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................................................................................................................... 4


1 ........................ 5

1.1 , ................................................... 5

1.1.1 ...................................................... 8

1.1.2 ........................................................................ 12

1.1.3 .............................................................................. 15

1.2 ......................................................... 23

1.2.1 ................................................................................... 26

  1. ....................................................................................................... 28


2 ................................................... 31

2.1 ..................................................................... 31

2.1.1 .......................................................................... 32

2.1.2 ..................................................................................................... 35

2.1.3 .............................................................. 36

2.1.4 .................................................... 38

2.1.5 Word Wide Web................................................................................... 40

2.2 ......................................................... 44

2.2.1 ................................................................................................... 44

2.2.2 ......................... 45

2.2.3 , , ................................... 46

2.2.4 .............................................................................. 49

2.2.5 ....................................................................................... 50

2.2.6 ................................................................. 51

2.2.7 .......................................................................................... 51

2.2.8 ............................................. 52

2.2.9 , ...................................... 54

  1. .................................................................................................. 59

  2. ....................................................................... 59

  3. Web-promotion: ........................ 63


3

“ ”............................................................................................................... 70

  1. ............ 70

( - )

1998................................................................................................................ 79

........................................................................................................ 101

................................................... 104

..................................


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2.1.1


1961 Defence Advanced Research Agensy (DARPA) . , ARPANET, . ARPANET. - TCP/IP. TCP/IP - , , .

ARPANET , , . 1975 ARPANET . Defence Communication Agency (DCA), Defence Information Systems Agency (DISA). ARPANET ; TCP/IP .

1983 TCP/IP, Military Standarts (MIL STD), .. , , , . DARPA Berkley Software Design - TCP/IP Berkeley(BSD) UNIX. UNIX TCP/IP.

TCP/IP , , Internet . 1983 ARPANET MILNET, Defence Data Network (DDN) . Internet : MILNET ARPANET. 1991 ARPANET , Internet , , . 2.2 , Internet 4 1969 14 1997 .

. 2.2 , Internet


Internet , (Unix, VMS), TCP\IP - .

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, .

2.1.2


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2.1.3


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, IAB ( Internet.). IAB , ``'' , , , . Internet , . . IAB ; , . , , . IAB ( ), . , Internet 32- ; . ? IAB . , , .

Internet IETF ( Internet). IETF - ; , . IETF . ( `` '' , ). IETF ; , , - . : , , , , (, ). . , , , IAB .

Internet, , Internet. , , - IETF. - , , Internet . - , . -, Internet, , .

Internet 12 .


Internet ; Internet Inc., Internet . . NSF NSFNET. NASA NASA (NASA Science Internet). , . , .


2.1.4


, Internet , , . , - ( - ), , , .

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, , , , . - , . , , , , .

Internet. (NOC). , . Internet , . , - , NOC , , .

TCP/IP, Internet, . , . (Token Ring, Ethernet, ..), , (, HEPnet), , , , Bitnet Sprint. . , . , , . , ( ). . , , , , , , - IP; , , . , . , , , - `` '' - Internet.


2.1.5 Word Wide Web

. WWW Web (Word-Wide Web- ). . 30 . WWW. WWW .

, ( , - ). , - - . Netscape Navigator, HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language- - WWW). , , - , .

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. 2.3 ” - ”


, HTML-, . URL- , HTML, GIF, JPEG, MPEG, Postscript . . Luncher, MIME-. WWW HTTP, HTML, , , CGI. ( Netscape) HTTP-: CERN NCSA. . MS-Windows Apachie- Unix-. , . Windows - shareware, , Netscape. , , WWW. - . Netscape Netsite , NCSA- . Apachie, freeware, HTTP, , .

HTML- , HTML . , . .

, , - . , , ftp, Oracle. , - : , , .


2.2


2.2.1


, , . , .


130 , , , General Electric, McDonnel Douglas, Huges, Lokheed .


- . , , , . , , , , , , DIALOG Information Services Inc., Data Star, Dun & Bradstreet, Lexis-Nexis

.


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2.2.2


, , , ( , ). "grassroots" (" ").


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, .


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. , , , .. . , . .. (Medvinsky and Neuman 1993; Rose 1994), - "" -"digi-cash" "e-cash", .


, , "" "" , . The Global Network Navigator Special Connections List (Scott Yanoff), , , (Aerospace Engineering: A Guide to Internet Resources) (All the Investment Links. Direct links to all the resources in the PFC Investment Index). , "" .


, , Digital Equipment, Alpha AXP . , , , NASA .


, , .


2.2.4


, , , , , - , , , , . 100% . National Science Foundation (NSF, ) Xerox, Bell, LSI Logic .


, . .

, , , ,

, Delphi America Online.


1993 , Bites and Bytes Online .


. 54 , . , , .


, J.P.Morgan & Co., Lehman Brothers, Pane Webber, Federal Reserve Board () . NSF , . , .


2.2.5


.


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2.2.7


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3.2 ( - ) 1998


, Computer Intelligence (CI) (" "), 31 . 108% 15 . ,

, , 1997 -: 25%, 23 . CI 1997 " " (CTI) - - , . , , 3,6 1996 11 1997, 200%.

, CI , , - (ISP) . "- , , , - , CI . - , -, 25% - 23 , , , , 31 ". " , , , ISP. , ISP. , - : 40%, 16 . , ISP - - 3 , - 17,6 ". CI, 12 , 17.500 , ISP - & Worldnet, Netcom. ISP, , , . , CI, ISP - ISP. , , .


, CI, , - Web-, 26 . 80% , 80% Web. , 60% , 45% .


, CI, , : 30% ( 4,6 ) , . 18% , home banking - 2,7 . 2,2 (14% ) , , . (12% ) , ( , / ).

CI , - Netscape Navigator, 71% , Internet Explorer . Internet Explorer , Navigator . , Netscape .


International Data Corporation (IDC), (ISP) , , - (dedicated access) (locations) / (on a secured and unsecured basis).


" , 1996-2000: ", , : IP, WWW . 1996 ISP 3,3 . (58,5 %) , 1,94 . - - 1996 949,7 . 1996 9% , 4% .


, "" IP 1996 300 , , ISP < >. (facilities based) , MCI, Sprint WorldCom. , , PSInet, .


IDC , ISP, , . ISP , ISP ISP, . , IP , ISP . , ISP, IP.


" " Electronic Information Report , Cowles/Simba Information, America Online CompuServe 6,6% 1997 . 51 27,6 3- , 31 , 1996 25,9 "America Online , , , - , " ". - , , >.

America Online 8,0 1997 , .. 6,7% 7,5 1996 . Microsoft Network America Online, , , 2,2 - 29,4% 1,7 1996 .

, 7,5% - 17,3 - 16,1 1996 . Web, / 7,0% - 3,1 2,9 1996 . LEXIS-NEXIS 816.102 - 3,5% 788.300 1996 .

- , , , Dow Jones Reuters, 2,3% 2,0 .


Forrester Research, Web , . , Web, , , , 1998 . Web . < . , , . , Interactive Technology Strategies. - , Web Web . , , , >.

, .

, , . . , . " " , , , . 1998 54% 50 , , . 38% . , , , . , , , , , .

Durlacher Quarterly Internet Report. 200 . :

* . Durlacher , 10% .

* - 15% 12 10% - .

* 85% . 92% 6 . 25% .

* 32% , Web , 12 .


Philips Tarifica : " : " 2001 90 135 . 10 . , 10 . , 2001 2 . Telcos , , , . .

, . 2000 , , , telcos. 21% , World Wide Web , . 40 - Web .

Tarific :

- 55 ($39 - $16 - ) 2001 (residential customers).

- 50 2001 (business customers).

- , Deutsche Telekom , , . : Telekom ; ; . - .


Forrester Research ., WebTV 1 2000 . . (screen phones) , , , , , , - , 1999 . WebTV; 76% . < , WebTV ", . (Net-enhanced appliances) , , , , >.

, , , (instant white pages), (take-out ordering), , , 14,7 2002 , 9,2 . < , , >, - Bernoff.

“ , , , , America Online".


International Data Corporation (IDC), (setwork managers) - (wide area networks - WANs). Wide Area Networking WAN (bandwidth), , . , , , . , .

IDC , WAN, , , , . WAN (low-bandwidth line networks), .


Optimal Networks , , "", Pointcast. "Hits and Miss-es: A Year Watching the Web," , World Wide Web (Sixth International World Wide Web Conference ).. . " , ".


Optimal Networks Optimal Internet Monitor, 4.000 , 95.000 URL.

, - 12% , 70% , 17% , 12% . , , .


Jupiter Communications., , . - , , , 2002 - 15,3 , - (Internet Appliance Report). 1.295 , , ( , ) . 2002 47 . : , 5,2 2000 . , Web, - 2,6 2002 .

, - , , , , - . " WebTV , , , ", - , " " Jupiter.


58 . - 30 - , , CommerceNet/Nielsen Media Research 1997 , - . WorldWide Web 48 . , , Worldwide Web, 10 . , 16 1995 . " Web 50%,- , - CommerceNet. - , Web , ". " , - , Nielsen Media Research. - , . 48 Web 54% - ". . - , SSL (14%), (8%) TRUSTe, , " " , .

Commerce Net/Nielsen Media Research 1997 -. 59 16 , 26% , . " , - Bressler. - , . "" , ". , - . , , .


/ America Online (L) , Web/online 30 1997 25,3 , 5,6% 23,9 , - - . Cowles/Simba 90 , 53 , / - . " , , / ", , . 29 / , , LEXIS-NEXIS, Hoover Desktop Data NewsEDGE, 7% 3,9 . Wave Phore's Newscast, 55 , 158 .


C 9,3% 9,4 . EIR, CompuServe 0,6% , Microsoft Network 2,3 . 13 Web/, , 5,5 % - 20,2 . " , , ", - .


. , 16% , , . " , , , , - , " " IntelliQuest. - , , ".


50 : , " " (IDC) '98, - IDC, . , IDC " ", , 1997 53,2 , 44,2 World Wide Web. , Web. IDC , 1997 60 , Web - 50 26 22,4 Web 1997 . 30% . " , - - IDC . - , , 23 53 . , , Web , . , , , , ".


'98 . , IDC , , World Wide Web, 10 , 2/3 . " ,- , - ". IDC , World Wide Web - 72 (URL) 1996 200 .

- (multicasting) IP;

- IPv6;

- ;

- WinSock 2.0;

- IP;

- TCP/IP 102 353 2001 , 28%;

- 2001 38.150 TCP/IP - 118% 1996 ;

- /IP (mainframe) 34% 1994 74% 1997 .


, IntelliQuest, "" . , - 1997 51 16 . 46% 35 , . 1996 , - 34%. 1997 - , . 8,5 . , , , 60 . . , 17% (8,6 ) -, 50 , 5,1 . 3 , 2,6 1,6 . , IntelliQuest" /" (WWITS). , , , , .


1997 :

- (66%) , , , . 23,3 , 57%, 1996 .

- (20%), 10 , 40% , , . ? , .

- . 47% -, 36%. , 58% , , .

- (medium) . , , - . ? , - .

- , (54%, 27,6 ) : , , , . (62% , " " 70% , - ). " , ,- , " " IntelliQuest. - , , -, , , , -. , , , ".


" ", Web/ 1997 12,9%, America Online 1,1 . 53 24,7 30 1997, 21,9 1996 . " , , , - , New Media & Marketing Group Cowles/Simba Information, " ". - AOL , ". CompuServe, 1,6% 5,4 5,3 , 31 1996 . Microsoft Network 35,3% 2,3 1,7 . , " ", 11,9%, 17,9 20,0 . / , 21,8%, 2,9 1996 3,6 . Multex System Inc., , MultexNET Multex Publisher: 2.557,3% - 11.000 31 1996 292.300 . , 5,3%, 1,1 .


, Inteco , , , . 1997 . 1997 1,4 . , 2001 19 ( legacy database ) , 6 .



130 80 % - Internet. , , , ( , E - Mail ) , , .

, .


Web-, , Internet.

, , , - .


, Web- . .


, Web , America Online PointCast, Jupiter Communication, 5 . ., 7 1996 .


, , .

, , , ( , ).


- - . , , . - , 90- , Yahoo!, Amazon.com, Alta Vista -- . , . , , , , "" , . , - -, , - , .

, . , (CPM Ratio) 28 , 14 - , 6-9 4-8 - -.


, , , . . - " " , .

.




Alta Vista - Internet.

Archie - . Internet.

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) - , Internet .

ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) - .

ARPANET - , , , Internet. .

Bps (bit per second) - . . , .

Cisco - , Cisco-Systems.

DNS (Domain Name System) - . Internet IP-.

Ethernet - . , 2 10 bps(2-10 Mbps). , TCP/IP, Ethernet Internet.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) - , , .

FAQ (Frequently Asked Qustions) - . Internet "" .

Gopher - , Internet. .

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)- . - ; .

Internet - .

internet - .

IP (Internet Protocol) - , Internet, .

I- - 32- Internet.

Iptunnel - Internet. NetWare , Internet.

Lpr - . .

Lpq - . .

NetBlazer - , Telebit.

NetWare - , Novell; -. NetWare (IPX), TCP/IP .

NFS (Network File System) - . .

NNTP (Net News Transfer Protocol) - . .

Ping - .

POP (Post Office Protocol) - " ". . - .

PPP (Point to Point Protocol) - Internet . , SLIP.

RAM (Random Acsess Memory) - .

RFC (Requests For Comments) - . Internet Internet.

Rexec (Remote Execution) - UNIX-.

Rsh (Remote Shell) - . Telnet, , UNIX.

SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) - Internet .

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) - . SMTP - , ( 20 - 30 ). Internet SMTP.

Talk - Internet. "" . .

Telnet - . Internet .

TCP\IP - TCP\IP Internet.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) - . TCP - , Internet. (.. ), .

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) - , TCP .

Unix - , Internet. : Unix-BSD, Unix-Ware, Unix-Interactive.

UUCP - Unix- . UUCP - TCP/IP, - Internet. UUCP - , .

VERONICA (Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Netwide Index to Computer Archives) - Internet .

WAIS (Wide Area Information Servers) - Internet .

WWW (World Wide Web) - . , .

Whois - Internet.

Webster - .



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13. .. : , , . - .:

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: . / . . ..; .

... - .: . . 1995. - 255 .: .


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19. . :

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2 .., .. :

/ - ,

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3 .., .. :

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4 : : . ./

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