,,,
1. . :
, ( ).
. () () .
I- : . .
II- ( ):
.
F12 = k*|q1q2|/r122
F12 ;
k = 1/(4pe0e); e ³ 1;
e - ;
e0 = 8,85*10-12 /;
e0 =1/(4p*9*109).
N, ,
F = åF1i, i = 1 ¸ N.
2. :
, , E = F / q.
, F.
. :
= (1/4pe0)*(q/r2), q , .
, , , , , .
/.
: , .
3. :
I- : . .
II- ( ):
.
F12 = k*|q1q2|/r122
F12 ;
k = 1/(4pe0e); e ³1;
e - ;
e0 = 8,85*10-12 /;
e0 =1/(4p*9*109).
8. :
. , .
, - , , . (1)
, .
, (2).
, r, (4pr2). (1), = (1/4pe0)*(q/r2), - (1/4pe0)*(q/r2)* (4pr2) = q/e0. , , , (2), , , , .
5. :
+q q, l , . , , .
, r+ = r a cos u, ࠠ r- = r + a cos u.
Er Eu:
Er = 1/(4pe0)*(2p.cosu)/r3;
Eu = 1/(4pe0)*(p.sinu)/r3, p = q.l , . .
E2 = Er2 + Eu2 Þ E = 1/(4pe0)*p/r3* *Ö(1+3.cos2u).
, u = p/2, , :
E^ = 1/(4pe0)*p/r3, Er = 0, E^ .
|
|
|
|
|
|
dr
|
dE = k*(tdl)/L2
dE1 = dE.cosa = dE(x/4) = =k*t*(x.dl)/(R2+x2)3/2 2pR
E1 = òdE1 = k*t*(x.dl)/(R2+x2)3/2 0òdl = = (2pRtkx)/(R2+x2)3/2 = =k*(Q.x)/ (R2+x2)3/2.
|
dr
|
|
|
|
|
|
g -
dQ = gdS = g2prdr
dE1 = k*(dQx)/(r2+x2)3/2 = =kg2p*(xrdr)/(r2+x2)3/2
E1 = kg2px*0òRrdr/(r2+x2)3/2 = =-kg2px(r2+x2)-1/20ôR = =kg2px(1/x1/Ö(R2+x2)) = kg2p(1 x/Ö( R2+x2)).
x<<R, E1 = kg2p .
E = 2pg/(4pe0) = g/(2e0).
9. :
] $ .
= SòdS S ( ).
a - S.
+ , a - , -, a - .
n , .
= SòEdS = /E S / = =SòEndS.
, ,
= ò EdS = ò (q0/(4pr2e0))dS.
. , = (q0/(e04pr2)).òdS = =q0/e0.
, , = q0/e0 , .. , , .
, , , , .. = q0/e0.
10. , .
:
= òndS, En = E1 + E2 + E3 + + = SEni, i = 1 ¸ N.
= oòSEnidS = Sò EnidS = S(qi/e0) = = (Sqi)/e0, i = 1 ¸ N.
( -) : () , , e0.
] r, q = VòrdV. = oòEdS = /E S / = 1/(e0e)*VòrdV, V , , .
e - - , (e = 1 / ).
:
- .
- , , .
= e0eE / /;
= SòdS = / S / = =VòrdV - .
11. :
g.
n
E
E E
E E
, . . oò EndS = (åq)/e0.
, .. . a .
oò EndS = S..ò EndS + S.ò EndS = = /a.. = 900/ = S.ò EndS = E Sò dS = = E 2S = / - / = (1/e0).g.S.
= g/(2e0).
12. :
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
, Eå = g/e0.
13. :
|
|
|
|
|
q .
q = l.t q = g.2pR.l
E = t/(2pe0r)
E
Er
~1/r
r
R
|
|
|
|
|
n
E
= E S..òdS = E2prl
q = rV = rpR2l = 1/e0 rpR2l
E = (rR2)/(e02r).
r
l
R
q = rpr2l
= E2prl = (1/e0) rpr2l
E = (rr)/(2e0)
e1 e2, e0*e1(2)
E
1
2
3
r
1 - e1 > e2;
2 - e1 = e2;
3 - e1 < e2.
14. ():
g R:
|
|E| - const;
= SoòEndS = E oòdS = E 4pr2 = = (1/e0) g4pR2
q = g 4pR2
E = (gR2)/(e0r2) = q/(4pe0r2)
E = 0
E
Er
~1/r
r
R
g R:
= 4pr2 = (r/e0) 4/3 pR3
q = rV = r 4/3 pR3
E = (gR2)/(e0r2) = q/(4pe0r2)
E = (rr)/(3e0e1)
E
1
Er
2
r
R
r(r):
E = q/(4pe0e2r2)
dq = r(r) 4pr dr
r ;
q = 0òRr(r) 4pr2 dr
E = (4p 0òRr(r) 4pr2 dr)/ /(4pe0e2r2); r
E = (4p 0òr(r) 4pr2 dr)/ /(4pe0e1r2);
:
E = (4p R1òR2r(r) 4pr2 dr)/ /(4pe0e2r2); r
E = (4p R1òr(r) 4pr2 dr)/ /(4pe0e1r2).
15. (j):
]$ , q. ]$ q, :
F = 1/(4pe0)*(qq)/r2
, q ,
A12 = 1ò2 F(r)dr = (qq)/(4pe0)r1òr2dr/r2.
, :
A12 = Wp1 Wp2.
, Wp = 1/(4pe0)*(qq)/r.
q q. , Wp Wp, Wp/q .
j = Wp/q = 1/(4pe0)*q/r , , .
]$ , N . , q, , qN q :
A = i = 1åNAi, Ai = = 1/(4pe0)*(qiq/ri1 - qiq/ri2), ri1 - qi q, ri2 qi q.
Wp q :
Wp = 1/(4pe0)*i = 1åN(qiq)/ri ,
j = 1/(4pe0)*i = 1åN(qi/ri), , , , .
q, j
Wp = qj,
A12 = Wp1 Wp2 = q(j1 - j2).
j , A¥ = qj, j , .
16. :
j.
, :
F = qE, Wp = qj.
,
E = - j/x - j/y - j/z, .. :
Ex = -j/x, Ey = -j/y, EZ = -j/z, l: l = = -j/l, .. l.
j = 1/(4pe0)*q/r = / / = 1/(4pe0)*q/Ö(x2+y2+z2).
:
j/x = -q/(4pe0)*x/r3;
j/y = -q/(4pe0)*y/r3;
j/z = -q/(4pe0)*z/r3.
:
E = 1/(4pe0)*q/r2.
, q 1 2, , A12 = 1ò2qEdl A12 = q(j1 - j2), , j1 - j2 = 1ò2Edl. j1 = j2, : oò Edl = 0.
17. :
, , . j(x, y, z) = const.
dl, dj = 0. , , , 0, .. . .. .
. , (Dj = const). .
r, . , .
18. :
. .
]$ :
() 1
- +
- +
- +
- +() 2
- +
- +
-- +
- +
+
- +
0, .. .
j1 - j2 = 0, , .
.
t
j
t.
dj/dt = -Et, ( dj/dt = 0) .
q
= 0
E ~ g
(g - )
, = 0, , .
, = 1/R.
E ~ g ~ C ~ 1/R.
19. , :
, . .
= q/j.
( ):
: q
j = 1/(4pe0)*q/R
C = q/j = 4pe0R
R j
, = Dq/Dj.
-Dq
R
Dq
E+
X E-
+Dq
l
R
Dj - , .
l>>R, .
Dj = j1 - j2
j1 - j2 = Ròl-R Edx
E = E+ + E- = k*Dq/x2 + k*Dq/(l-x)2
:
= 4pe0R
:
q+ q- C = Dq/(j1 - j2) =
= (Dqe0S)/(Dqd) =
= e0S/d
j1 - j2 = E*d =
= gd/e = (Dqd)/(e0S)
j1 j2
:
R1
R2
+q
-q
j1 - j2 = R1òR2E+dr = = Dq/(4pe0) * R1òR2 (1/r2)dr = = Dq/(4pe0)*(1/R1 1/R2).
C = (4pe0eR1R2)/(R2-R1).
20. :
. , .
, , . , .
, .
( ).
= +
,
0 = <> = <> + <>
<> = E
:
E = E0 + E
= 0 = <>.
, , .
.
q- l q+
r- r+
r- = (i = 1åNriqi-)/( i = 1åNqi-)
r+ = (j = 1åNrjqj+)/( j = 1åNqj+)
. . , , . .
21. :
:
|
E
l +q
Fk
M a
Fk (X)-q
M = Fk*l*sina = q*E*l*sina = = P*E*sina, P .
M = [P x E]
M
dA = Mda = P*E*sina da
dA = dW
W = -P E cosa = -(P E)*
* - c .
:
|
l
-q DX
F-
DF = (F+) (F-) = q*DE = = q*E/X*l*cosa = P*E/X*cosa = = / , a, , / = = (PEcosa)/X = -W/X.
22. :
, .
P = (i = 1åNPi)/DV
(-+)(-+) (-+)(-+)
(-+)(-+) (-+)(-+)
(-+)(-+) (-+)(-+)
(-+)(-+) (-+)(-+)
(-+)(-+) (-+)(-+)
(-+)(-+) (-+)(-+)
(-+)(-+) (-+)(-+)
(-+)(-+) (-+)(-+)
(-+)(-+) (-+)(-+)
g.
P = He0E
H ;
.
E
DS l
n
P
n
d
-g +g
P*DV .
DV = DS*l*cosa
P*DV = P*DS*l*cosa = q*l
q = g*DS
P*DS*cosa*l = g*DS*l
P*cosa = g
g = He0E, .
= 0 + Œ
:
= e0 + = e0E + He0E =
= (1 + H)e0E = ee0E.
23. :
+g0 -g0
0
- +
- +
- +
g0 , 0 ();
, e.
0 = g0/e0
= 0 Œ = g0/e0 - g/e0 = = 1/e0(g0 - g);
E = E0 HE E*(1 +H) = E0 E = E0/(1+H) = E0/e;
= e0eE = e0E, .. , .
E = 1/e0*(g0 - g) = E0/e =g0/(e0e);
gC = g0*(e - 1)/e.
25. :
, . .
.
:
1) , .
2) .
3) ():
P
1
Pr 2 3
E
EC
D , P D , . .
(2), , Pr. , .
.
$ , , .
26. :
Et1
e1
n1
En1 a1
dh
Et2
a2
En2 n2
e2
dh 0 S. .
n2*S*cos0o + n1*S*cos180o + = 0, = 0, .. dh 0;
n2*S - n1*S = 0 n2 = n1 e0e2En2 = e0e1En1 En2/En1 = e1/e2.
n , n .
dh 0:
E1t
E1
Et2 l
Et1
E2
E2t
E1t l cos0o + E2t l cos180o + + E dh cos90o = 0;
Et1 = Et2; t1/(e0e1) = t2/(e0e2) t1/ t2 = e1/e2 (1 1 , 2 2);
tga1/tga2 = (Et1/ En1)*(En2/Et2) = = En2/En1 = e1/e2.
27. :
, .
w = W/V ;
w = dW/dV - .
[w] = /3;
w :
W = CU2/2 = (e0eSU2)/(2d), 堠 U ;
d ;
V = S*d;
w = W/V =(e0eSU2)/(2d*Sd) = = (e0eU2)/(2d2);
U/d = E;
w = (e0eE2)/2 = E/2 = 2/(2e0e)
w = 1/2 S .
, w , .
W = VòwdV .
:
W = q1*j2 = (q1q2)/(4pe0er) , .
:
Wi = 1/2 qiji;
N :
W = 1/2 i=1åNqiji, i ³ 2.
28. :
, . , l. , , , .
:
<u> = Ö(8kT)/(pm), <u> 105 /.
, <u>, <u>:
j = ne<u>, j ; <u> 10-3 /.
.
<(u + u)2> = <u2 + 2uu + u2> = = <u2> + 2<uu> + <u2> Û
Û <(u + u)2> = <u2> + <u2>, <Dek> = (m<u2>)/2.
29. :
/ / , , , . , .
] v0 w. , w. , E = -mw/e, .. :
j1 - j2 = 1ò2Edl = -1ò2(mw)/edl = = -mwl/e, l . I = (j1 - j2)/R.
q = òdq = -u0ò0ml/(eR)du = = (m/e)*(lu0/R), , .
, , .
30. :
, , . 1853 , s . , , .
:
H = 1/3 nmulCV, V = 3/2 (k/m), H = 1/2 nkul.
H/s = (kmu2)/e2 = 3(k/e)2T = = 2,23*10 ¾ 8*T.
31. , :
, , , . (, ), () ( ).
, , . , , .
, $ . . v , .. , = 0. v u. .. u = v + u, .. <v> = 0, <u> = <u>.
. .
. , , , , .. .
I = dq/dt, dt , dq.
- + . + ¾ ,
I = dq+/dt + |dq¾|/dt.
+ .
. , . j. { dI, dS^} { }:
j = dI/dS^, u.
, , :
I = q/t, q , t.
I = [A].
:
, . . , j, .. . . .
, . , + , .
e = A/q.
F = E**q, * - .
, , + , ():
U12 = j1 - j2 + e12.
, , , :
U = j1 - j2.
, , .
32. , , :
: , , , U .
I = (1/R)*U, .. , U = j1 - j2; R .
[A] = []/[B].
, . :
R = r(l/S), l , S , r - , .
r = [*].
j ( ) . ,
j = (1/r)*E = sE ( ), s - .
:
, , , :
Q = Uit = / / = RI2t, .
, - t: Q = 0òt RI2dt.
- :
dQ = RI2dt = ((rdl)/dS)(jdS)2dt = = rj2dVdt, dV = dS*dl.
dV dt, - , . V . t:
Q = rj2 .
33. :
, , *, . :
j = s(E + E*) .
, :
1 2:
S
1 2
dL
, j, s, E, E* , ^ 12, ; j, E * .
dl j, E *, :
(*) jL = s(EL + EL*), , + ¾, dL.
- , I = jLS 1 2.
(*) : j = I/S, s = 1/r, :
I(r/S) = EL + EL*, :
I1ò2(r/S)dL = 1ò2ELdL + 1ò2EL*dL Û
Û IR = j1 - j2 + e12 Û Û I = (j1 - j2 + e12)/R .
, .. j1 = j2, : I = e/R, R c .
34. . :
, , 2 . , , .
: , , 0:
åIK = 0, ( ), j 0.
: :
() 2
R1 R2
e1 + + e2
¾
¾
() R3 ()
1 ¾ + 3
:
I1R1 = j1 - j2 + e1,
I2R2 = j2 - j3 + e2, +
I3R3 = j3 - j4 + e3,
I4R4 = j4 - j1 + e4.
åIKRK = åeK II -.
I1 I2
I3
R1 R2 R3
+ +
- -
j1 0 j2
e1 e2
C
I1R1 + I3R3 = -e1
I1R1 + I2R2 = -e1 +e2
35. :
, . , , (), . (), D .
, , . .
, .
- , , .
:
, , Bi, ; = å Bi.
ôô :
f = k(2I1I2)/l, l .
1 , ôô , 1, , 2*10¾7/.
1 , 1 1.
f = [m0/(4p)]*(2I1I2)/l
2*10¾7 = [m0/(4p)]*2(1*1)/1 m0 = 4p*10¾7 (/).
.
.
I n
, . () .
a = 90 m - ;
a = 0 m = 0;
m ~ I ü
ý m ~ I*S
m ~ S þ
. . : PM=I*S*n
mMAX/PM ~ B.
36. :
, .
I
dB
r
a
dl
:
dH = k(I[dl x dr])/r3 , .
[H] = /; [B] = .
I
(X)
a
da
r
dr
dL
dH = k(I*dL*sina)/r2
dL = dr/sina = rdr/sina = bda/sin2a
r2 = b2/sin2a
dH = I/(4p)*(bda)/sin2a*(sin2a/b2)*sina = = I/(4p)*(sina da)/b;
p
H = I/(4pb) 0ò sina da = I/(2pb);
H = I/(2pb) .
I
a1
a2
H = [I/(4pb)]*(cosa1-cosa2)
37. :
I
(X)
a
da
r
dr
dL
dH = k(I*dL*sina)/r2
dL = dr/sina = rdr/sina = bda/sin2a
r2 = b2/sin2a
dH = I/(4p)*(bda)/sin2a*(sin2a/b2)*sina = = I/(4p)*(sina da)/b;
p
H = I/(4pb) 0ò sina da = I/(2pb);
H = I/(2pb) .
I
a1
a2
H = [I/(4pb)]*(cosa1-cosa2)
.
I
:
dH
dl R r
X
dH = 1/(4p)*(Idl)/R2
2pR
H = I/(4pR)*0ò dl = I/(2R)
dH ôô = dH sina = dH(R/r)
dH ôô = 1/(4p)*(Idl)/r2*R/r
Hôô = 1/(4p)*(2pR2I)/r3 = = 1/(4p)*(2pm)/r 3, x >> R
Hôô = 1/(4p)*(2pm)/x3
Hôô = 1/2*(2pR3I)/(R2 + x2)3/2, 蠠 (x >> R).
H1
Hå
H H2
I I
1 2
, , , ôô .
38. :
.
I
1 2
1 2
4 3
oòH dl = 1ò2Hdl + 2ò3Hdl + 3ò4Hdl + + 4ò1Hdl;
H1ò2dl = H*l = Inl;
H = I*n, n .
.
0.
H1 2 = 0.
39. . :
, , , q, v . F v .
F = q*[v x B];
.
F
B1 q1 v1
(*) ( )
B2
(x) ( ) v2
q2
F
F = q*[v x B];
F = q*[v x B] + q*E
F = 1/(4pe)*(q1q2)/r2
F = qvB = qv*(m0/4p)*(v/r2)*q2 (?)
B2 = m0/(4p)*(I2dl)/r2 = = m0/(4p)*(q2/dt)*(dl/r2) = m0/(4p)*(q2v)/r2
F/F = m0e0v2 = v2/C2.
:
F = e [(u + u), B];
u - ;
u ;
<F> = e [<u>, B];
dV = S*dl;
F = <F>*nS*dl = en [<u>, B] S*dl;
en <u> = j;
F = [j, B] dV;
F. . = F/dV = [j x B];
j*S*dl = I*dl;
dF = I [dl x B] .
40. , :
a
b
FA FA B
(x) (*)
I
FA = IaB
M = IabB = ISB = PMB, . (?)
FA
b
FA
a
(X) n (X) B
FA
FA
F = I [l x B];
M = [PM B];
:
dh
dl1 dl2
B
I
I a
a1
dl1(X)F dl2(*) F
a2 B
I
dF1 = I dl1B sina1 = IB dh
dF2 = I dl2B sina2 = IB dh
dM = dF*a = Iba dh = IB dS
M = ISB = PMB
M = [PM B]
dA = M da = PMB sina da
dA = dWp
A = Wp = 0òaM da = -PMB cosa + const .
a = p/2 Wp = const = 0
Wp = -PMB cosa = -(PM B)
41. :
I
+ I
l
¾ FA
(X) B
I dx
dA = FA dx = IB (l dx) = IB dS = I d;
d , .
() ^ ,
dA = Ibl cosa dx = IBn dS = I d, ..
d = B dS = B cosa dS = Bn dS
, .
I.
1 2
I I
0
(X) B
2 2
A1 = I ( 0)
2 = I (0 K) (?)
A = A1 + A2 = I ( ) = I D.
I
(X) B
A = -IBS IBS = -2IBS.
42. :
- .
.
B = B0 + B.
, - (i=1åNPMi)/DV:
J = (i=1åNPMi)/DV
[ J ] = A/;
J = c H, c - .
c = c/r = [ 3/], r - .
c = c*n [3/].
44. :
3 :
1) (c < 0, 10¾7¸10¾8 (3/));
2) (c > 0, 10¾6¸10¾7 (3/));
3) (c < 0, 103¸104 (3/)).
. , .
H = B/m0 J = B/m0 - cH
H(1 + c) = B/m0
H = B/(m0m); m = 1 + c.
:
B0
(X)(X)
(X)(X)
(X)(X) B
dl
B = B0 + B
B = m0*Il
dPM = Il*S*dl
dPM/dV = J = Il
B = B0 + m0J
H = B/m0 J = B0/m0 = H0 ()
H = H0 H0, 0 ;
H0 = N*J ( )
N = 1 ;
N = 1/3 .
, .
45. :
n
B
m1
b
m2
n
oò BdS = -Bn1S + Bn2 + <Bn>S = 0, (<Bn>S) = 0;
B1n = B2n
.
m0m1H1n = m0m2H2n
H1n/H2n = m2/m1
a1
m1 I a
b
m2 I
a2
m1 > m2
oòH dl = H1t*a - H2t*a + <H>*2b = 0
H1t = H2t
B1t/(m0m1) = B2t/(m0m2) Û B1t/B2t = = m1/m2
tg a1/tg a2 = m1/m2.
46. :
:
u
M r PM
堠
I = en = e (w/2p) = e [u/(2pr)] , .
L = Jw = mr2*u/r = mur . (m - ?)
L M:
PM = IS = I*pr2 = (eur)/2 .
PM/M = -l/(2m) .
åM ¹ 0 .
-åMi ¹ 0 .
, , .
:
~
MS = h/2 .
~
h = h/2p = 1,05*10 34 (*)
() (h), .
:
PMS/MS = - l/m;
~
PMS = - (l h)/(2m);
~
m = (l h)/2m .
, .
:
F = PM (B/x) cos(a), a - . .
48. - :
> 0.
m 1.
(, , .) 1010 , .
:
J
H
B
HC
B
H
m
H
49. , , :
, , . .
I = d/dt ( ).
m, m .
:
I , , .
:
I
(X) n
e + R u
¾
(X) B
I
D
Ie dt = dA .
R , dQ =I2R dt , R, dA = dQ.
R ,
dA = dQ + I d
eI dt = I2R dt + I d
I = (e - d/dt)/R.
().
ei = - d/dt.
:
y = N*1
ei = -dy/dt = -N(d1/dt), y - .
:
(X) B
(e)
F
U
u
F
dA = F U dt + F u dt
dA = F U dt - F u dt = e u B U dt - - e U B u dt = 0.
:
, . , . , . . - ,
. .
50. :
, .
y (y - );
y ~ B ~ I y = L*I
L (). , .
, L const.
:
B = m0mnI (n );
= BS, y = N = m0mnISnl = = m0mn2IV;
L = m0mn2V, V .
:
eS = -dy/dt = -(L*dI/dt + I*dL/dt) ;
L const, eS = -L*dI/dt.
51. :
L
R
, .
dA = eSI dt = /- / = -dy/dt Idt = -dyI, dy - dt.
dy = L dI
dA = -LI dI;
A - , .
0
A = òdA = -L ò I dI = LI2/2.
I0
L = m0mn2V
H = nI
A = W = LI2/2 = 1/2*(m0mH2)*V
W . .
W/V = wH = 1/2*(m0mH2) = BH/2 = = B2/(2m0m).
52. :
, . , , .
. :
[DE] = -B/t ( );
D = 0 ( , .. ).
:
[DH] = j + D/t ( );
DD = r (, D ).
, D j c E, a H c B:
D = e0eE;
B = m0mH;
j = sE.
.
:
:
ò E dl = -d/dt SòBdS ( .-. , - . ; , S)
oSòBdS = 0 ( );
:
òHdl = SòjdS + d/dt SòDdS ( );
oSòDdS = Vòr dV ( ).
53. . .
] , , , - . , . , .
:
ei = oòEBdl;
ei = -d/dt,
oòEBdl = -d/dlSòBdS Û
Û oòEBdl = -Sò(B/t)dS Û
Û Sò[ÑEB]dS = -Sò(B/t)dS,
[ÑEB] = -B/t.
q. .. , [ÑEq] = 0.
[ÑEB] ¹ 0 EB, , .
:
= EB + Eq [ÑE] = -B/t.
, . , , . , , , .
:
, $ .
+q -q
i D
S
j = / / = = i/S = (q(t))/S = (q/S)t = g
D = g D = g.
- , .
jCM = (D)
- , - . . , .
j = j + j = j + (D)
oòH dl = Sò j dS + Sò(dD/dt) dS.
54. :
, :
D = e0em0m(2/t2) - .
e0m0 = 1/2, .
D = (em/2)*(2/t2);
:
(2/2) + (2/2) + (2/z2) =
= (em/2)*(2/t2);
(2H/2) + (2/2) + (2/z2) =
= (em/2)*(2/t2);
1/u2 = em/2 .
u = /Öem;
, .
55. :
]$ , .
g = 0; j = 0;
^ x:
1) ^ x y z.
2) , .. ^ .
3) Z = 0, HY = 0.
4) 2E/x2 = (em/C2)*(2EY/t2)
2HZ/x2 = (em/C2)*(2HZ/t2)
DE = (2E/x2) + (2E/y2) + (2E/z2), (2E/y2) = (2E/z2) = 0;
5) E = Em cos(wt kx + a1); (m - ?)
HZ = Hm cos(wt kx - a2);
, a1 = a2. ___
6) Em*Öe0e = Hm*Öm0m;__________
Em/Hm = Öm0e0 = Ö4p*107*9*109*4p = = 120p;
E = Em cos(wt kx);
H = Hm cos(wt kx);
ՠ
Z
56. . :
w = wE + wH = (e0eE2)/2 + (m0mH2)/2 = 1/2(Öe0e*E*Öm0m*H + Öe0e*Öm0m*H*E = = (1/C)*E*H /e = 1, m = 1/ - .
S = w*C .
S = [E H] .
S = Fò S dF - , S .
. .
E* > rj, .
.
57. :
E
j
f.
͠
f. = [j B] = m0m [j H]
__
P = w , w - , ; . __
= (1 + k) w;
k. = S/C2 = [E x H]/C2, k .
k. = m. * C;
m. = S/C3 = w/C2, w - .
= mC2;
, , , .
58. :
, .. - .
-:
, :
E = A cos(wt kr + a);
A = const;
A ~ 1/r, r .
n = C/u; n = Öem = Öe;
:
l = 0,40 ¸ 0,76 ;
f = (0,39 ¸ 0,75)*1015 .
, , , .
I = <ôSô>;
Eme0e = Hmm0m;
S = EH ~ eE2 ~ I ~ eA2.
, , .
:
. .
E
59. :
, , , .
I = <ôSô>.
] .
E1 = A1 cos(wt + a1);
E2 = A2 cos(wt + a2);
A2 = A12 + A22 + 2A1A2 cosd, d = = a2 - a1; ___
I = I1 + I2 + 2ÖI1I2 cosd; (I - ?)
d , .
cos[d(t)] = 0, .
A1 = A2 I1 = I2;
d = 0 Iå = 4I;
d = -p Iå = 0;
, Iå = 2I.
.
n1
0
C
n2
wt 0, , , n1,
A1 cos[w*(t S1/u1)];
A2 cos[w*(t S2/u2)];
d = w*(S2/u2 - S1/u1) = = w/C*(S2n2 S1n1) = // u = C/n; w/C = 2pf/C = 2p/l0, l0 // = = (2p/l0)*(S2n2 S1n1) = = (2p/l0)*D, D - , S .
D*(2p/l0) = d;
DMAX = ml0, m = 0, 1, 2, 3,
d ~ m*2p;
cos(d) = (m + 1/2)*2p = (2m +1)*p - .
60. :
:
l >> d
S1
S2
d/2
d
d/2 Dx
l
D = S2 S1;
S12 = l2 + (x d/2)2
S22 = l2 + (x d/2)2
S22 - S12 = (S2 S1)(S2 S1) = 2dx
S1 + S2 2*l,
D = S2 S1 = (2dx)/(2*l)
x = (D*l)/d
xMAX = (ml0*l)/(d*n) = m*(l/d)*l, (?)
m = 0, 1, 2, 3,
l0/n = l - .
xMIN = (m + 1/2)*(l/d)*l
I1 = I2 = I0 (?)
I = 2I0(1 + cos d) = 4I0 cos2(d/2);
d ~ D ~ x, I ~ cos2x;
:
Dx = (l/d)*l
61. :
.
q1 S1
q1 q1
n q2 q2 nS2 q2
d
S1 = 2d tgq2*sinq1
S2 = (2dn)/cosq2
D = nS2 S1 = 2d*[(n2 sinq1*sinq2*n)/(cosq2*n)] = = /sinq2*n = sinq1/ = = 2d[(n2 sin2q1)/(n*cosq2)] = = /n*cosq2 = Ön2 n2*sin2q2/ = = 2d*Ön2 sin2q1;
: ________
D = 2d*Ön2 sin2q1 -l/2;
ml = D; _______
max: 2d*Ön2 sin2q1 = (m + 1/2)l, m = 0, 1, 2, 3,
m min .
62. :
D = 2b + l/2
R
r
b
R2 = (R + b)2 + r2 /R >>b/ R2 2Rb + r2;
B = r2/(2R);
D = r2/R + l/2;
DMAX = ml = /m = 0, 1, 2, 3, / = = 2m*(l/2);
DMIN = (m + 1/2)l = (2m + 1)*(l/2);
r = ÖmlR, m , ;
m , .
63. :
.
.
.
A cos(wt kx + a)
A(t), w(t), a(t) , .
- , .
A1 cos[w(t)t + a1(t)];
A2 cos[w(t)t + a2(t)];
w(t) = w0 + Dw(t)
A2 = A12 + A22 + 2A1A2 cos[d(t)];
d = a2(t) - a1(t) + Dw(t);
Dw(t) = Dw2(t) - Dw1(t).
64. :
t () .
d(t) = -p ¸ p;
cos[d(t)] = 0 ;
cos[d(t)] ¹ 0 .
t - , p.
t << t ;
t >> t ;
t t .
, (-). .
4. :
a
Ӡ
ՠ
t da
r1 r R r2
a1 a2
dl
r*dr
a a
dl
dl = (r*dr)/sina
r = R/sina
dl = (R*da)/sin2a
dE = t*dl/(4pe0r2)
dEx = dE cosa = [t*dl/(4pe0r2)]*cosa= = [(tRda*sin2a)/(sin2a*4pe0R2)]*cosa = = [t/(4pe0R)]*cosa*da;
dEy = dE sina = [t/(4pe0R)]*sina*da;
Ex = [t/(4pe0R)]*a1òa2cosada = = [t/(4pe0R)]*(sina2 - sina1);
Ey = [t/(4pe0R)]*a1òa2sinada = = [t/(4pe0R)]*(cosa1 - cosa2);
E = ÖE2x + E2y;
:
a1 = 0; a2 = 180;
Ex = 0; Ey = t/(2pe0R).
10. :
Ӡ
Ex dx Ex+(Ex/x)dx
dz
dy
ՠ
Z
= [Ex + (Ex/x)dx]dydz cos 0 + + EX dydz cos180;
X = (Ex/x)dxdydz = (Ex/x)dV;
= (E/y)dxdydz;
Z = (EZ/z)dxdydz;
oSòEdS = + + Z = (Ex/x + + E/y + EZ/z)dV;
lim [(oSòEdS)/V] = div E
V 0
div E = (Ex/x + E/y + EZ/z)
:
oSòEdS = q/e0e = (VòrdV)/(e0e);
divE = r/(e0e);
divD = r.
24. :
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
- -
+ +
+ - - -
+ +
¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾
E = E0 E
E0/e = E0 - E
E = E0 (1 1/e) = E0 [(e - 1)/e]
e - 1 = c - ;
= 0*(c/e);
= s/e0;
0 = s/e0;
s = s*(c/e), s ;
s - .
47. :
PM B
a
u N
a
dM=Ndt
M
Msina
r
I
PM
N = [PM B]
dM = N*dt
dM/(M*sina) = dj
N = PM*B*sina
|dM| = PM*B*sina*dt
(PMBsina dt)/(Msina) = dj
dj/dt = wL ;
w = (PM/M)*B = (l/2m)*B, ;
w .
.
:
: PM = Ipr2 = e*(wL/2p)*pr2 = = -(e2/4m)*Br2;
<PM> = -(e2/4m)*B<r2> = = -(e2/6m)*Br;
<r2> = 2/3*r2;
i=1åN<PM> = -(e2/6m)Bi=1åNri2;
X = åPM/(VH);
X = [(-e2*m0*NA)/(6m)]*I=1åNri2.
, . < 0.
1. . : , ( ). . ()
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