,,,
()
- ..
:
. . .
,
. .
,
/ . .
,
. .
,
04 1
:
1. _____________ ..
,
2. _____________ . ,
.
2009.
()
- ..
Ӡ
.
2009 .
(, , )
1.
27 2009 . 461/62
2. _________________________
3. ;
4. - ( ) 1. : ; ; (Microsoft Learning Gateway, LearningSpace, Macromedia Authorware, Moodle); . 2. : ; ; ; . 3. : ; ; () ; ; . 4. : ; - .
5. 1. λ, . 2. , . 3. , 4. , , . 5. , , , .
|
, | |||
.. | |||
.. |
7. ______________________________________________
/ |
|
|
1 | 22.02 - 22.03 | |
2 | 25.02 - 25.03 | |
3 | 25.03 -30.04 | |
4 | 30.04 - 12.05 | |
5 | 1.05 - 17.05 | |
6 | 1.05 - 13.05 | |
7 | 22.05 - 28.05 | |
8 | 13.05 - 19.05 |
106 ., 44 ., 11 ., 14 .
, MOODLE, , , , , , .
.
.
:
;
;
;
.
.
.
, , , .
1
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.4.1 Microsoft Learning Gateway
2.4.2 LearningSpace
2.4.3 Macromedia Authorware
2.4.4 Moodle
2.5
2.6
2.6.1
2.6.2
2.6.3 ADDIE
2.6.4 ?
3
3.1 Moodle
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.5
3.6
4
4.1
4.2
4.3 ()
4.4
4.5 -
5
5.1
5.1.1 ,
5.1.2 ,
5.1.3 ( , , .)
5.1.4 -
5.1.5
5.1.5.1
5.1.5.2
5.1.6
5.1.7
5.1.8
5.2
5.3 -
5.3.1
5.3.2
, . , .
. , ( ), . , . , , .
. 80- . , , . , , .
, . -, , . -, . :
;
;
( ) ( s-in-es) ;
: , , .
, . - , .
(, ) , . , , , , .
, , Computer Based Training () . , - ( ).
. . , .
eLearning ( eCommerce eBusiness ). [1]
, . , ( ) , Distance Learning.
, , , , . - , .
, . . .
, , .
, - , , . .
, :
(-, , , , );
(learning by doing);
;
- ;
- ;
.
, . . .
, , . , . , . , , .
: , , . , , . , , ?
, ( , ) , .
, , .
, : , , , , .
1
1969 , , .
, , . ʻ .
.
:
;
;
;
.
.
, :
, ;
, -.
.
2
2.1
:
, , ();
, , , ;
, , , - ;
, , (instant messaging), ;
- ( ). [1]
2.2
:
- . . , : 57% , . 33,3% , ;
, . , , , . . , ;
- , , ;
;
, - . , . , . . , , . , . . , ;
, , .. , , . ;
, , , , . ;
- , , . .
:
. , , ;
. . , , ;
, ;
. , - . , . , . ;
- . , ;
, . , ;
. 1 1000 . , .
: , , , . , : , , , , , . [2]
2.3
, . . , .
HTML , (Learning Content Management Systems), .
, .
, , , .
:
(Authoring Packages);
(Learning Management Systems - LMS);
(Content Management Systems - CMS);
(Learning Content Management Systems - LCMS).
, . , - (HTML, PowerPoint, TrainerSoft, Lectura) . . , , . . .
. (, Blackboard, e-College WebCT), (Docent, Saba, Aspen). , , , , , . . . . .
( ) . , , . , , .
. , .
2.4
2.4.1 Microsoft Learning Gateway
Microsoft Microsoft Learning Gateway ( MLG). Microsoft Learning Gateway ( , , , , ), Microsoft , ( 1). , , , .
1 Microsoft, Microsoft Learning Gateway
Microsoft Office SharePoint Portal Server 2003 | , , , , web- MySite, () |
Windows SharePoint Services | Web- (), , , () / (assignment), ( ), (KLA Key Learning Areas) , |
Microsoft Class Server 3.0 | , |
Microsoft Exchange Server 2003 | |
Microsoft Office Live Communication Server 2005 | , |
Microsoft SQL Server 2000 | SharePoint, Class Server |
Microsoft ISA Server 2004 | , , , |
Microsoft Metadirectory Services 2003 | Active Directory , SQL- Class Server |
, .
Learning Gateway :
, , ;
, ;
;
, ;
, ;
, .
Learning Gateway :
, , , Learning Gateway;
: HTML, Word, PowerPoint, Flash, ;
, , ;
, , , . .
Learning Gateway :
, ;
;
, ();
, ();
.
() () .
, Learning Gateway , MLG. [3]
2.4.2 LearningSpace
LearningSpace , web-, . "" , . LearningSpace Micromedia IBM Lotus.
LearningSpace , , , :
( );
( , , );
( ) ( , - ).
, , .
Schedule , - , , . Schedule , ;
MediaCenter , , , . World Wide Web . MediaCenter , ;
CourseRoom , , ;
Profiles , (, ..), , ;
Assessment Manager , - . , Schedule, Assessment Manager.
LearningSpace : . , , .
LearningSpace , .
" LearningSpace" on-line. LearningSpace . , , , , .
" LearningSpace" , , . LearningSpace . , , .
LearningSpace , . [4]
2.4.3 Macromedia Authorware
Macromedia Authorware Macromedia, , - .
Authorware , : , , . , , Power Point. Authorware . , . Authorware . , , Authorware. , , Authorware, , ( CD , ), . LMS, . Authorware XML-, SCO Metadata Editor.
AICC, SCORM, ADL.
Authorware . Macromedia Flash, Microsoft PowerPoint, Apple QuickTime . , DVD-. : XML, JavaScript, ActiveX.
Authorware , . , , . , , .
Authorware , -, , , - . - , : .
, 14. , . : , , , , . , , .
(knowledge objects). , Authorware (, , , .). (wizards), . , , Authorware. , , , , , . , .
Authorware :
(True/False Question) ;
(Single Choice Question) () ;
(Multiple Choice Question) ;
(Hot Spot Question) , ( ), ;
(Hot Objects Question) ;
(Drag-drop Question) ; , , ;
(Short Answer Question) , (, ).
Authorware . Publish (). : ( .exe), Authorware ( .a6r) HTML, Web-. , 7.0 LMS, Authorware.
CourseBuilder for Macromedia Dreamweaver MX Dreamweaver 4, MX MX 2004. Macromedia . , Dreamweaver. , , , drag-and-drop ( , ) , , .
Macromedia, . , : , , HTML JavaScript. - (, ).
Dreamveawer-CourseBuilder , , 4.0 . , .
- Learning Site for Dreamweaver MX Macromedia. , -, . , ( ) . , , , , . , (, , ).
Authorware , Authorware .
:
Authorware;
Authorware ( HTML-, Web-, );
, Authorware , ;
Authorware;
, -;
, ;
. [1]
2.4.4 Moodle
Moodle ( - ) - , web-, Internet. , , .
Martin Dougiamas . .
Moodle (Open Source) GNU Public License (rus). Moodle , , - , .
Moodle , 197 .
Moodle PHP SQL- (MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server . - ADO DB XML). Moodle SCO SCORM.
Windows Mac Linux (, Red Hat Debian GNU). , Moodle, , , Moodle. [5]
Moodle. - , . . , . . , . . , : , . .
Moodle , : , , .
. .
Moodle , , .
Moodle , :
;
;
;
;
wiki;
;
.
, , .
, , . , , . , , .
, , : , , web-, . web- , , HTML, web-, , , .
- , Moodle ( ).
, , , - . , , , . , , .
, ; , .
, , , .
, . , .
: , .
Moodle . , , , - , , .
, , 30 ( ).
.
Moodle ( Wiki).
. , . , , , , , . , : , , .
:
( );
/;
;
;
;
;
.
. . . , . [6]
2.5
(Content Management System) CMS Moodle, .
, CMS Moodle :
Moodle , , 197 ;
Moodle PHP SQL- ;
Moodle - - , ;
: , , ;
-. ;
Moodle , , ;
;
, - 50000 3000 .
Moodle, :
Moodle Unix, Linux, Windows, Mac OS X, Netware , PHP ( -);
Moodle ;
Moodle ( );
Moodle ;
Moodle , ;
( , , cookies ..).
2.6
1998 . , " " ("Information is not instruction"). , . , , , , "" , - . [7]
, , . , , . , , .
, , , , . , , . , , , . , . , - .
, , . , , , , , - . (instructional design) (instructional systems design). , , . [8]
2.6.1
(Instructional Design) - . Instruction , . Design - , " ". , , .. , , . , , . , . , , .
Instructional Design/ Design. " , .
- , , , . " , , - , " (van Patten, 1989) .
. , , , . , , . , , , . , , , , , , .
, - , , , - . , .
: , , , .
, , , .
2.6.2
. .
, - ( ) , .
, .
, , , :
/ ;
;
, .
, . ( ) ( ). , , :
, ;
, ;
, ;
:
;
;
;
, , ..
2.6.3 ADDIE
, "ADDIE" ( 1).
1 ADDIE
, (Analysis) ? ? ? ? ? ?
, , . :
(, , , , , ..). ;
( , / , ..). ;
. , . .
(Design) ? ? / ? ? ? ? ?
(Development) ? ? ? , . . , .
. . , , , . , . - .
(Implementation) ? ? , . . . . , .
(Evaluation) ? ? ?
- . : , , ( , , , , ..), , .
, "ADDIE", , . , , , . "ADDIE" , , .
, . . . , . [7]
2.6.4 ?
, :
, ;
;
;
;
, ;
, ;
- .
, , 8 . , ( , ), ( - ), , , , - .
, -, . , , . ( ) . , , , , , , , .
, . , , , . , , , . [8]
3
3.1 Moodle
Moodle Denwer (Apache, PHP, MySQL ..) , Web- Windows- . , Denwer .
home/localhost/www moodle Moodle.
http://localhost. home/localhost/www.
http://localhost/Tools/phpMyAdmin - MySQL phpMyAdmin ( 2).
2 phpMyAdmin
( "moodle") ( 3) ( "moodleuser"), ( ). "root", , , .
3
( 4).
4
moodleuser ( 5).
5
. Moodle (install.php). Moodle - http://localhost/moodle/install.php . install.php, ( 6). ( cookie. , cookie!).
6 install.php
Moodle config.php. 7.
7 config.php
Moodle , Moodle, config.php Moodle .
. .
config.php , "admin" .
GPL "shrinkwrap" .
Moodle . . SQL , . .
, , Moodl. , () .
"Continue".
( 8). : , email , "Save changes". , , , .
, Moodle , , , ( 9). "Save changes".
( 10). , ( ) - , -. [9]
8
9 Moodle
10
. ru land. , moodle.php, :
<?PHP
$string['thislanguage'] = 'Russian';
$string['thischarset'] = 'iso-8859-1';
$string['locate'] = 'ru';
$string['parentlanguage'] = 'ru_utf8';
?>
ru_utf8, .
Moodle ( 11). Language - Language packs, Install selected Language pack.
11
Language - Language settings Default language Save Changes.
3.2
, Moodle ( ) . .
custom_corners , 12.
12
3.3
Moodle . - . .
. . , , .
. . , . , / , 13:
13
Miscellaneous, , . , ( ) . , 14:
14
. . ( 15):
;
, , ;
, , ;
ID . . Moodle;
;
, 2:
2
|
|
(CSS) | ( ) |
- , | |
() | . , |
, , -.
;
5, , 5 . "" . , . 0, ;
;
, . , ;
;
;
. () - . , , , . , , , . , e-mail, .
, . , " " . , , , , .
.
15
. . , , ( 16):
16
.
/ . . , 17:
17
18:
18
Teacher, , 19:
19
( ) .
3.4
. , 20:
20
( ) - : , , , , . , , , :
:
1) : / ;
2) : , - ;
, . , ();
"" ;
" " , .
, ( ) :
/ ( ): - . "/ ".
( ): .
( ): .
: , , .
( ): , // .
( ): , .
( ): , .
( ): , .
( ): , ( , ..).
( ): , , , , .
( ): .
( ): , (, , , , , ) .
: ( , ). [10]
. , ( 21).
:
-: . . : L- ( L-), ( ) . . - WYSIWYG-;
-: , ;
: ;
IMS: , IMS Content Packaging;
: html- .
:
: / . (, , , ..). , . . , . , .
: . , . . , . . , Moodle .
: , . , , .. . 4 :
1) ( , -);
2) ( );
3) ( , , , / );
4) , , , .
: .
: . : , , /, , , , , , . ( ). , . ( ), . ML . , . , .. . . , . . , , . , . / . . Moodle . .
: . . , . . , . .
: , . , , - , , . . , .
Wiki: , , .
: . - , , . -.
Scorm: SCORM- - . SCORM- , , .
: , . [10]
, :
();
;
4. , . , /, . . ;
. ;
;
;
;
. . , 3 4, 5 . , 15/20 ;
. ;
. , ;
. , 20 , , . , 5- , ( -). , 5 5, 100%. 20, 5 20, 25%. , 25 , 23 , 23 25, 92%. , , ;
-. -, , , .
. , 22:
22
HTML-, -. , , , ( 23).
23 -
-. , 24:
24
. - . .
, . 25.
25
, . :
( )
/
, , ( ). , . . . [11]
3.4.1
Web HTML. HTML , , , . HTML. WYSIWYG , , , , . - () () WYSIWYG . [10] ( 26), :
26
27:
27
3.4.2
- . - () () WYSIWYG . [10] ( 28), , :
28
29:
29
3.4.3
. Moodle TeX - , , , . [10]
. , ( 30):
30
, . , . - , . , ( x^2 = y), , , : $$x^2 = y$$. . . . [11]
TeX , . TeX 31:
31 TeX
3 , :
3
|
|
$$V_1=\frac{22,4\cdot(273+t)}{273}$$ | |
$$V_1=\frac{22,4\cdot(273+20)}{273}=24,04$$ | |
$$C%ob=\frac{24,04\cdot Cmg/m^3}{M}\cdot10^{-4}$$ | |
$$Cp.p.m.=\frac{24,04\cdot Cmg/m^3}{M}$$ | |
$$C{mg/m^3}=\frac{C%ob\cdot M}{24,04}\cdot10^4$$ | |
$$Cmg/m^3=\frac{Cp.p.m.\cdot M}{24,04}$$ | |
$$PDK=\frac{5\cdot24,04}{46}=2,6$$ | |
$$C=\frac{10\cdot K}{H}$$ | |
$$C=\frac{3\cdot17}{24,04}\cdot10^4=21215$$ /3 |
32:
32
3.5
Moodle . , .
. html , , , , . , 33:
33
, ( 34):
;
- . (, , ..), ;
- . 10 15 , . , ;
- " " " ". " " " ". " ";
- , ;
- , .
- "", , - , ;
- "", , , . "", ;
- , . :
1) , - , . . .
2) , - , , ;
3) - , , ;
4) - , , , : ;
5) FAQ () - , "" , "" ;
6) , - "", , ;
7) , - " ", , " ", ;
- "", (: $ % *);
- "", .
- "", .
- "", . "", , , .
? - , " " , , . " ", :
- , ( ), " ", , , " ".
;
- . "" "", . [11]
34
. , 35:
35
. , 36:
36
, . . , (, ..), ( 37). . . , Word. .
37 ,
3.6
.
Moodle :
: , ;
: , , (, );
: ( );
: ;
: , ( , ), ;
( ): ( , );
: ;
: , ;
: , . , , , , . , . , , , ;
/: , . [10]
. ( 38). :
( );
- , , (, ..);
( );
( 0, , ), 20 ;
.
, 1;
. , , ( , ). , ;
- , ;
;
, . , "", ( , ). "", () , .
. , . .., , , . . . , (, , ). .
, , , . , , .
, . , "0" , ;
"" . "" - ( ), , . :
1) javascript ;
2) ;
3) ;
4) .
( , , ).
, . [11]
, . 39.
38
39
( ). . :
, , ;
, ;
;
, . . , , ;
. . ;
. , . . , . , 0 1;
, , .
, ;
, ;
. :
1) ;
2) , , . . , . . , 0. , , : . , 100%/< >. -100%. , , 0 , - , - .
3) ; , .
, 3 () ().
, ( ) , .
. [11]
, , . ( 40).
40
, .
- . 41 .
41
( 42).
42
, , ( 43).
43
. , , , , , , ( 44).
44
4
4.1
, . , , , , , . [12]
4.
4
, .× . |
||
20 | ||
40 | ||
80 | ||
180 | ||
300 | ||
20 | ||
80 | ||
720 |
4.2
, :
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .
, , .
, . [12]
, , 5.
5 -
, | , |
, |
, . | ||
0,3 | 0,8 | 480 | 2,59 | 298,37 | |
298,37 |
() :
, (1)
- i- , ;
- i- ;
- i- , ;
- , /×;.
i - ;
n - .
0.7¸0.9. .
1 :
, (, , ). [12]
6.
6
, .× |
, / | , . | ||
20 | 81,37 | 1627,4 | ||
2 | 116,33 | 232,66 | ||
2 | 81,37 | 162,74 | ||
720 | 15,42 | 11102,4 | ||
13125,2 |
() :
, (2)
- i- , .;
- , .×;
i - ;
n - , .
, :
, (3)
- i- , .;
- i- , .
3700 . . 4.
3:
2:
, 26% 0,2% , . [12] :
, . , 7.
7 -
, . | , % | , / | , | , . | |
21000 | 20 | 1500 | 480 | 1344 | |
1344 |
() :
, (4)
- i- , .;
- i- , %;
- i- , ;
- i- , /;
i - ;
n - .
. 20%. [12]
4:
- - , , , , . 70% :
, 8.
8 -
, . | |
1. , : | 298,37 |
2. | 13125,2 |
3. | 3438,8 |
4. | 1344 |
5. | 9187,64 |
27394,01 |
4.3 ()
() , , () . [12]
() :
, (5)
- , .;
- , %.
5.
20%.
5 :
4.4
, . . , .
, 9:
9
, . | |
ASRock P4I65GV (2xDDR, SVGA+AGP, ATA, SATA, AC'97 6ch, LAN, mATX) | 2330,00 |
Intel Pentium 4 2,40GHz (cache 512, 800MHz) Socket 478 | 4440,00 |
Hynix DIMM DDR2 (6400) 1024Mb Hynix Original | 480,00 |
Seagate ST3160815A 160Gb Barracuda 7200.9 ATA/100 7200rpm | 1750,00 |
FDD 3,5 NEC | 315,00 |
DVDR/RW&CDRW NEC ND-3551A |
1200,00 |
NEC 1770NX 17 LCD | 8670,00 |
Logitech Deluxe Y-SU61 PS/2 | 250,00 |
A4-Tech 2X Click Optical Mouse PS/2 (4 +) | 200,00 |
Classix Aurora 350W ATX | 1276,00 |
20911,00 |
:
4.5 -
. , - .
, , . -, . , , , . - , . , . , , , , .
, , . , , , .
, . , . , 80% . , , ( ).
.
, ( - , , ).
, . , : .. , , . , , .
, , , . . , , . , , , , .
, .
, , . , :
- ;
- , , ;
:
- , - ;
- - , .
:
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .
, e-learning, , .
() , - .
, - , , ( , ).
.
. , .. , , . , , , , , .
( , ), , (, , ..) . : , .. [13]
. , , ; , , - , , .
, ( ϻ ʻ), , , . , , , , , , . : - , (), . , . , (, ) , . , , .
:
- : ;
- ();
- .
5.1.3 ( , , .)
ϻ ( ) - , - .
105-03 (), .
-21.01-97 2- .
, , .
5.1.4 -
- -2.2.4.548-96.
1 120 / ( 139 ), .
10.
10 -
, 0 |
, 0 |
. , % | , / | |||
20,0 21,9 | 24,1 25,0 | 19,0 26,0 | 15 75 | 0,1 | 0,1 | |
21,0 22,9 | 25,1 28,0 | 20,0 29,0 | 15 75 | 0,1 | 0,2 |
, .
5.1.5
- - . 2.2.2/2.4.134003. .
1) 2,0 , 1,2 .
2) .
3) , , 1,5-2,0 .
4) 600-700 , 500 - .
5) , . 0,5-0,7.
6) () , - . () -, , , , .
7) , () , , , . [14]
1) 680-800 ; 725 .
2) , : 800, 1000, 1200 1400 , 800 1000 , 725 .
3) 600 , 500 , 450 650 .
4) :
400 ;
;
400-550 15 , 5 .;
300 20 , 380 400 ;
30º;
260-400 ;
250 50-70 ;
230 30 350-500 .
5) , 300 , 400 , 150 20 . 10 .
6) 100-300 , , , , . [14]
:
1) , ;
2) ( ), 220, 50;
3) ;
4) ( ..), - , ;
5) (, ..);
6) ;
7) ;
8) , ;
9) .
:
1) : , , -5 - , , ;
2) ;
3) ;
4) , ;
5) .
. :
1) - , . , , ʻ;
2) . .
5.2
, . . - .
ʻ .
. :
- ( ʻ) , ;
- , ;
- , , , ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- , , , ;
- , ;
- ;
- / ;
- .
. 80 .
() , - , . - .
.
- : . 4 .
- , .
5.3 -
5.3.1
:
(6)
, ;
S , 2;
z ;
- , ;
, ;
u ;
m .
i:
(7)
: h , ;
, , .
2.2.2/2.4.1340- 03 300 .
.
1,15.
1,4.
40 .
( 7) , , 0,15 , 0,68 :
2.
6 :
300 , 3 40 , 2600 .
2.2.2006-05 . . 11.
. . .: . . :
: -
: ʻ
: .
11 -
1 | 2 | ||||||||||||||
1 | 2 | 3.1 | 3.2 | ||||||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||||||||||
1. : |
|||||||||||||||
1.1. | () , , . | ||||||||||||||
1.2. (-) | - -. - . | ||||||||||||||
1.3. | , | ||||||||||||||
1.4. | - | ||||||||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||||||||||
2. : |
|||||||||||||||
2.1. - (% ) | 25 | ||||||||||||||
2.2. (, ) 1 | 75 | ||||||||||||||
2.3. - - | 5 | ||||||||||||||
2.4. ( - 0,5 ) - (% ) | 5 100% | ||||||||||||||
2.5. - (-, ..) - (% ) | 25 | ||||||||||||||
2.6. - ( ) - - | 4 | ||||||||||||||
2.7. ( - - - ) | 100 90 %. | ||||||||||||||
2.8. - ( , - ) | 16 | ||||||||||||||
2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||||||||||||
3. : |
|||||||||||||||
3.1. . | - (). - (, . .) | ||||||||||||||
3.2. | |||||||||||||||
3.3. | |||||||||||||||
3.4. - , - , | |||||||||||||||
4. : |
|||||||||||||||
4.1. (), | 10 | ||||||||||||||
4.2. ( ) - | 100 | ||||||||||||||
4.3. ( % - ). - - | 20 | ||||||||||||||
4.4. ( % ) | 75 | ||||||||||||||
. : |
|||||||||||||||
5.1. | 8-9 . | ||||||||||||||
5.2. | ( ) | ||||||||||||||
5.3. | , : 3 7 % | ||||||||||||||
15 | 4 | 2 | 2 | ||||||||||||
+ | |||||||||||||||
2 () , 1 5 3.1 / 3.2 , 1- / 2- . [14]
, , , , . - , .
, . . .
, , .
. .
(Content Management System) CMS Moodle, . CMS Moodle , , .
:
;
;
;
.
.
. , , ; , , - , , .
. , .
1 .. Macromedia Authorware 6.0 . - .: , 2007. - 400 .
2 . : .
http://www.miisp.ru/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=73&catid=31&Itemid=88
3 Microsoft . Microsoft Learning Gateway.
http://www.microsoft.com
4 . . LearningSpace.
http://www.dl.com.ua/rus/techno/ls.shtm
5 Moodle. Moodle. Moodle.
http://docs.moodle.org/ru/_Moodle
6 . Moodle.
http://www.opentechnology.ru/info/moodle_about.mtd
7 .., .. / : - .
http://club-edu.tambov.ru/methodic/mm/content.html
8 Trainings.ru. 800 .
http://www.trainings.ru/library/articles/?id=11059
9 " beneficium". λ. Moodle.
http://beneficium.ru/mediawiki/index.php/_Moodle
10 Moodle/. . , . . , . . : -. , 2008.-146 .
11 MOODLE. / -, , .
http://www.opentechnology.ru/files/moodle/docs/teacherguid/index.html
12 - 220200 / .. , . . - , 2006.-40 .
13 , . λ.
http://www.iet.mesi.ru/br/33b.htm
14 / .., .., .., .. -, 2007.
http://www.nirhtu.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=category§ionid=34&id=420&Itemid=151
() - ..
Copyright (c) 2024 Stud-Baza.ru , , , .