,,,
:
1.
2. ( )
3.
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4 -
3.5
4.
5. -
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
1.
1. ......... | . |
2. | |
D, /........... |
130 |
, ......... |
10 |
2. N, ....... |
10 |
3. n, . 녅.. | 30 |
4. V, .3. |
140 |
2.
1. ... |
no=241 . |
2. |
t.=-38 |
3. 腅.. |
t.=-25 |
4. .. |
t.=-20,9 |
5. . |
t.=-8,9 |
3.
3.1
:
,
n ;
n ;
τ , ;
k ;
k ;
.
.
3.2
3.2.1
,
f , f=12 2/;
qo=90-2∙t.=90-2∙(-38)=166 /(2∙) ;
m ;
.
,
t , ;
.
-
.
3.2.2
,
, /(2∙).
;
.
,
- , ;
.
-
.
3.2.3 :
-
.
-
,
k , k=1;
.
3.3
3.3.1
.
,
t , ;
.
-
.
3.3.2
,
=0,1÷1 /(3∙) ;
.
.
-
.
3.3.3 :
-
.
-
.
3.4 -
,
q , /;
,
a , =20 /;
b , b=110 /;
, =4,186 /(∙);
t , t=55 ;
t , t=5 ;
;
.
:
,
;
.
.
,
t , t=15 ;
t t=5 ;
.
3.5
- |
. |
|||||||
max |
. |
- . |
- | |||||
1 | , =10 | / | 130 | 130 | 130 | 91 |
426,254×103 / |
|
963,334103 |
||||||||
2 | , =5 | / | 7,083 | 5,624 | 3,696 | 0 |
55,446×103 |
|
4,95 | 3,933 | 2,583 | 0 | |||||
3 |
150/70 º |
82,17 | 59,403 | 41,757 | 0 |
837,991×103 |
||
4 | , 55 º | 9,447 | 9,447 | 9,447 | 6,046 |
253,649×103 |
||
I | , =10 | / | 137,08 | 135,62 | 133,7 | 91 |
1018,78×103 |
|
II |
(150/70) º |
91,62 | 68,85 | 51,2 | 6,046 |
1091,64×103 |
||
/ | 146,86 | 110,37 | 82,08 | 9,69 |
4.
.
, :
) ;
) ;
) .
- , , , .
4.1.
4.2.
4.1. .
D, / |
D, / |
N, |
|
133,7 | 82,08 | 10 | |
: 25 90/10/0,9 25 90/10 |
60 70 |
63 50 |
0 25 |
: | 130 | 113 | 25 |
25 90/10/0,9 25 90/10.
4.2. .
D, / |
D, / |
|||
- |
|
- |
|
|
137,08 | 135,62 | 79 | 59,35 | |
: 4× 50 14 4× - 20 |
200 - |
150 - |
- 80 |
- 60 |
: | 200 | 150 | 80 | 60 |
50 14 20.
5. -
5.1
. , .
5.1.1 .
=∙Nr,
,
=250 /;
N - , ;
r - ;
= 250∙250001,3= 8,125 . .
5.1.2
=∙N×r,
,
=120 /;
N - , N = 25000;
= 120∙250001,3= 3,9 . .
5.1.3
=, .
d , ./,
d =10000 /M;
L , L=400 ;
, ./(∙),
=20 ./(∙);
U , , U=500 ;
= . .
5.1.4
.
,
-
, ../, ../, ../;
- , ;
. .
5.1.5
a = 1/,
, = 25 ,
= 15 ;
a = 1/25 = 0,04; a = 1/15 = 0,07.
5.1.6
e = 1/=1/7=0,143,
= 7 - .
5.1.7
=∙∆
,
= 50 ./
=50∙40,62∙103=2,031 . .
5.2
5.2.1
:
-
,
- ,
/
,
- , ;
- ;
=0,84 ;
../;
../;
../.
5.2.2
1 ∙.
=b∙W;
W=(1+)W,
, , =0,1;
b=, ../∙;
η , -200-130
η=0,37;
b=0,332 ../∙;
=b∙(1+)W=0,332∙(1+0,1)∙191,44∙106=69,91∙103 ../.
5.2.3
. .
:
,
b, b, b .
;
=0,31,
- ,
= 305 ʖ ;
`= 582 ʖ ;
../∙;
, :
,
ψ .
ψ=η/η; ψ=η/η.
, .
ψ=1,4; ψ=2,45;
../;
../;
:
, ∙,
ηoi = 0,8;
w ;
; ,
` = 461 , `0 = 377
;
; ;
, ∙/;
../.
5.2.4
;
../.
5.3
5.3.1
,
, =23 ./...;
,
=0,01 ./.;
L , , L=500 ;
. /.
5.3.2
;
. /.
5.3.3
;
. /.
5.3.4
.
; ,
d ≈ 1 ( , , ..);
, ./(∙),
= 1500 ./(∙),
,
,
-
,
- , = 9 /
N , N = 25 ,
.
. /.
- :
,
- , /, =0,34 /;
- ,
=139,76 + 68,97 = 208,73 ;
;
. /.
5.4
5.4.1
=(α + ε + ρ)∙++ ,
, ,
= 1,2× = 1,2×3,44 = 4,128 ..
,
= 2× = 2×0,675 = 1,35 ..
α ;
,
= 40 ;
ε ;
ε =,
= 7 ;
ρ ;
ρ =
= 20
=(0,025+0,14+0,05)∙8,125 + 4,128 + 1,35= 7,22 ../.
5.4.2
=(α + ε + ρ)∙(+)+++,
- ;
;
T ,
./;
../.
=(0,025+0,14 + 0,05)∙(8,23+0,65)+1,2×2,62 + 3,1+
+ 2×0,213 = 8,58 ../.
, , :
- , .
6.
150 , - 70. , , .
:
1. , , ;
2. , ;
3. ;
4. .
:
1. - ;
2. - ;
3. .
.
, , .. , , .
.
Q/Qo= 20,88/74,7 = 0,28<0,6
, 6.1.
6.1. .
7.
, . :
= 9,447/74,7 = 0,13 < 0,15,
.
8.
, . . :
Gp=Go+ G+0,6,
Go, G , /.
- , /;
; ,
, /(∙), = 4,19 /(∙);
τ1, τ2 , ;
, ;
/; /;
,
- - ;
- ;
;
/.
Gp = 222,85 + 28,3 + 0,630,55 =269,48, /.
Gp = 269,48 / R = 80 / d = 406 .
w = 2 /.
R=80 /.
9.
, .
, , , .
( ) .
9.1.
10.
10.1
: . , . , - , , .
:
;
:
,
, /(∙), = 3300 /(∙);
z , z = 3 .;
∆t ;
;
2.
:
3/ = 334 3/.
-200-7-15 200 2 400 3/ .
:
.
:
.
, /(∙),
= 3300 /(∙);
z , z = 2 .;
∆t ;
;
2.
:
3/ = 515 3/.
-200-7-15 200 2 800 3/ .
10.2
:
1) ;
2) , , .
.
.
.
10.3
. , , . 137,1 / 80/10. 160 /.
10.4
1,2 . 1 2 . . , , 80 %.
G= 14,94 / =53,78 / 50/ , .
15 .
15 :
.
2 25 3.
1. .. : . 7- ., . .: , 2001. 472 ., .
2. : (.. , .. , .. ). .: , 1988. 432 .
3. .. : / . .. . 3- ., . . .: , 1987. 328 .: .
: 1.
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