. , , ,

,,,

,

. ..

.., ..

2000


681.324 (075.8)

65.509 73

.., .. . / . . . ... . . 2000. 120 .

. . -, -, -, -, , , , -2.

, -.

.., .. " ". ..., ..

ISBN 5-7568-0235-5


. 3

1 : . 8

1.1 . 8

1.2 ARPANET.. 13

1.3 . 18

1.4 .. 20

2 -: , , .. 23

2.1 -. 26

2.1.1 -. 30

2.1.2 -. 38

2.2 -. 42

2.3 -.. 50

2.3.1 -. 50

2.3.2 .. 54

2.3.3 . 75

2.4 . 77

2.4.1 . 77

2.4.2 - . 81

2.5 : . 83

2.6 . 86

2.7 -2. 88

2.8 . 91

3 . 96

. 105

. 107

. 111


. . , , , , -. , , , -.

"The Boston Consulting Group" (BCG) "The Race for Online Riches E-Retailing in Europe" (" ") [40].

1999 . 200% (145%). : . , BCG .

- . , , 546 .

" , - 20% , , - BCG . , . - , " [40].

1999 . 3,5 . . 8,9 . . , - . 2002 . 13 44,6 . .

, : . , , 25%. 2% , 7%. , , .

, . . BCG , , , , , , , , , , , , .

54% 16% 18% .

0,7%, 2- . . , 0,1% , .

, . 60% ( ).

.

20 Minitel, . - 1,32 . .

. 20% , , . 90% .

, , , . , , , .

, , 1999 . 0,2% ( - 1,2%). . BCG 2003 . 400600 . ., 0,25% , 1998 . , .

BCG 2003 . 5060 . , 1% . , , , . , (25% ), 56 . 2003 . , , 25% 10% , 40%.

, BCG 2003 . . . - 23- , . IKEA .

. , , . .

- , . - , . "" .

-, , , , , , .

, . . , , , .

, - , "" (80-90% ).

1998 . 1000 1. . [13].

, - , . . . .

100 . WWW ( ) " " . , 70-75% .

, .

. , , . , .

, . , WEB- . , , , .

, .

, 21 , .


1 :

1.1

. , , . , , , .

, . , , . "aha@mail.com" "http://www.net.ru" .

, , , . (J.C.R. Licklider) (MIT) 1962 . [50]. " " ("Galactic Network"). , , . . 1962 . (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, DARPA). . , , , . (MIT), , - (CMU) . . DARPA (Ivan Sutherland) (Bob Taylor), MIT .

MIT [58] 1961 ., [57] 1964 . ( ), . . (Thomas Merrill) 1965 . TX-2, , Q-32, . . ( ) [61]. , , . , . .

1966 . DARPA . ARPANET [60], 1967 . , , . (Donald Davies) (Roger Scantlebury) (NPL). , NPL, (Paul Baran) RAND ( , ). 1964 . RAND [50]. , MIT (1961-1967), RAND (1962-1965) NPL (1964-1967) . ARPANET 2.4 / 50 /.

1968 ., , DARPA, ARPANET, DARPA (Request For Quotation, RFQ), , (Interface Message Processor, IMP). 1968 . (Frank Heart) Bolt, Beranek Newman (BBN). . BBN , ARPANET, (Howard Frank) Network Analysis Corporation , - (UCLA) .

, , , UCLA ARPANET. , 1969 ., BBN . (Doug Engelbart) " " (SRI). ( , NLS.) SRI , (Elizabeth (Jake) Feinler). , (Request For Comments, RFC). , SRI ARPANET, .

"" " " (How the Internet Came to Be) [52]. 1 . , 29 1969 . 22:30 .

1 .

: http://www.computer-museum.ru/history_abroad/intern1.

ARPANET - (UCSB) (UTAH). . (Glen Culler) (Burton Fried) UCSB , . . , 1969 . ARPANET [14]. 2 ARPANET 1969 .

2 ARPANET

: http://www.computer-museum.ru/history_abroad/intern1.

29 1969 . , , , ARPANET TCP/IP. "" . , " " ("Doctor Bobs Guide to Offline Internet Access"), 4- 1995 ., : "Internet (.) , , , , , , , , . , , , , " [14].

1969 ., , .

19451960. , , .

19611970. , ARPANET.

19711980. ARPANET , , , , .

19811990. TCP/ IP, ARPANET, ARPANET MILNet, "" Domain Name System (DNS), 100000.

19911999. .

, , , .

: , , , . , - , , , .

1.2 ARPANET

, . .

, ARPANET, .

. 1970 . (Network Working Group, NWG) . , " " (Network Control Protocol, NCP). , 1971-1972 .. NCP ARPANET, .

1972 . , ARPANET (International Computer Communication Conference, ICCC). . 1972 . "" . 1972 . (Ray Tomlinson) BBN, ARPANET , . 1972 . , , , . . , .

- , . , ARPANET DARPA , , .

1970- .. , . MFENet , HEPNet. NASA SPAN, (Rick Adrion), (David Farber) (Larry Landweber), (NSF) , CSNET, . AT&T UNIX USENET, UNIX UUCP. 1981 . (Ira Fuchs) (Greydon Freeman) BITNET , .

1985 . NSFNet (Dennis Jennings). NSFNet TCP/IP. , NSFNet 1986 ., . , , . .

NSF DARPA , (Internet Activities Board, IAB). " -" (RFC 985), IAB (Internet Engineering and Architecture Task Forces) NSF. , DARPA NSF [26].

TCP/IP NSFNet, , .

     , . , " ", . - FIX-E FIX-W "*IX"- .

     (Federal Networking Council, FNC). FNC , RARE , (Coordinating Committee on Intercontinental Research Networking, CCIRN). .

     . , 1981 . , CSNET NSF, , DARPA, CSNET ARPANET , " ".

     , , NSF ( ) - NSFNet , . .

     1988 . (National Research Council), , , NSF , " ". (Al Gore), , , .

     1994 ., ( ), NSF " : ". , . , , , , , .

     1995 . NSF, NSFNet Backbone. ( ) "" , .

NSFNet Backbone . ( "Fuzzball" (David Mills)) . , 56 /, 21 45 /. 50 , 29 , [26].

NSFNet (200 . . 1986 1995 ..) , 1990 ., ARPANET, TCP/IP , IP . 3 1968 1996 ..

3

: http://www.jetinfo.ru/1997/14/1/article1.14.1997174.html

1.3

, , , -. 1980- .. , , TCP/IP . , , - , . TCP/IP : SNA, DECNet, NetWare, NetBios. TCP/IP, , TCP/IP-.

1985 ., , (Dan Lynch) IAB . , TCP/IP. ( 50 250 ) DARPA, . . - , , ( ). , . , , .

, , , , TCP/IP-. , , . 1988 . Interop. 50 . 5 [18]. , , . . ? , , . Interop . , . 250 , , .

, Interop, IETF, 3 4 , TCP/IP. , , , . , . , , , TCP/IP .

. , . , , , . , . 1987 . , , . , " " (Simple Network Management Protocol, SNMP), , , SGMP (Simple Gateway Monitoring Protocol " "). SNMP, HEMS (High-level Entity Management System " ") CMIP (Common Management Information Protocol " "). HEMS , . SNMP CMIP, SNMP , CMIP . . SNMP.

. , , . - , . Web-, , . , , -.

 

1.4

, ARPANET , ARPANET Internet. 1990 . ARPANET , , - .

, 1993 . ( ), , , .

1993 . - . , . .

, . , , . .

, , UNIX-. 1994 . 4 , [16].

CERN. HTML World Wide Web (WWW), ( -), , .

NCSA (National Center for Supercomputing Applications) . Web- (-), Mosaic.

, - , , , "". . . 1980 . 25 , 15 - 44 , 160 , .

. , . 1998 . 1 100 000 .

80- , .

, , , , . , , 1000000 2000000 [16].

, , . -. ( , ) . , . , , . Web- , .

. , - .

, , . , .


2 -: , ,

, , : business-to-consumer (2 - "-") business-to-business (2 - "-"). B2B , . - .

. Web- B2C - business-to-consumer.

, C . (on-line ) 20 19 1999 . .

, 1999 . 9 . . 1999 . 36 . ., 145% [37].

90 , Jupiter Communication, . - 1998 . 74%. 4% 2000 ., 35% , . , , .

Giga Information Group. , , . Web- [91].

Toys"R"US, Web- Toysrus.com. 1999 . , , Toysrus.com . , . , , Andersen Consulting, , 100 Toysrus.com [92].

B2C-, Giga Information Group : " . , , , . , , , , .." [37].

, 30 1999 . Nielsen//NetRatings, - , 12 1999 .: Amazon.com 5 . , eBay.com - 4 ., eToys.com - 1,9 . , 25 . 21,8% [83].

B2C, , , , ? , , , , .

, , . , . , .

, B2B (business-to-business), , , , , , 2-.

, , -. , " " - : " , . - , . " [37].

Business-to-business . Goldman, Sachs', - B2B . , 2003 . B2B 1,5 . . Forrester , B2B 1,6 . ., , International Data Corporation 2003 . 1139 . [93].

E-Market , , - 1082 . . , B2B : 1997 . - 7,8 ., 1998 . - 28,1 ., 1999 . - 75,6 . . E-Market : 2000 . 2- 156,2 ., 2001 . - 314,3 ., 2002 . - 596,7 . . [37].

? : ProcureNet, , ( ), 120 150 . [94]. .

. .

, . , .

ProcureNet , , , , , , , . , ProcureNet, , .

? ActivMedia 1999 . , -, .

, 75% B2C, 61,5% B2B, , 9% Web- ( ) [95].

"business-to-consumer" . . - . Internet- , .

, "business-to-business" . . , . , .

2.1 -

: - , . . , , , , , - -.

- , . . ( ) on-line , -. (, , , ) , , .

-? : -, - - , [3].

, , , , . - . , , , - . , .

.

-

, -, -, , -, . , , . .

- , , , , , . , - , - , , , (, , . .) , , .

- : -, , ; -, 24 , (, , , . .). , - , , .

2001 .:

     , , ;

     60%;

     40 .

:

     300 . .;

     50 . . ;

     90% .

-

, , , . , , . . , , , .

- . , , , , (, , ). , , , . .

-. , , , , , .

, , (FOREX) . , , . , .

-

- ? () (). . , . , . , , .

- ( , ), -.

-, , :

     ;

     ;

     ;

     ( );

     ( , , );

     . .

-.

2.1.1 -

, 30 , , , . , ( , ).

, . - . Release 2.1: A Design for Living in the Digital Age ( 2.1: ) : : , [43].

E-Trade Group Charles Schwab & Co. , . Jupiter Communications, 2002 . . , (, Net.Bank CompuBank ), - ( - Telebank 1999 . E-Trade). - , ( , LendingTree.com E-Loan Inc.). . American Express Membership, WingspanBank.com Bank One Corp. , , .

? . GartnerGroup, 2004 . 24 . , 1998 . 7 . 60% , , , , - , . . , .

(, The Chase Manhattan Corp. Citibank) Web-, - . , , , -.

, Ernst&Young Mainspring Communications [43]. 1998 . , - , . -, , Wells Fargo & Co. (-), 990 . , Web- Wellsfargo.com. , Web-, (Amazon.com), (Charles Schwab) ( Microsoft Corp.).

, (, , ) . 1950 . 75% , 25%, , - CyberCash ( KPMG Peat Marwick) [43].

, . Meridien Research, 150,9 . ., , . 1997 . ( , , , ) 550 . . - . Meridien, 2001 . 926 . .

, ( , ) . : - . : , 50 , 1 . , 1999 . Cyber Dialogue Booz-Alien & Hamilton Inc., , , . 1000 - , Web- . Cyber Dialogue : ( ), . , , (, ).

, . , Mellon Bank Corp. -, , , , , . , .

Salem Five Cents Savings Bank, , 10% Web- ( 6000 50 12 ) [43].

, - , , , , - . 10 , . .

, , BankBoston, 1996 ., Bank of Boston BayBank. BankBoston Fleet Financial Group Inc. , 16 . . . Fleet , , , , - , . ( 1999 . BankBoston 350 . -, Fleet 200 .) [43]. 1999 . 2000 ., - .

BankBoston - . , . , BankBoston , . Bank of Boston, 1996 . BayBank; DOS, Windows.

, ( ) . , () () , . , , , . , . , . , , , . , , , .

, Web- , XXI . . , , BankBoston . , Web- [43].

Killen & Associates, - 40 50 . 2004 . 80 . .

, First Union Corp. 2000 . 70 . ., - ( , ). , . , .

, . Vermont National Bank ( 2,1 . .) Web-, 50 225 , . , ( ), DOS- ( 10 ) , , , .

, 2000 . . - , , .

, - First Union . , . Web InVision (Web- ), First Union . Web InVision , .

, , - , , , . -, , , , Mainspring Communications Inc. , - -, . , - , . , [43].

- , .

- , 1999 . .

, 6% . , , .

1999 . 7200 , 1200 ( , International Data Corp.). 2000 . , , .

, , . (Banking Industry Technology Secretariat, BITS), 1996 . - . 14 . 1999 . .

, (, ). , BITS, (, , , ). , , BITS, Web- .

, -. , , .

2.1.2 -

, -, , . , , .

? , . ! -. ? , ( ) . . - 1996 .! - Internet broker . - 1998 ., . - . 1999 ., - .

. . . , . , , . -, - . . : ( ) , . - . 10 . . - [3].

, . , ( -), -, . , , 1998 . , , , . , . . . . , , .

- , , . , (, , ) . -. : , . , 2000 . - .

, -. . - , -, - , . , . , , . , , , , , , .

, , . , , -. , , , -. , , -. -, ( , -). - , , , , ( ). - , Deutsche Bank ABN AMRO.

- - Web- - (http://www.internetfinance.ru/), . . - . , .

, , , - , ! [3]. , , , . -, , , , .

, -, , . , , , . , , , . -, , - 800 . .

-, , - , -, , 80% , - , [3].

, , . renins.com - 60 . , - .

. . : . , , , . , -, , .

, . -, . . , .

- , , , , , , . :

     . ( -, , - - ), ;

     , . -, - (- , Internet broker ).

, ( -) , , ( ). , . , - - . - , , . - .

2.2 -

-, , , . , ( ) , . - e-banking (-).

(-) ( ).

-, B2C - business-to-consumer, B2B - business-to-business, e-trading ( ) .

- , PC banking ( , ), telephone banking ( ) video banking ( ).

, , .

80% , . : , . Internet Banking Report , , 565,3 . [96].

, . Qualisteam (www.qualisteam.com) - : - 23, ( - 32, - 1383), - 258, - 174, - 1205: ( - 355, - 172, - 228, - 450), - - 32. , Qualisteam, 95% - (3107 ) [36].

. , Business Wire (www.businesswire.com) 28 2000 . First Ecom.com (www.firstecom.com) . First Ecom.com , [36].

, , , , , . CyberDialogue (www.cyberdialogue.com), 1999 ., 2002 . 24,4 . ( 1998 . 6,9 .).

"- , ( 4% 1-1,5% ) ," - Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce (JIBC). Online Banking, 2001 . 22 . , 21% .

Gartner Group Dataquest (www.dataquest.com) . , , " " 7 . 1998 . 24.2 . 2004 . 57% 13,7 . -. , , , , , .

.

, - . , -. - .

, Reuters 28 2000 . New York Times X.Com, , . , , .

Security Experts (Winn Schwartau) "" , - 2300. , - , , [36].

? General Accounting Office (GAO) , , , , . , , .

. , , . , .

19% , GAO, . , , .

- , , , . . , . - , , .

? : " . , 50 . .

, . , . , . , , " [36].

, (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) (Cynthia Bonnette), -, .

, , , . , - , .

, 90% , .

-, ? , , , - .

Gomes.com (www.gomezadvisors.com) 78 1999 . 100 , , , , , , .

, ? ? Web- ? - .

- Security First Network Bank (www.sfnb.com), 7,16 . , 1995 ., , , , (15 ) (13 ).

Wells Fargo Net.B@nk, 6,41 6,21 , .

Wells Fargo , , . " " " ". Wells Fargo (65 ).

Net.B@nk, , "" . , . : . , , .

" " First National Bank of Omaha, "" , , USABancShares.com. Security First Network Bank, WingspanBank.com.

3 . 1995 . " " - [84]. , , , , , 3 5% . , 17 1998 .

, "", : " " 90 , , [38].

"-" . - , , .

, , , . -.

" " (www.autobank.ru), . , , - , , , , , , .

400 . 570 , ( , ) [32].

"" (www.telebank.ru), (www.guta.ru), , , , , , [88]. "" , . "Remote trader", - , .

"" , 1 . , , , , , . 0.2 . +1% , - 0.5% [38].

"". Cyberlt (www.cyberplat.ru), "" (), on-line , [70]. CyberPlat , .

"-" - (www.nomos.ru) .

( ) "-" (www.grado.ru) "" (www.molot.ru). "" " , . "" 0.25% , 5 250 , - , [81].

, . -, " " . , , 2000-3000 . , Internet Marketing , - . .

2.3 -

2.3.1 -

Web- -. Web- , ( ) , , , , - on-line .

, . , , . (, SSL 3.0). -. , . , .

, ( ), . .

, . , . on-line . .1 - [19].

. : ( on-line ) - . . , .

, . , , . . , , . , . , . . : , , , , - ; ; .

-

- .

:

     ( , -);

     ;

     ;

     ;

     on-line ;

     ;

     ;

     .

- Web- .

- , ( , ), . , . , , , ( ). .

. . , - . , , , , , (, , ). , , , Cookies, -. ( , ) .

-, , , . , .

- - . , - , .

. , , , - . , .

 

. ( , ) ( , -, ). , ( ).

, , , :

     ;

     , .. ( - ) ;

     - ;

     () ;

     VISA, EuroCard/MasterCard, JCB, Diners Club ..;

     CyberPlat;

     ASSIST;

     ;

     Instant!;

     CASHEW;

     Interrussia;

     WebMoney;

     PayCash;

     ;

     .

:

     ;

     ;

     ( );

     ;

     ;

     - ;

     - .

2.3.2

. , , .

- , , , , . - , , , (, ).

, . , 3% .

: , -, . , .

( ), .

. 20% - , . 10%. , , , (, , ). /.

()

, - . 10% . , .

, , .

, ( ).

n-line

, . .

. , , , : , , : , , .

- , - . , . , , .

, , , . , . Visa, MasterCard, Europay SET (Secure Electronic Transaction).

SET , , SET ( ), , . ( , ) , on-line .

, - . .

ASSIST

ASSIST , , - , .

ASSIST 1999 . () (-). - . . ( ). .

, , . DynaSite. - . ASSIST SSL. Verisign. , () - .

. - (), - , - UCS ().

- , .

150 . 5% . .

: VISA, Eurocard/MasterCard, Diners Club, JCB, American Express (AMEX) ( - ) -. ( .1):

1.    Web- , .

2.    ASSIST, , .

3.    ASSIST SSL 3.0 ( , , , ). .

4.    ASSIST ( - ). , . .

5.    ASSIST . , . - , -.

6.    ASSIST . , . , , .

7.    ASSIST .

8.    , .

ASSIST - - . ( .1):

1.    ASSIST . ASSIST .

2.    Web- , , .

3.    ASSIST, , .

4.    ASSIST SSL , , .

5.    . : , .

6.    . ASSIST . .

7.    ASSIST .

8.    ASSIST . ( ).

ASSIST

1.    Web- ASSIST , ( ).

2.    ASSIST . .

3.    .

4.    .

CyberPlat

( , ). ().

:

     - 2% ( 5 .)

     - 1% ( 10 .)

:

     - 1000 .

:

     200 .

     - :

CyberPlat

( .1):

1.    Web- , .

2.    () , : (), (), , . - ().

3.    , . . , , .

4.    ( ) . : , , , . .

5.    : , ( ), ( ). : , .

: VISA, Eurocard/MasterCard, Diners Club, JCB ( ) CyberPlat. (, , , , , , ) ( , , , , , ). .

1.    Web- , .

2.    () , : (), (), , . - ().

3.    , . . , , .

4.    ( ) . : , , , . .

5.    , . , .

6.    - , -.

7.    , . , , ( ), ( ). ( .2).

. , .

1.    , .

2.    .

3.    .

4.    , .

5.    .

1.    , CyberPlat.

2.    .

. VISA, Euro/Master Card, Union Card, American Express. . . . (). .

1.    .

2.    Ҕ.

3.    .

4.    . SSL 3.0.

5.    .

6.    ( ) . .

7.    .

8.    .

9.    , (, -, ).

10.   - . - .

, .1, (, , ) , .

WebMoney Exchange

WebMoney - , . WM Keeper.

Webmoney Exchange , (, ) .

WM , WM , , , .

WM INTERNATIONAL METAL TRADING BANK INC. (IMTB). Webmoney Exchange IMTB. , 100% WM .

WM - - , Webmoney.

, RSA 1024 . . ( ) , , . , . , .

. , .

WM 0.8% , 0.01 WM.

, WM , IMTB .

WM Keeper. , .

- WM. IMTB -. , IMTB. , , WM. WM .

WM (, , WM, , ).

: .

( .1)

1.    IMTB -, .

2.    .

3.    , WebMoney, . , . .

4.    .

5.    WM -.

( )

, .

, . ( .1):

1.    IMTB -, .

2.    .

3.    , .

4.    ( ) .

5.    , , , .

6.    , , . , .

7.    ( ) WEBMONEY KEEPER, .

, , . , , , .

Instant!

:

     , ;

     .

:

     ;

     ;

     - , - ;

     , ;

     ;

     , .

, , , .

:

     , 150 ., 10 .

     ( Instant! ) 2% , 0.1 .

     ( Instant! ) 1% , 0.1 .

     Instant! Instant! 2% , 25 .

, , , .

, , . .

, , , , , . , . , , , .

, , . .

on-line

1.    , .

2.    , .

3.    - .

4.    ( ).

5.    . , .

6.    , Instant!.

7.    .

8.    .

9.    .

10.   , , .

11.   ( ), - , - ( .1).

Instant! . ( .2).

, , , , .

, on-line , ( ). , . , , , , 6- , , , .

PayCash

PayCash - , -. .

, . , , . . PayCash, , , .

PayCash , , , .

on-line ( .1)

1.    , , .

2.    , .

3.    , .

4.    . ( ), .

5.    , . , , , . .

6.    , , PayCash. .

7.    , . .

-. . . 1 ( ) 2-4 ( ).

, , , , .

, ( ). , . , (). .

, -, . . (), . .

(), .

, : , , .

, , , , . , , .

     - 1 .

     - 10 .

     - 1 .

     0,2 . +1%

     5 . +1%

     0,5 .

     - 0.5%

     - 0.5%

     - 1%

     - 1 .

     , , - 0.3%

     - 0.5%

     VISA - 1% .

, , , . , .

on-line

1.    .

2.    .

3.    on-line , ( ) .

4.    . , .

5.    , . , .

6.    , ( .2).

, .

, . - .

, , -. - .

, , . .

, RSA 1024 . . , () . . .

. , . -, .

, , .

 

, - -, .

- 0.25% , 5 250 . - -.

1.    .

2.    .

3.    on-line .

4.    ( ) . , ( .1).

( .2)

1.    .

2.    .

3.    on-line .

4.    ( ) . , 100% .

5.    , , .

6.    .

7.    , . , , .

8.    , .

 

2.3.3

100% .

UPS . 25 . , web- UPS . , , web- [89].

DHL , ( 1 22-34 .). - 2 4 [72].

WestPost ( 20 .), . 3-6 [90].

, ( ). , , , . - , -, , .

, , . , . . , .

 

, . 25% , .

. - . , . , .

(, ) . , business-to-business, , . , , ( ), . - . .


2.4

2.4.1

, , -. -. 1998 . on-line- 1,2 . , 2002 . 6,5 . (Jupiter Communications) [39]. - eBay (www.ebay.com) 3,5 . 2900 [74]. -, (auctions.yahoo.com/, shop.netscape.com/auctions/, auctions.lycos.com/). , on-line ( ), . Sothebys Amazon.com ( www.sothebys.amazon.com) Lycos Skinner (skinner. lycos.com).

- , -.

- , eBay. http://www.ebay.com .

, , , , , , , . Web-, . eBay , , . : , . , , , . , , . ( ) .

eBay ( ) , . , , (). (), , , , , , . . . , , .

(login) . . , . , .

, , . . , . , , , . (, , ), . , - -.

, . - . , , !

, , . , . , : ) ; ) .

, . () , , .

     , . . .

     . ( ) . , , , , . , , , .

     (sealted-bid) . , . . .

     . , , , , . , .

     . , . - .

     . , , , . , .

     . . . , - . , . . . , . , , , .

-?

. , -, -. , , , -. , , , .

, , , . . .

, , , , .

     . , .

     . , . , , .

     . , , - .

     . , .

     . .

     . .

2.4.2 -

, - , . eBay ( , ) . ? .

eBay - http://www.stavka.ru. , , , . 1999. 149 339 , 1060 [87]. , , ! , , . , , , - 10% .

- www.dostavka.ru. -, - . , . , . , , , - , . - .

1999 . - auction.prosto.ru. , 300500 . [64]. . , , , .

- :

     . , . , . , , dialup- , , 100%, ( ).

     , . , ( ), . - .

     , , . , , .

, :

Ø  - , . , . - , , .

Ø  - , , .

Ø  , - . .

Ø  , .

 

2.5 :

14 1999 . . , (Electronic Commerce Modeling Language ECML), American Express Co., Dell Computer Corp., IBM Corp., MasterCard International Inc., Microsoft Corp., SET Secure Electronic Transaction LLC, Sun Microsystems Inc., Transactor Networks Inc., Trintech Group, America Online Inc., CyberCash Inc., Visa USA. Beyond. com, Compaq Computer Corp., Dell, fashionmall.com, healthshop.com, iGo Corp., Nordstrom Inc., Omaha Steaks International Inc., Reel.com [9].

, (, , , . .) , , , .

, , . , . ( , - , ; New York Times ) [9]. , . SSL (secure socket layer) SET (secure electronic transaction).

. , , -, Amazon.com ( One-Click), Beyond.com ( Quicken Checkout), CyberCash Inc., Trintech Group; -, IBM Corp., Microsoft Corp.; -, - America Online, Yahoo , -, Brodia, eWallet, Gator, Opass Power Wallet. ( ), , ( ); , , Gator 10 . Web-.

, : , . , , ( , . .) .

, , . . , Amazon.com , One-Click ECML [9].

1999 . American Express (mEx) - ECML ( , ). , Visa, MasterCard American Express .

AmEx : , . . , . , . 2000 . American Express , 25 . . Web-, .

, , , , .

 

2.6

Strategies Group, 2001 . 530 . , [24]. , ( ), , .

- Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) International Communications Fair (- 1999 .), -, WAP- 1.0, ( , ), . - , WAP . , 2005 . 600 WAP, . , SMS (short message service), WAP- , .

- : , ; , ; , - WAP -, -. , . (Kurt Wagenlehner), - Siemens AG, " , . , "" , - , , , , " [24].

. , , "Mobiz", - , , , , , . .

, . , " " , , PDA .

, , , , -, , , -, .

: , (B2C, B2B), , , / - "anywhere, anytime" ( , ). . , , , , .

, , "", .

Web- . , Yahoo!(YHOO), MSN Microsoft (MSFT) Excite ExciteAtHome (ATHM). , , . . Boeing (BA) SkyNet - . - , Datron Systems (DTSI) KVH Industries (KVHI).

. , , , . , , , .

2.7 -2

, , - . . - Next Generation Internet (NGI).

     NGI , .

, 2002 . 1000 (!) . , ! [7]

2 (Internet2).

Microsoft , Microsoft , . , , Microsoft.

150 - 28 , 37 , - Δ. , , , , . , , , : ? [8] - - . , . . . . , www- . , , , , -.

-. , , , . , , , , - . , , , , . , , , - , - , - . , - , , ; ; -, [8].

, , , . , Microsoft . , Next Generation Windows Services (NGWS) , . , , , , , -.

, , , , . . , , , , , .

, , .

. , , - . , .

, !

, , . , , - , NGI Internet2 , , , . , , - , .

2.8

1997 . IV " ", 1996 ., "" , 1997 . " : ". - (). , . , . , , .

, , . - . - . , , - , . . (). " ". . . , , : " ". . , , , ( ). . , , () - , 30 1994 . , , .

, . , .

29 1999 . - (), , , . , -. . - (). 20 2000 . . "", " ", "", " ", " (RosNet)", , () . Ru., . 12 , . , Ru. 21 Ru.: "", "", " ", "-", " ", "-", "", " ".

. . - (" ", 6 2000 .). , , , , . , . , , . 22-23 2000 . - " - ". , , , , . . , . " - " , , , . , . , . - , .

- . "" ( ), 12 . . . : , - 13 . [17]. , , . "". " ". . , , , "" ( ).

, . . System.Ru. ( ) SpyLOG ( ) . - " " - "" "".

, . 1999 ., , , , . , , , . , , - . . .

-. . , .


3

. 1996 . 100 300 , 1996 . . , , 2,5 6 , 2-4,5% . 80 , - 17 . ( ) 200 .

Web-Vector, web- 1,8 ( - 340 .). 2670 . ( - 32%) [29].

, . -. . . 40%.

, . , . Rose, (60%) C , . , . , , - . , -, , -, 500 2 000 . 1 000-3 000 , , , . - 2000 . 6% , - "" 100 . 6 ( - 140 ), C. "", I 2000 . 1,7 . . - 1,8 . [17]. IBS, 20%, - . , , . , , .

, . , , .

1999 . - 28000 - !-@Rus, , , , 19500 . 25 List.Ru, 30-100 . . 1998 . 7000 , 1999 10000. 1998 . 4000 , 1999 . 8000 ( 4) [6].

, 1 1999 . , , , 33 7 , : .

4 - , - 1999 .

15 1999 . List.ru 49 . ( 5).

5 - , - 1999 .

300 . 1996 . 40 . , 2005 . , C, 1 . 150 [17].

Nielsen NetRatings, 129.7 . (, ), 80 . . 35,5 . 30 . . , "" 1,5 , . - , . 2 [29].

Internet Industry Almonac 2000 . 327 [25]. , 1997 . 100 . 1 Global Reach ( ) 1997-2000 ..

 , - , , - ( 1 6 7).

1 ࠠ

. .

. .

. .

'97

45 16 61

'97

45 22 67

'97

51 27 78

'97

51 32 83

'98

72 38.7 110.7

'98

81.1 52.8 133.9

'98

82.3 59.0 141.3

'98

91 67 158

'99

91 71.3 162.3

'99

103.6 80.2 183.8

'99

128 88 216

'99

140 108 248

'00

145 120 265

'00

152 135 287

'00

155 150 305

'00

158 170 328

:  http://www.emedia.ru/n1/figures.asp

6 1999.

7 - 1999 .

:  http://www.emedia.ru/n1/figures.asp

. (, -, , WAP-), , . Data Monitor, 2005 . 186 (69%) WAP- (Wireless Application Protocol - ). , . Ericsson, 2004 . 400 -, 70%. . , - WAP " GSM". , , . . "" Morgan Stanley, , , 2000 . WAP 2-5% " GSM", 2001- - 20-25%, 2005- - 75-80% [17].

2000 . . - 1 / ( 20 ). - . , - : , , - . , 2002 . . , . 50 . , 40 . . 13 . 16 , 50 .

. . . - , (" ", " ", " "). , . , . , . 2002 . 350 . ., C.

1999 . 1-3 . ., - 90 . Dataquest, . , , 80% 1999 . . Dataquest, 1998 . 2003 . 47%. , , . C , , , , , . ? , C. .

C . , . 4- 29- . 1- " ". 2- " " . : . "" - ( 2-), . , . . , , , , . , , , .

, , , -. 13- , , "" C . , C , , , , (), , . , - . , , .

, , , , . , , - . , .

" " , (, ). , . , - . , , . , , , , . , , , , , , ( ), . . , , " " . , "" , . 2000 . ndex 15 , Port.Ru - 27 . [17].

, - , ".ru". . , , "-", ".ru", , "-". , , , , - , , . ( -, 40%) .


, , - -.

. , - - , , , . .

. - , . , . , . , - 5 . on-line , , 1-2 . , , . , 5 . 100 . , , ( 5-10 .). , 5 ., .

, , . . - - . ( ), , , . , , - .

, . -, . . 1,6-2 . ( ) , on-line . . , , , , 5 . - . 60 . . , , . - -.

, . -. , , . , ( ), ( , , , ), , (, ). ( , ). , - . , . , .

, ( -) . . , . , . - , - .


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2.    . -/ http://i2r.rusfund.ru/rf/docs/ portals/death.html.

3.    . -/ http://www.osp.ru/ecom/2000/03/024.htm.

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13.   . - .:.-1998.

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19.   .. - / http://www.raexpert.ru/i-comm/report/report.htm.

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21.   , , / http://www.osp.ru/ecom/2000/03/ 054.htm.

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27.   2005 / http://monitoring.ru/world/articles/a0037.html.

28.   .. .// .-1998.-5.

29.   . / http://www.emedia.ru/n26/saratov.asp

30.   . // .-2000.-8-.6-10.

31.   . // .-1999.-1.-.42- 47.

32.   . / http://www.chat.ru/ ~clsconsulting/w_dip.html.

33.   . - / http://www.osp.ru/ecom/2000/03/057.htm.

34.   . eBusiness / http://www.osp.ru/ ecom/004.htm.

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36.   . / http://i2r.rusfund.ru/rf/docs/ trends/webank.html.

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63.   auctions.lycos.com

64.   auction.prosto.ru

65.   auctions.yahoo.com

66.   shop.netscape.com/auctions/

67.   skinner. lycos.com

68.   www.autobank.ru

69.   www.businesswire.com

70.   www.cyberplat.ru

71.   www.dataquest.com

72.   www.dhl.ru

73.   www.dostavka.ru

74.   www.ebay.com

75.   www.firstecom.com

76.   www.gomezadvisors.com

77.   www.grado.ru

78.   www.guta.ru

79.   www.infoart.ru

80.   www.internetfinance.ru

81.   www.molot.ru

82.   www.molotok.ru

83.   www.nielsen-netratings.com

84.   www.rocredit.ru

85.   www.sfnb.com

86.   www.sothebys.amazon.com

87.   www.stavka.ru

88.   www.telebank.ru

89.   www.ups.com

90.   www.westpost.ru

91.   www.gigaweb.com

92.   www.toysrus.com

93.   www.gs.com

94.   www.procurenet.com

95.   www.activmediaresearch.com

96.   www.internetbankreport


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