OSI IS. OSI ( - subnetwork point of attachment - SNPA) , ES IS - . SNPA , . Ethernet, , SNPA 48- (). , ES-IS, NSAP SNPA NET SNPA. 8 ESH ISH. IS-IS IS-IS . , .
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