,,,
: AMD. .
:
2-
-08
. .
2001
, AMD , K5, 1996 . , . , , , AMD .
AMD NexGen, x86 , . , AMD CPU - K6. Intel, .
AMD , SIMD- 3DNow!. AMD K6-2, K6 . , , 3DNow! K6-2 .
AMD K6-2 , . - K6-III .
, Intel AMD , Intel Celeron , , Intel - Pentium III. AMD - . , - Intel, AMD, . AMD, - Athlon.
K-6
Clock speeds (MHz) 166, 200, 233
Level one (L1) cache 32K instruction, 32K data
Level two (L2) cache Controlled by chip set
L2 cache speed Same as bus
Type of bus Socket 7
Bus speed (MHz) 66
Instructions per clock cycle 2
MMX units 1
Pipelined FPU N
Out-of-order execution Y
Process technology 0.35 CMOS
Die size 162 mm2
Transistors 8.8 million
K6 , "3D-" 3DNow!. - MMX, 21 . , , , . 3DNow! , . , - , . , 3DNow! , , , .
, 3DNow! . 3DNow! SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data) ( 21- ) , . Quake2, K6 , Pentium . , , AMD- , Intel . Quake2, , ( AMD K6), . K6-2 , - 3D 3DNow! , , , , 3D- . , 6-2, PII-, .
, 3DNow! - , , 21 . -, .
AMD Intel', 3D . "K6-2 3DNow!", , Intel Pentium II 3D .
300 333 , K6-2 , K6. , , 100 2 , , 3Dnow!, - , K6-2 AMD .
3DNow!, , - , 3D . Cyrellis , 3D Intel/AMD 3D . , CPU , 3D- . 3DNow! , , .
:
, , 3D- , Voodoo2.
3DNow!, AMD K6-2 ( K6 3D), MMX. MMX - 57 8 , . , . MMX Intel, x86-, AMD, IDT Cyrix, . , , MMX , MMX .
MMX, AMD. , , Intel MMX2, Katmai. AMD, 3DNow! ( AMD-3D Technology), . , , , 3 , , 3 . AMD, 3D- 3DNow! 300- K6-2 Pentium II 400 .
AMD K6-III
Intel, Pentium III, AMD - K6-III. AMD Intel , K7. , AMD K6-III , , Intel . , , AMD , , , . , , AMD Intel, Socket7 Slot1, , .
AMD K6-III:
, AMD K6-III - AMD K6-2 256 , . , Intel Celeron, AMD K6-III , , - , 100 . L2 e 6-III , Celeron ( ), Pentium II. , - .
, CXT . K6-2 Write Allocate. , , 8- , 64- . , , Write Allocate Pentium Pro.
3DNow!, K6-2 . , , , 3DNow! DirectX . SSE, , SIMD- 3D-, , DirectX .
, K6-III Socket7 , BIOS CXT 2.3-2.5. , , . .
AMD K7
7 - 86 7- , , 86 . , , 200- , , , 7 6- .
(fpu). 7 3 (fpu), . FSTORE! - , . , , , . fpu (adder) (multiplier). (fully pipelined). fpu , , 1000MFLOPS 500. Pentium II, adder multiplier. . -, PII adder (fully pipelined), multiplier . -, fpu PII , , 500MFLOPS 500. 6, fpu. , ... Rise mP6, , fpu, , 7 ( , Rise, , , fpu 2 87 ), 200 " ", " ", mP6 7 .
L1. , Pentium MMX-166 , , Pentium-200. ? , 2 L1 (32 16). , 6-200 Pentium MMX-233 - 64 . ? , 7 L1 2 - 128. , , , , - .
L2. 7 L2 , PII, , , 6-3. "" . 1/3 . L2, , , , . . 7 L2 512 "" 8 "high-end" (, Xeon 2, ...).
AMD Duron 650
, Socket 7 , Intel, AMD , AMD , . , . Athlon, Intel Pentium III, AMD - . Intel , , AMD CPU, .
AMD Intel . - , Athlon , Intel Pentium III, . - AMD , Intel. , , , AMD CPU.
, AMD . Athlon - , SRAM, . Athlon L2-, , SRAM AMD , 1/2 . , 750 Athlon -, 2/5 , 900 - 1/3 . , , L2- 700- Athlon. AMD , , , - .
, - L2- AMD Athlon . , AMD 0.18 , 0.25 Athlon 82 ..
, AMD Athlon Thunderbird, 128 256- , CPU. AMD Athlon 750 .
, AMD . Athlon CPU, . , , , AMD Duron low-end Intel Celeron.
, , Duron :
, , Duron Athlon, 64- . Duron Athlon Thunderbird, L2 ( Thunderbird 256 64 Duron) (Thunderbird 750, Duron - 700 ). , Athlon Duron . , , Duron Thunderbird , 0.18 . , , , Duron L2- , K75 (0.18 Athlon).
- , AMD CPU. SRAM, L2- Duron Thunderbird , AMD Intel socket. ( , ..), . AMD 462- Socket A, , Socket 7, Socket 370. , Socket A AMD Socket 7 Socket 370 . , , Duron , Celeron, . , Duron 650 , Intel Pentium III 733.
AMD Duron . , Athlon 100- DDR EV6, 1,6 /. Duron Athlon - 128 . Duron - .
, . , Duron L1 . ? L2 Duron , , Thunderbird. , , , L1 . L2 AMD, inclusive L2 , L1 . - AMD Duron 128+64=192 , Celeron 128 (32 L2 , L1 ).
, AMD Duron 650:
AMD Duron . . , Intel Celeron, . AMD Duron 650 AMD Athlon 650 Intel Pentium III 600EB. , Duron, Intel low-end , Celeron.
AMD Athlon , :
AMD Athlon . , . AMD Athlon . , , Athlon Intel ( Intel Pentium III 600 , 2.05 ), , Intel Pentium III 32 .
AMD Athlon.
, , EV6, AMD, GTL+. . Slot A AMD Athlon Slot 1, 180 , Intel Pentium III AMD Athlon . , - Athlon 242 , Pentium III . , AMD , Slot A . .
, EV6 100 , , GTL+ , 200 . , EV6 - 72 , 8 ECC ( ), 64 200 = 1,6 /. , GTL+, 100 - 800 /. GTL+ 133 1,06 /. , GTL+, EV6 . , PC100 800 /, AGP, 2x - 528 /. PCI . , GTL+ . EV6 , .
, GTL+ 100 133 , , EV6 133 (266), 200 (400) . - EV6, , , . AMD , 2.1 3.2 / , Athlon-, , 266- DDR SDRAM.
AMD Athlon, L1 L2 .
L1 AMD Athlon, 128 L1 Intel Pentium III 4 , Athlon, . , Intel Katmai, , , , L1 , , . AMD Athlon .
L2, AMD . -, tag L2- 512 16 . Pentium III, , Tag-RAM, 512- . , Athlon L2-: 1:1, 1:2, 2:3 1:3. AMD SRAM , .
AMD Athlon, .
, , , Athlon. Intel , Pentium Pro, Athlon RISC-. , CISC-, , RISC-, CPU. , ? , . RISC- , . , , "" , . AMD Athlon, -, .
Athlon, Intel Pentium III, (), . AMD Athlon RISC- CISC- . , Athlon , , Pentium III , - . , Athlon , Pentium III - .
, , RISC- (Instruction Control Unit), , , AMD Athlon 72 20 Pentium III. , AMD , - Instruction Control Unit.
, - , Pentium III, 2048 , . . AMD Athlon - 95% , , , Intel Pentium III 90%.
, Athlon, .
AMD . AMD K6 Intel . , Athlon AMD .
(Integer Execution Unit) AMD Athlon . Pentium III, .
. 9 . , . , , . .
AMD Athlon 10 , . , Intel , Pentium III 12-17 .
FPU, Athlon. , AMD . , FPU K6, K6-2 K6-III . , FPU AMD , , , . - FPU AMD , 3DNow!.
, , AMD. Athlon 15 25 Pentium III. , , , . , Intel Pentium III, Athlon, , FMUL FDIV.
FPU Athlon : , - - . Athlon . Intel Pentium III - !
, , FPU , .
MMX- Athlon K6-III . . MMX- , AMD , MMX- Pentium III. , .
, AMD Athlon MMX, - Athlon, Pentium III - MMX-. , MMX- AMD Athlon , Pentium III , CPU MMX-.
3DNow! AMD Athlon . - , 64- , , 24 . , 3DNow! , , :) , SSE , . 3DNow! Windows 98 SE DirectX 6.2.
, 3DNow! 45 , 71 SSE Intel. , , 3DNow! AMD DLL 3DMark 99 MAX, .
3D-, 3DMark 99 MAX CPU 3Dark, 3D-, . , , 3D- .
Super 7 Slot A EV6, AMD . AMD , , , Slot A.
, , . AMD 750, Irongate, - Fester, .
AMD 750 - i440BX. , , . AMD Athlon, , .
AMD 750 AMD 751 AMD 756. EV6 PCI AGP, 768 PC100 , AGP 2x 6 PCI bus maser . , , , UltraDMA/66 IDE-.
AMD Athlon (Thunderbird) 800
, L2- , AMD, . , AMD, 0.18 , , , AMD Athlon. AMD Athlon Thunderbird, Athlon - 256 512- L2-. :
, , Thunderbird Athlon, 256- . Athlon, - - . Thunderbird 45% , Athlon. , Athlon , CPU AMD Athlon 600. , , Thunderbird , 0.18 . , , , Thunderbird L2- , K75 (0.18 Athlon) , K7, 0.25 .
Athlon , , socket, slot - Socket A. , , Slot A Thunderbird , - CPU 462- Socket A.
AMD Thunderbird - , - . , , , , . Thunderbird , - .
Athlon Slot A , , , . - ( Athlon AMD-K7XXX, AMD-AXXXX) - Athlon SRAM, , Athlon .
Thunderbird L2-. AMD. , , Thunderbird Coppermine.
L2- Thunderbird . , L2 Thunderbird , , L1-, L2- . , - Athlon 128+256 = 384. Coppermine 32 L2- - CPU 256.
, Thunderbird Coppermine. Intel Pentium III , AMD L2 , . , 64-, Coppermine .
AMD Athlon XP 1800+ (1533 MHz)
. , . - AMD Athlon, Palomino.
, , AMD . , , - , . , high-end , .
Palomino ,
" ". AMD , ,
. Palomino
- Athlon 4, AMD Athlon
MP, . ,
, . AMD
- , Palomino, AMD Duron, Morgan.
.., low-end !
, . , Palomino
? - , Palomino,
Morgan .
Palomino, Athlon XP ( Microsoft?), (OPGA, Organic Pin Grid Array) Pentium Rating.
( ), PR, - .
, " " Athlon XP?
Nine-issue, superscalar, fully pipelined micro-architecture
AMD , , Pentium 4 ( ), ( ) - .
Superscalar, fully pipelined Floating Point Unit (FPU)
, AMD QuantiSpeed Architecture - FPU. - FPU- x86, AMD 3DNow!, ( Palomino) Intel SSE ( , "" SSE). , , x86 FPU - Pentium 4 . " " - , K7 ( SSE).
Hardware data prefetch
Athlon XP () L1 cache. : - - .. , . - - .. - L2. , L1 Athlon XP (128 KB)
Exclusive and speculative Translation Look-aside Buffers (TLBs)
TLB "" . , , , . Thunderbird TLB 24/32 (24 32 ) 256/256. Palomino - L1 TLB, 40 . , - Hardware Prefetch , TLB AMD . , "" ( "" AMD, ) TLB. , Translation Look-aside Buffer Athlon XP .. , - .
Processor and Model Number Core Operating Frequency
Athlon XP.
AMD Athlon XP 1500+ |
1.33 GHz |
AMD Athlon XP 1600+ |
1.40 GHz |
AMD Athlon XP 1700+ |
1.47 GHz |
AMD Athlon XP 1800+ |
1.53 GHz |
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