. , , ,

,,,

—

1.

, , , .

, , .

, () .

, , , , .., .

, . , , . . , , , ..

2.

ר

2.1 ࠠ

( 2.1.1)

2.1.1

1 .

2 .

3 ().

4 .

5 .

                                                       I.      .

                                                    II.      .

                                                 III.      .

2.2

(2.2.1).

(2.2.1)

η3 , . 2.1, . 8.

8, η3 = 0,97.

η . 0,99.

:

2.3

(2.3.1).

(2.3.1)

:

.

2.4

n ́ = 3000 / 1 = 13,1 , . 2.2 .

1)    4160S23;

2)    n1 = 2920 /;

3)    = 15 .

2.5

(2.5.1).

(2.5.1)

:

2.6

, ͷ (2.6.1).

(2.6.1)

2.7

, ͷ (2.7.1).

(2.7.1)

ͷ

3.

˨

. 3.1 . 12 14 45 . 40 60 .

) σ1 = 780 880 / 2

) σ1 = 540 / 2

) 1= 235 .

(3.1.1).

(3.1.1)

1 .

:

. 3.1 ,

.

.

) σ1 = 490 / 2

) σ1 = 260 / 2

) = 160 .

) 100300 .

35.

           

[σ] / (3.2.1).

(3.2.1)

[σ] , N. < 350 [σ], / 2 (3.2.2).

(3.2.2)

:

2,

2,

1 , . , 1 = 1.

(3.2.1), [σ]1= [σ]1= 490 / 2 , [σ]2 = [σ]2 = 355 / 2.

           

[σ]f , / 2 (3.3.1)

(3.3.1)

[σ]f . (3.3.2).

(3.2.2)

:

2,

2,

1 , 1.

fc , 0,75.

(3.3.1), :

2,

2.

4.

4.1

(4.1.1)

(4.1.1)

1 , 1 = 43.

i .

Ψ . (4.1.2).

(4.1.2)

ψd . . 4.1 . 16. , ≤ 350, ψd = 0,8 ÷ 1,4.

ψd = 1, (4.1.2):

ψ . 4.2 . 17.

2185 66 ψ = 0,4.

β . . 4.3 . 17 β = 1,02.

[σ] (4.1.3).

(4.1.3)

(4.1.3) :

2

[σ] ≤ 1,23[σ]. 380 < 1,23355=437 .

(4.1.1) :

w . 4.4 . 18 229 71 w = 125 .

4.2

: 1) d2, (4.2.1):

(4.2.1)

2) 2, (4.2.2):

(4.2.2)

3) m, (4.2.3):

(4.2.3)

. 4.5 . 18 310 76 , , m > 1,5 . , m = 2.

ZΣ (4.2.4):

(4.2.4)

βmin . βmin = 8ْ. :

ZΣ = 123.

Z1 (4.2.5):

(4.2.5)

Z1 = 25.

Z2 (4.2.6):

(4.2.6)

Z2 = 98.

(4.2.7):

(4.2.7)

(4.2.8):

(4.2.8)

β ́ = arcos (cosβ ́) = arcos (0,984) = 10˚18 ́

. 4.2.1.

(4.2.9):

(4.2.9)

(4.2.10):

(4.2.10)

(4.2.11):

(4.2.11)

w, (4.2.12):

(4.2.12)

2, (4.2.13):

(4.2.13)

4.2.1

()

,

 

 

...

51

199

 

...

55

203

 

...

46

194

 

1, (4.2.14):

(4.2.14)

4.3

U, / (4.3.1):

(4.3.1)

. 4.7 . 21 9 .

4.4

Ft, (4.4.1):

(4.4.1)

Fr , (4.4.2):

(4.4.2)

αw , αw = 20˚

(4.4.2) :

Fa, (4.4.3):

(4.4.3)

tgβ ́ = 0,1817

(4.4.3) :

5.

5.1

σ , / 2 (5.1.1):

(5.1.1)

Z , Z = 376

L , HL = 1,02

V , HV = 1.

(5.1.1) :

2

σ ≤ [σ]

365,96 ≤ 380 .

(5.1.2):

(5.1.2)

.. 3,7 % < 10 %, .

5.2 蠠

5.2.1 ᠠ

( (5.2.1.1)):

(5.2.1.1)

yf . yf . 5.1 . 23 ZV .

ZV1 = 26, yf1 = 3,88.

ZV2 = 103, yf2 = 3,60.

(5.2.1.1) :

, .

5.2.2

, σf2 , / 2 (5.2.2.1):

(5.2.2.1)

yE , , yE = 1

yβ , , β = 0,92

KfV , KfV = 1,2 (1,031,35)

(5.2.2.1) :

2

σf2 < [σ]f2

68,3 < 124 , .

6. ר

6.1

d, (6.1.1):

(6.1.1)

[τ] . [τ]1 = 30 / 2. (6.1.1) :

d1 514 77 R 20 . 6.1 . 25 d1 = 20 .

[τ]2 = 25 / 2 (6.1.1) , :

d2 514 77 . 6.1 . 25 R 40.

d2 = 32 .

6.2

6.2.1

. 6.2.1.1.

.

d1 = 20 .

d1́ = d1 + (13) = 20 + 2 = 22 .

d1́ ́ = d1́ + (25) = 22 + 3 = 25 .

d1́ ́ ́ = d1́ ́ + (510) = 25 + 5 = 30 .

l1 = 1,8d1 = 1,820 = 36 .

l1́ = 1,51,

1 . d1́́ ́ .

.1.1 .132 135 1.

7305 D1 = 62 젠 1 = 18,25

l1́ = 1,518,25 = 27,3 , l1́ = 28 .

l1́ ́ = 1 = 18 .

l1́ ́ ́ = 12 .

1 = 2(l1́ + l1́ ́ - 1́) + 1

1́ - .

(6.2.1)

= 1,5t

e = 0,374

a1́ = 15

a1 = 2(18 + 10 - 15) + 55 = 85 .

. 6.2.1.1

6.2.2

. 6.2.2.1

. 6.2.2.1.

d2 = 32 .

d2́ = d2 + (14) = 32 + 3 = 35 .

d2́ ́ = d2́ + (26) = 35 + 5 = 40 .

d2́ ́ ́ = d2́ ́ + (510) = 45 .

d = d2́ ́ ́ + 10 = 45 + 10 = 55 .

l2 = 1,8d2 = 1,832 = 58 .

l2́ = 1,52 = 30 ,

2 .

, , . d2́ ́ 7208.

D2 = 80

2 = 19,75

l2́ ́ = 2 = 20 .

l2́ ́ ́ = lcm2 + y

lcm2

lcm2 = (1,31,5)d2́ ́ ́ = 1,3145 = 59

, = 10 12 , = 10 .

l2́ ́ = 59 + 10 = 69

l = 10 12 , l = 10 .

2 = 2(l2́ ́ - a2́) + l2́ ́ ́ + l,

2́ - .

2́ = 18

2 = 2(20 - 18) + 69 + 10 = 83 ,

. 1 2 < 5

85 83 = 2 < 5 .

7. ר

, , .

7.1

7.1.1

. 7.

.

(7.1.1.1)

2 = 162,2 /

F 2́ ́ (7.1.1.2):

(7.1.1.2)

l . 11.2 . 51. l = 28.

7.1.2

. 7.

(F) = 0

F0,092 + Fr0,042 0,084 + Fa0,1 = 0

(F) = 0

F0,176 Fr0,042 + 0,084 + Fa0,1 = 0

: Fy = 0

F + Fr + y = 0

684 + (-1486) 623 + 1425 = 0

0 = 0

7.1.3

. Ÿ . 7.

ͷ.

= F 0 = 0 ͷ

= F 0,092 + 0 = 684 0,092 = 63 ͷ

() = F 0,134 + 0,042 = 29 ͷ

() = 0,042 = 60 ͷ

: 10 ͷ = 5 .

7.1.4

. 7.

Ft = 1685 H,

7.1.5

. Ÿ . 7.

= - = - 843 0,042 = -35,4 ͷ

: 10 ͷ = 5 .

. 7

7.1.6

. Ÿ . 7.

. = . = 63 ͷ.

: 10 ͷ = 5 .

7.1.7

. Ÿ . 7.

= 2 = 162,2 ͷ.

7.1.8

:

W = 0,1(d2́ ́)3 = 0,1 403 = 6400 3.

:

W .

3

7.1.9

:

W = 0,2(d2́́ ́)3 = 0,2403 = 12800

:

3

7.1.10

40 .

7.1.11

, (7.1.11.1)

σm , . 7.3 . 37.

σm = 750 / 2

[n] . [n] = 2.

σ .

. 7.4 . 38.

, . 7.2 . 36.

= 0,1.

. σ = 3,6.

. . σ = 2,3.

:

2

:

2

7.1.12

:

2

σ3 < [σ]

27,24 < 104,2

:

2

σ3 < [σ]

23 < 163

8. ר

8.1

d1 = 20 233-60-78 = 6 , h = 6 , t1 = 3,5 , t2 = 2,8 .

l = l1 (510) = 36 (510) = 2631 233-60-78 l = 28 .

:

lp , l = l = 28 6 = 22, . [σ] = 150 / 2

2.

σ < [σ]

90,9 < 150 , .

8.2

d2 = 32 233 60 78 = 10 , h = 8 , t1 = 5 , t2 = 3,3 .

l = l2 (510) = 57,6 (510) = 4752 233-60-78 l = 50 .

:

lp , l = l = 50 10 = 40, . [σ] = 150 / 2

2.

σ < [σ]

100,6 < 150 , .

d2́ ́ ́ = 45 233-60-78

= 14; h = 9; t1 = 5; t2 = 3,3.

l = l2 (510) = 59 (510) = 4954 233-60-78 l = 50 .

:

lp , l = l = 50 14 = 36, . [σ] = 150 / 2

2.

σ < [σ]

81,4 < 150 , .

9.

9.1

. 9.1.1

F , :

F :

l , d1 . 1.1.2 l = 15 .

9.1.1

:

.

(F) = 0

-F0,0865 Fr0,0415 + R0,083 + Fa0,0254 = 0

(F) = 0

-F0,1695 + Fr0,0415 + R0,083 + Fa0,0254 = 0

:

Fy = 0

-F + Ray + Fr R = 0

-281 + 168,5 + 623,3 510,8 = 0

0 = 0

9.1.2

Rax, R .

R, R .

9.1.3

, . 7305:

d1 = 25

D = 62

= 17

= 29,6

9.1.4

(9.1.4.1).

Re = (xKRr + yRa)K , (9.1.4.1)

Rr - (. )

Ra .

(9.1.4.2).

(9.1.4.2)

, = 1,5tgα = 0,374

:

:

. 9.1 , Ra < R Fa > R Ra (306,16 > 306 - 267), . 9.1 Raa = Rsa = 267 H.

R = Rsa + Fa = 267 + 306,16 = 573 H

. = 1.

:

. 9.2 . 46 = 1, = 0

. 9.2 . 46 = 0,4 , = 1,6.

. = 1.

. = 1.

(9.1.4.3):

Re = (xRa) (9.1.4.3)

:

Re = (xRa + Raa) = (11860 + 0267)11 = 860 ͷ

:

Re = (xRa + Ra) = (0,41986 + 1,6573)11 = 1311 ͷ

9.1.5

 (9.1.5.1):

(9.1.5.1)

W1

1 = 17,6

m m = 3,33

RE max RE max = 1311 ͷ

= 20103 .

(9.1.5.1) :

Lh >> T, 7205, d = 25 ,

D = 52 , = 15 , = 23,9 , = 15,25.

9.2

9.2.1

, 7208. :

d = 40

D = 80

= 18 (20)

= 19,75

= 42,4 .

9.2.2

Rax, R .

R, R .

9.2.3

Ras = 0,83eRa = 0,830,3741708 = 530 H

Rs = 0,83eRa = 0,830,3741656 = 514 H

Ras > Rs Fa > 0, . 9.1 .

Raa = Rsa = 530 H

R = Rsa + Fa = 530 + 306 = 836 H

:

:

:

Re = (xRa + Raa) = (111708 + 0530)11 = 1708 ͷ

:

Re = (xRa + Ra) = (0,411656 + 1,6836)11 = 2000 ͷ

9.2.4

 (9.2.4.1):

(9.2.4.1)

W2

= 42,4

m m = 3,33

RE max RE max = 2 ͷ

= 20103 .

(9.2.4.1) :

Lh >> T, 2007108, d = 40 , D = 68 , = 18 , = 31,9 , = 19.

10. ר

10.1

. (10.1.1).

. 10.1.1

da2 = 203

df2 = 194

dcm2 = d2́ ́ ́1,6 = 451,6 = 72

D02 , D02 = da2 10m = 203 102 = 183

σ2 , σ2 = 3m = 32 = 6

D1(2) :

d. ,

2 = 50

lcm2 = 59

σ1 0,252 = 12,5

11.

U = 7,76 / 12,5 /, .

, (11.1).

V = 0,62 = 0,612,4 = 7,44

. 12.4 .61 70.

3 /, .

12.

j (12.1).

(12.1)

G , . 11 . 62 . w = 125 , G = 350 H.

2 2 = 162,2 ͷ.

[j] = 3, .

1.     .. . 1987.

2.     .. . , 1981 .

3.     .. . , 1987 .

4.     .. . 1981 .

5.     .. . 1984 .

1. ,

 

 

 

! , , , .
. , :