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................................................................................................................... 4
1 ........................ 5
1.1 , ................................................... 5
1.1.1 ...................................................... 8
1.1.2 ........................................................................ 12
1.1.3 .............................................................................. 15
1.2 ......................................................... 23
1.2.1 ................................................................................... 26
....................................................................................................... 28
2 ................................................... 31
2.1 ..................................................................... 31
2.1.1 .......................................................................... 32
2.1.2 ..................................................................................................... 35
2.1.3 .............................................................. 36
2.1.4 .................................................... 38
2.1.5 Word Wide Web................................................................................... 40
2.2 ......................................................... 44
2.2.1 ................................................................................................... 44
2.2.2 ......................... 45
2.2.3 , , ................................... 46
2.2.4 .............................................................................. 49
2.2.5 ....................................................................................... 50
2.2.6 ................................................................. 51
2.2.7 .......................................................................................... 51
2.2.8 ............................................. 52
2.2.9 , ...................................... 54
.................................................................................................. 59
....................................................................... 59
Web-promotion: ........................ 63
3
“ ”............................................................................................................... 70
............ 70
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1998................................................................................................................ 79
........................................................................................................ 101
................................................... 104
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|
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|
28,9 | 7225 | 2,8 | 70,0 | 0,0097 | |
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69,4 | 17350 | 5,0 | 125,0 | 0,0072 | |
|
11,6 | 2900 | 3,0 | 75,0 | 0,0259 | |
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26 | 6500 | 3,4 | 85,0 | 0,0131 | |
|
291,1 | 72775 | 4,1 | 102,5 | 0,0014 | |
|
1355,4 | 338850 | 5,8 | 121,5 | 0,0006 | |
|
138,7 | 34675 | 6,1 | 152,5 | 0,0044 | |
|
1234 | 308500 | 5,2 | 130,0 | 0,0004 | |
|
1635,8 | 408950 | 3,5 | 87,5 | 0,0002 | |
|
75,1 | 18775 | 3,2 | 80,0 | 0,0043 | |
|
112,7 | 28175 | 3,4 | 85,0 | 0,0030 | |
|
106,9 | 26725 | 2,7 | 67,5 | 0,0025 | |
|
196,5 | 49125 | 3,5 | 87,5 | 0,0018 | |
|
98,3 | 24575 | 2,5 | 62,5 | 0,0025 | |
|
812,1 | 203025 | 3,8 | 95,0 | 0,0005 | |
|
537,5 | 134375 | 6,5 | 162,5 | 0,0012 | |
|
75,1 | 18775 | 2,8 | 70,0 | 0,0037 | |
|
395,9 | 98975 | 5,0 | 125,0 | 0,0013 | |
- |
150,3 | 37575 | 5,5 | 137,5 | 0,0037 | |
+ |
1577,9 | 394475 | 9,5 | 237,5 | 0,0006 | |
|
1447,9 | 361975 | 11,0 | 275,0 | 0,0008 |
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, 7,5% - 17,3 - 16,1 1996 . Web, / 7,0% - 3,1 2,9 1996 . LEXIS-NEXIS 816.102 - 3,5% 788.300 1996 .
- , , , Dow Jones Reuters, 2,3% 2,0 .
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, . 2000 , , , telcos. 21% , World Wide Web , . 40 - Web .
Tarific :
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- 50 2001 (business customers).
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, , , (instant white pages), (take-out ordering), , , 14,7 2002 , 9,2 . < , , >, - Bernoff.
“ , , , , America Online".
International Data Corporation (IDC), (setwork managers) - (wide area networks - WANs). Wide Area Networking WAN (bandwidth), , . , , , . , .
IDC , WAN, , , , . WAN (low-bandwidth line networks), .
Optimal Networks , , "", Pointcast. "Hits and Miss-es: A Year Watching the Web," , World Wide Web (Sixth International World Wide Web Conference ).. . " , ".
Optimal Networks Optimal Internet Monitor, 4.000 , 95.000 URL.
, - 12% , 70% , 17% , 12% . , , .
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/ America Online (L) , Web/online 30 1997 25,3 , 5,6% 23,9 , - - . Cowles/Simba 90 , 53 , / - . " , , / ", , . 29 / , , LEXIS-NEXIS, Hoover Desktop Data NewsEDGE, 7% 3,9 . Wave Phore's Newscast, 55 , 158 .
C 9,3% 9,4 . EIR, CompuServe 0,6% , Microsoft Network 2,3 . 13 Web/, , 5,5 % - 20,2 . " , , ", - .
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- (multicasting) IP;
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1997 :
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" ", Web/ 1997 12,9%, America Online 1,1 . 53 24,7 30 1997, 21,9 1996 . " , , , - , New Media & Marketing Group Cowles/Simba Information, " ". - AOL , ". CompuServe, 1,6% 5,4 5,3 , 31 1996 . Microsoft Network 35,3% 2,3 1,7 . , " ", 11,9%, 17,9 20,0 . / , 21,8%, 2,9 1996 3,6 . Multex System Inc., , MultexNET Multex Publisher: 2.557,3% - 11.000 31 1996 292.300 . , 5,3%, 1,1 .
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130 80 % - Internet. , , , ( , E - Mail ) , , .
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Alta Vista - Internet.
Archie - . Internet.
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) - , Internet .
ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) - .
ARPANET - , , , Internet. .
Bps (bit per second) - . . , .
Cisco - , Cisco-Systems.
DNS (Domain Name System) - . Internet IP-.
Ethernet - . , 2 10 bps(2-10 Mbps). , TCP/IP, Ethernet Internet.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) - , , .
FAQ (Frequently Asked Qustions) - . Internet "" .
Gopher - , Internet. .
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)- . - ; .
Internet - .
internet - .
IP (Internet Protocol) - , Internet, .
I- - 32- Internet.
Iptunnel - Internet. NetWare , Internet.
Lpr - . .
Lpq - . .
NetBlazer - , Telebit.
NetWare - , Novell; -. NetWare (IPX), TCP/IP .
NFS (Network File System) - . .
NNTP (Net News Transfer Protocol) - . .
Ping - .
POP (Post Office Protocol) - " ". . - .
PPP (Point to Point Protocol) - Internet . , SLIP.
RAM (Random Acsess Memory) - .
RFC (Requests For Comments) - . Internet Internet.
Rexec (Remote Execution) - UNIX-.
Rsh (Remote Shell) - . Telnet, , UNIX.
SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) - Internet .
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) - . SMTP - , ( 20 - 30 ). Internet SMTP.
Talk - Internet. "" . .
Telnet - . Internet .
TCP\IP - TCP\IP Internet.
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) - . TCP - , Internet. (.. ), .
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) - , TCP .
Unix - , Internet. : Unix-BSD, Unix-Ware, Unix-Interactive.
UUCP - Unix- . UUCP - TCP/IP, - Internet. UUCP - , .
VERONICA (Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Netwide Index to Computer Archives) - Internet .
WAIS (Wide Area Information Servers) - Internet .
WWW (World Wide Web) - . , .
Whois - Internet.
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1. : : . ./
. - .: , 1993. - 574 .
2. . . "" .: // . 1998. - 2(17).
3. . . Internet // : " " : - , 1997"
4. . . - BBS// : " " : - , 1997"
5. . . Web promotion ,
. // , 6, 1997
6. . . : . Dux comp, 1997
7. . . : .: // , 4, 1997
8. . : , 1998
9. Internet : , 1998
10. , . -; : : , . . [1992]. -93. : . , .
11. : . ..,
... - .: . ., 1994. - 447 .
12. : -
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-. 1992. - 367 .
13. .. : , , . - .:
, 1995. - 192 .
14. ., .
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... - .: . . 1995. - 255 .: .
15. .., .. -
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16. . . -:
"", " ". 1994. - 699 .
17. : , , . / .. - ., - 1995
18. Internet : , 1998
19. . :
: . . - ., 1993.
20. .., .. : . - .: , 1991. - 304 .
21. / . . ... - .:
. . 1994. - 352 .
22. .., .., .., .. : 2- : . . - .: . 1995. . 1. - 431 .: . . 2. - 478 .: .
23. . - // . -1997. -N21. -. 35.
24. . : . .
- .: . 1994. - 333 .
25. ., . : .
. . / . . . . .. - .:
. 1993 - 335 .
26. An Introduction to Computer Security: The NIST Handbook. Draft. - National Institute of Standards and Technology, Technology Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1994. - 310 c.
4 : : . ./
. - .: , 1993. . 8.
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