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................................................................................................................... 4
1 ........................ 5
1.1 , ................................................... 5
1.1.1 ...................................................... 8
1.1.2 ........................................................................ 12
1.1.3 .............................................................................. 15
1.2 ......................................................... 23
1.2.1 ................................................................................... 26
1.2.2 ....................................................................................................... 28
2 ................................................... 31
2.1 ..................................................................... 31
2.1.1 .......................................................................... 32
2.1.2 ..................................................................................................... 35
2.1.3 .............................................................. 36
2.1.4 .................................................... 38
2.1.5 Word Wide Web................................................................................... 40
2.2 ......................................................... 44
2.2.1 ................................................................................................... 44
2.2.2 ......................... 45
2.2.3 , , ................................... 46
2.2.4 .............................................................................. 49
2.2.5 ....................................................................................... 50
2.2.6 ................................................................. 51
2.2.7 .......................................................................................... 51
2.2.8 ............................................. 52
2.2.9 , ...................................... 54
2.3 .................................................................................................. 59
2.3.1 ....................................................................... 59
2.3.2 Web-promotion: ........................ 63
3
............................................................................................................... 70
3.1
............ 70
3.2
( - )
1998................................................................................................................ 79
........................................................................................................ 101
................................................... 104
..................................
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1961 Defence Advanced Research Agensy (DARPA) . , ARPANET, . ARPANET. - TCP/IP. TCP/IP - , , .
ARPANET , , . 1975 ARPANET . Defence Communication Agency (DCA), Defence Information Systems Agency (DISA). ARPANET ; TCP/IP .
1983 TCP/IP, Military Standarts (MIL STD), .. , , , . DARPA Berkley Software Design - TCP/IP Berkeley(BSD) UNIX. UNIX TCP/IP.
Ñïóñòÿ íåêîòîðîå âðåìÿ TCP/IP áûë àäàïòèðîâàí â îáû÷íûé, òî åñòü â îáùåäîñòóïíûé ñòàíäàðò, è òåðìèí Internet âîøåë âî âñåîáùåå óïîòðåáëåíèå.  1983 ãîäó èç ARPANET âûäåëèëàñü MILNET, êîòîðàÿ ñòàëà îòíîñèòüñÿ ê Defence Data Network (DDN) ìèíèñòåðñòâà îáîðîíû ÑØÀ. Òåðìèí Internet ñòàë èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ åäèíîé ñåòè: MILNET ïëþñ ARPANET. È õîòÿ â 1991 ãîäó ARPANET ïðåêðàòèëà ñâîå ñóùåñòâîâàíèå, ñåòü Internet ñóùåñòâóåò, åå ðàçìåðû íàìíîãî ïðåâûøàþò ïåðâîíà÷àëüíûå, òàê êàê îíà îáúåäèíèëà ìíîæåñòâî ñåòåé âî âñåì ìèðå. Ðèñóíîê 2.2 èëëþñòðèðóåò ðîñò ÷èñëà õîñòîâ, ïîäêëþ÷åííûõ ê ñåòè Internet ñ 4 êîìïüþòåðîâ â 1969 ãîäó äî 14 ìèëëèîíîâ â 1997 ãîäó.
. 2.2 , Internet
Õîñòîì â ñåòè Internet íàçûâàþòñÿ êîìïüþòåðû, ðàáîòàþùèå â ìíîãîçàäà÷íîé îïåðàöèîííîé ñèñòåìå (Unix, VMS), ïîääåðæèâàþùèå ïðîòîêîëû TCPIP è ïðåäîñòàâëÿþùèå ïîëüçîâàòåëÿì êàêèå-ëèáî ñåòåâûå óñëóãè.
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2.1.5 Word Wide Web
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2.2.1
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- , , , Dow Jones Reuters, 2,3% 2,0 .
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* 32% , Web , 堠 蠠 蠠 ⠠ 堠 12 .
Philips Tarifica : " : ࠠ " 蠠 젠 ࠠ 堠 2001 90 135 . 砠 10 頠 젠 頠 . , 頠 10 . , 2001 2 . Telcos , ࠠ , , . .
, 堠 蠠 ࠠ . 2000 , , , telcos. 21% , World Wide Web , . 40 - ࠠ 頠 ⠠ 蠠 堠 堠 Web .
Tarific :
- 55 ($39 - $16 - ) 2001 (residential customers).
- Ҡ 50 ⠠ 砠 2001 (business customers).
- , Deutsche Telekom , , . : Telekom ; ; 堠 ࠠ 堠 . - .
ࠠ Forrester Research ., WebTV 1 2000 . . (screen phones) , , , , , , - , 1999 . WebTV; 76% 蠠 . < , WebTV ࠠ 蠠 ", 頠 蠠 . (Net-enhanced appliances) , , , 蠠 , >.
, 頠 頠 , 蠠 , (instant white pages), (take-out ordering), , , 14,7 頠 ⠠ 2002 蠠 ꠠ , 蠠 9,2 . <蠠 젠 , 蠠 , >, - Bernoff.
堠 , ⠠ , 蠠 , 蠠 堠 , America Online".
ࠠ International Data Corporation (IDC), 堠 頠 頠 (setwork managers) - 堠 (wide area networks - WANs). Wide Area Networking ࠠ ࠠ 堠 WAN (bandwidth), 頠 蠠 蠠 , . , , , . , .
IDC , WAN, , , 頠 , 㠠 蠠 . ⠠ WAN (low-bandwidth line networks), 蠠 蠠 頠 蠠 .
蠠 Optimal Networks , , "", Pointcast. "Hits and Miss-es: A Year Watching the Web," , World Wide Web (Sixth International World Wide Web Conference ).. . " , 砠 頠 ".
Optimal Networks Optimal Internet Monitor, 4.000 , 95.000 URL.
, 頠 堠 - 12% , 70% , 17% , 12% . 堠 , , ࠠ 頠 .
젠 ࠠ Jupiter Communications., , . - , , , 2002 - 15,3 , -堠 (Internet Appliance Report). 蠠 1.295 ⠠ , , ʠ ( , ) . ʠ 2002 47 . : 젠 , ࠠ ࠠ 5,2 2000 . , Web, - 2,6 2002 .
, - , , , , - . "堠 젠 頠 WebTV , , , ", - , " " Jupiter.
58 . - 30 - , 젠 , 젠 CommerceNet/Nielsen Media Research 1997 , - . WorldWide Web 48 ⠠ . 堠 , , Worldwide Web, 10 . , 堠 16 1995 . " Web 50%,- , - CommerceNet. - , 頠 Web , ". "頠 ࠠ ⠠ 堠 , - , Nielsen Media Research. - , . 48 Web 54% - ⠠ ". . 堠 砠 - , SSL (14%), (8%) TRUSTe, , " " , .
Commerce Net/Nielsen Media Research 1997 -. 堠 堠 59 16 , 26% , 砠 蠠 蠠 . " , - Bressler. - , . 蠠 Ҡ "" , ". , - . , 頠 砠 蠠 , .
堠 ᠠ 頠 / 頠 America Online (L) , Web/online 30 1997 25,3 , 5,6% 23,9 , - - . Cowles/Simba ⠠ 90 , 堠 53 , / - . " , 堠 , / ", 堠 , . 29 / , , LEXIS-NEXIS, Hoover 蠠 Desktop Data NewsEDGE, 7% 3,9 . Wave Phore's Newscast, 55 , 158 .
C 9,3% 9,4 . EIR, CompuServe 0,6% , Microsoft Network 2,3 . 13 Web/, , 5,5 % - 20,2 . " ࠠ , , ", - .
. , 16% , 堠 , . " , , , 堠 , - , " " IntelliQuest. - , , ".
50 : , " " (IDC) '98, - IDC, 堠 ࠠ ⠠ . , 堠 IDC " ", , 1997 53,2 , 44,2 堠 蠠 World Wide Web. , Web. IDC , 1997 60 , Web - 50 26 22,4 Web 1997 . 30% . " 렠 젠 ࠠ 蠠 , - 렠 - IDC . - , , 堠 23 53 . 堠 , , Web , . 蠠 ⠠ , ꠠ , , , ".
'98 頠 . , ⠠ IDC , 蠠 , World Wide Web, 10 ⠠ , 2/3 . " ,- , - ". IDC , World Wide Web - 72 (URL) 1996 200 .
- (multicasting) IP;
- IPv6;
- ;
- WinSock 2.0;
- IP;
- ʠ TCP/IP 102 353 2001 , 28%;
- ʠ 2001 38.150 TCP/IP - 118% 1996 ;
- /IP (mainframe) 34% 1994 74% 1997 .
, 堠 頠 IntelliQuest, "" . , 젠 - 1997 51 16 . 46% 35 , . 1996 , - ࠠ 34%. 1997 - , . 8,5 . 蠠 , , , ꠠ ࠠ 60 . 젠 젠 . , 17% 頠 (8,6 ⠠ ) 蠠 -, ⠠ 50 , ࠠ 5,1 . 3 , 2,6 1,6 . 堠 , IntelliQuest"頠 /" (WWITS). 堠 , ࠠ ࠠ , , , 蠠 蠠 頠 .
1997 :
- (66%) , , , . 23,3 , 57%, 1996 .
- (20%), 10 , 40% , , . ? , .
- . 47% -, 36%. , 58% , , .
- (medium) . , 蠠 , 蠠 - . ? , - .
- 젠 , 堠 (54%, 27,6 ) : , , , . (62% , " " 70% , - ). " , ,- , 頠 " " IntelliQuest. - , , -, , , 頠 , -. 堠 , 蠠 , 頠 , 㠠 蠠 堠 蠠 ".
" ", Web/ 1997 12,9%, ࠠ America Online 1,1 . 53 24,7 30 1997, 21,9 젠 1996 . " , , ࠠ ࠠ , - , New Media & Marketing Group ⠠ Cowles/Simba Information, 頠 "䠠 ". - AOL , ". ࠠ CompuServe, 1,6% 5,4 5,3 , 31 1996 . Microsoft Network 35,3% 2,3 1,7 . , " ", 11,9%, 17,9 20,0 . / , 21,8%, 2,9 1996 3,6 . Multex System Inc., , MultexNET Multex Publisher: 2.557,3% - 11.000 31 1996 292.300 . , 젠 ࠠ 5,3%, 1,1 ࠠ .
, 堠 Inteco , , , . 1997 . 1997 1,4 . , 2001 19 ( 젠 젠 ࠠ 堠 legacy database ) , 6 .
ÇÀÊËÞ×ÅÍÈÅ
130 80 % - Internet. , , , ( , E - Mail ) , , .
, .
Web-, , Internet.
, , , - .
, Web- . .
, Web , America Online PointCast, Jupiter Communication, 5 . ., 7 1996 .
, , .
, , , ( , ).
- - . , , . - , 90- , Yahoo!, Amazon.com, Alta Vista -- . , . , , , , "" , . , - -, , - , .
, . , (CPM Ratio) 28 , 14 - , 6-9 4-8 - -.
, , , . . - " " , .
.
Alta Vista - Internet.
Archie - . Internet.
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) - , Internet .
ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) - .
ARPANET - , , , Internet. .
Bps (bit per second) - . . , .
Cisco - , Cisco-Systems.
DNS (Domain Name System) - . Internet IP-.
Ethernet - . , 2 10 bps(2-10 Mbps). , TCP/IP, Ethernet Internet.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) - , , .
FAQ (Frequently Asked Qustions) - . Internet "" .
Gopher - , Internet. .
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)- . - ; .
Internet - .
internet - .
IP (Internet Protocol) - , Internet, .
I- - 32- Internet.
Iptunnel - Internet. NetWare , Internet.
Lpr - . .
Lpq - . .
NetBlazer - , Telebit.
NetWare - , Novell; -. NetWare (IPX), TCP/IP .
NFS (Network File System) - . .
NNTP (Net News Transfer Protocol) - . .
Ping - .
POP (Post Office Protocol) - " ". . - .
PPP (Point to Point Protocol) - Internet . , SLIP.
RAM (Random Acsess Memory) - .
RFC (Requests For Comments) - . Internet Internet.
Rexec (Remote Execution) - UNIX-.
Rsh (Remote Shell) - . Telnet, , UNIX.
SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) - Internet .
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) - . SMTP - , ( 20 - 30 ). Internet SMTP.
Talk - Internet. "" . .
Telnet - . Internet .
TCPIP - TCPIP Internet.
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) - . TCP - , Internet. (.. ), .
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) - , TCP .
Unix - , Internet. : Unix-BSD, Unix-Ware, Unix-Interactive.
UUCP - Unix- . UUCP - TCP/IP, - Internet. UUCP - , .
VERONICA (Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Netwide Index to Computer Archives) - Internet .
WAIS (Wide Area Information Servers) - Internet .
WWW (World Wide Web) - . , .
Whois - Internet.
Webster - .
- , .
- , (). . , , , , , .
- .
(router) - , , .
- . .
- .
- , . , .
- , .
- , . - (-). K , , .
- , ( , ..).
- ; . , ( , ) (, , ).
- . , .
- Internet.
1. : : . ./
. - .: , 1993. - 574 .
2. . . "" .: // . 1998. - 2(17).
3. . . Internet // : " " : - , 1997"
4. . . - BBS// : " " : - , 1997"
5. . . Web promotion ,
. // , 6, 1997
6. . . : . Dux comp, 1997
7. . . : .: // , 4, 1997
8. . : , 1998
9. Internet : , 1998
10. , . -; : : , . . [1992]. -93. : . , .
11. : . ..,
... - .: . ., 1994. - 447 .
12. : -
, . - .:
-. 1992. - 367 .
13. .. : , , . - .:
, 1995. - 192 .
14. ., .
: . / . . ..; .
... - .: . . 1995. - 255 .: .
15. .., .. -
: / - ,
/. - .: . 1995.
16. . . -:
"", " ". 1994. - 699 .
17. : , , . / .. - ., - 1995
18. Internet : , 1998
19. . :
: . . - ., 1993.
20. .., .. : . - .: , 1991. - 304 .
21. / . . ... - .:
. . 1994. - 352 .
22. .., .., .., .. : 2- : . . - .: . 1995. . 1. - 431 .: . . 2. - 478 .: .
23. . - // . -1997. -N21. -. 35.
24. . : . .
- .: . 1994. - 333 .
25. ., . : .
. . / . . . . .. - .:
. 1993 - 335 .
26. An Introduction to Computer Security: The NIST Handbook. Draft. - National Institute of Standards and Technology, Technology Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1994. - 310 c.
[1] .., .. :
/ - ,
/. - .: . 1995. . 12-14
[2] .., .. :
/ - ,
/. - .: . 1995. . 16-17.
[3] .., .. :
. - .: , 1991. . 8-11.
[4] : : . ./
. - .: , 1993. . 8.
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