. , , ,

,,,

—

̲Ͳ ²

Ͳ ֲ Ͳ Ͳ в

" "

2009


Bo a oa ooo cyacoc Ca ao aa, o e oepe oae pyya ooco cce, aeao cooo oyy epeoypa cox oc, e yac e o poco oa ccea, a o pope a, po x cao pe㳿. B ca ye aao cpaex pee po e, o pe o , a oo, a oy py oao o cyacoy c; po e, o oa y apayo aape, ae eoo y aycyao aaoo. Ae xo epy ay yay a e, o o䳿, po ec, yc e c a epcoo ypy, a aepeo. Toy, p epaoc ccx eoo xoy cy axo a coo poy, p cya ocooay , a oo, o oco aa apoooo peo, apo yo epy yay a poco a paae cce cy. e cce, e epeop aey a e e pyy e ea e ycoa ocae oee, o x aaa eopa a coa yyp ycp, aac oaa.

oaa epeop c y e e a o e cp oao yypo a peo oepe, o, ooy pa, po ycp pe yyp eopoo. Ae ao, o ee ac e, y y oaoy ce볔 yy oap a oaoy py, e apoo pae co pey aec. , aya Xoce aaoa, ooc y e a, aa ooc a py: aco o yy oap, o e oc x aoo; x e aax, oc yya e oap, o e ya oy aa. Bco ooo, y py, e y coo aoc peoo cyepapey, pec y px co pa䳿 a o, e ooo aoo ep aao co, aac ao po. B ox yoax ae aecy eoxy ac co cap, ooa pe eoc, a x x pec aya xoc x o, a coo pec e, acx op. Ae y-oy pa e ao a cooo acay cpo ya pex aepa, a, e, e oc co e oao pe㳿. Ho (ao opo o) oa pe yyp c op cap, poe e a x oc. ac cocepa e oy c o pe㳿, aea ca co ao e ocoo oca pe, o y ey eepc o x pe. cooo㳿 pe㳿 ao co aac ca pya po e pea pe㳿, po oepe a a coy apey, po oy ooy oy, oaeoay xopo eepoc, o pooc Apy o Aaxo epa oo ca pa a, xa Pa, e Cooo opooo epy. Pe oa eo paa, a oaa pe㳿 e e cacoy eapax , a x. o ϳep ep, oaa cpc o oo, o pe opy o yc, yoy cypc yac e y. Ao, ay po e aepac cooo pe㳿, oaa pyy app o yyp, ae oa ao a oox pyxa, cpoa a epe eoce caoae. coa, oae oca pe㳿 oaa oay y a aec, oa oy ax ae. Hape, oaa ae oo aa po y a oyy. Cae oaa ocaa pea oy y cya peao oype pea aao oype, o oy e pa. Oe, oaa o x , o e oo o, cpc o oepe pe㳿 a apoy apey, oay oy apo oc. Pe oaa oa ϳc a epco c, poay CPCP, oca⳿ a exocoa ocoyc pa oepa oc cpoya cee y oaoy cooy poe. p oy Xoce aaoa ca, o, poac pao oepc, oaa popa e apaa oco cop, pa eeocc poe axoy eepay co ycp. oy poy oaa ocoepcc, ocooa ocax eoe.

oaa oa cyo poac pao aaco cceo, ae oa aa epopao-pco oeeoc y paax epa aoao eoo, cp oo oaoy poo. oaa e oaa a aoay, ae oaa e xoo y cyepe epop aoao epa. oaa cp oepe capx a cox pe e aax o, ae ayx yypx cce yex co. poy o ye co epeac, a aco cya y aa cap ye coa, po ca ee Aepco, oo a. Ha yy pooya cya, cepy X. aaoa, 䳺 ye coa oc oex eoce y oaoy pocop, ae oa pacaoa eoc, ocoo pe, e opo oy c ay. o o pacaoa eoc cay c, apoe, o o-a yy a cap a co pe. Cae oy aa acyy e C. aoa po e a ycoe pocao ayoc yypx cce a y cpaax cy.

co, a ypac oec XX oay XX co oo po pa a ax co cocoo po pe㳿 y co o apox ocax. e po opeco oc-apcccoo aepay y co o, e ocao p paa pyoo cy c a oyy epao poo oe ae ooac eopo oy aac poca oa apoo a, oc ecpoo. Oeo, o po pe㳿 y oa o epo pa, yac pex cy y ooy poec, ecaa ao peya o.

Pe a cpay a poea pa ae a oay oy aac cae epeoc ooo , o poyc cyx epe, aco, opaa oo pecypc pa oeo opoae ae. Pe a c co oy coo, a ao poo opo, op c a poe. oa ycoe oo eoea ao yco, oy, apa, epa aapa pa, a aa 17 o apax oep a aoy po, aaac e oyc yepe opoc epox o o pa aaoy e eeaoy cayc ao pyac y poe, op oo aea cep epooo paa ( e yac y ay o Poc oo apapxaoo caycy ). Oeo, o po pe㳿 y oa o epo pa, yac pex cy y ooy poec, ecaa ao peya o. Pe a cpay a poea pa ae a oay oy aac cae epeoc ooo , o poyc cyx epe, aco, opaa oo pecypc pa oeo opoae ae.

Pe a c co oy coo, a ao poo opo, op c a poe. oa ycoe oo eoea ao yco, oy, apa, epa aapa pa, a aa 17 o apax oep a aoy po, aaac e oyc yepe opoc epox o o pa aaoy e eeaoy cayc ao pyac y poe, op oo aea cep epooo paa ( e yac y ay o Poc oo apapxaoo caycy ). Oeo, o po pe㳿 y oa o epo pa, yac pex cy y ooy poec, ecaa ao peya o. Pe a cpay a poea pa ae a oay oy aac cae epeoc ooo , o poyc cyx epe, aco, opaa oo pecypc pa oeo opoae ae. Pe a c co oy coo, a ao poo opo, op c a poe.

oa ycoe oo eoea ao yco, oy, apa, epa aapa pa, a aa 17 o apax oep a aoy po, aaac e oyc yepe opoc epox o o pa aaoy e eeaoy cayc ao pyac y poe, op oo aea cep epooo paa ( e yac y ay o Poc oo apapxaoo caycy ). Oeo, o po pe㳿 y oa o epo pa, yac pex cy y ooy poec, ecaa ao peya o. Pe a cpay a poea pa ae a oay oy aac cae epeoc ooo , o poyc cyx epe, aco, opaa oo pecypc pa oeo opoae ae. Pe a c co oy coo, a ao poo opo, op c a poe. oa ycoe oo eoea ao yco, oy, apa, epa aapa pa, a aa 17 o apax oep a aoy po, aaac e oyc yepe opoc epox o o pa aaoy e eeaoy cayc ao pyac y poe, op oo aea cep epooo paa ( e yac y ay o Poc oo apapxaoo caycy ).

e a paa o cyacoc poopac e, py a oee pee opyya, xoa aco ep cop oy poooya ae. Oa y XX c., y co X, apa eo cop cypooyac epe o pex co opa, o ax, o ope y cae po coo eoc. Ba, ap e o y co pa y Mao peco, a oceo e oco c, Ca aa 1941 p. pa cecep, a pa o o axa xpccy a accx oa. oo, y XX c. e cac ep aa cec co opo axoo y oo pex aeopx cepy, o cepe cay ea poe pe㳺 oo (ex Axe cc), ae pee CA .y oop po co pay ap y pyax ox, opa opao oo apa caoe eopa coo o coy c. ye ocp cyc po ao poopac aoo oce eoce, a x pyyc a pex yex oyx. ao pa 2004-228 15 epe 2004 p. po acocya py ccoc oo oc y oax, oeax a poacx ex a ao pee oy, pey paec, op cpoa a o e, a yepe ooo볿 payo poaco pe㳿, cyc aoo aya/eaya y peay poeco ocy xpcco ca eoyao ocpa pea a poey oy o aooyx ocoooax pa, ye cpa, ae aeo e pa aoo poy. Moo, e oao o apyoa cpo oepe poecx epo pa o poecoo Coy Type, oc, pecc y oye oc cycco, caca caa Type a co ace pe, ae oc oy coo pc xpcco ca, o pea pe po. ay c peeax aepa pa aa y ao paa, e ea oy o y a p ao oa pe㳺. Coo, ca oo poy aya e ..epep, o, xo opy pe y coy aa cyacx oc, e a c ac cpax p. oaa pe a oay co Pe aa cy a oay XX c. a a o. Xpc ae 2 p., ycya 1,2 p., 811,3 . yc, 384,8 . p acx apox pe, 360 . yc, 228.4 . p px ex x pe, 102,4 . acx eope, 23,3 . cx, 14 . e, 12,3 apacx, apo-aoaepacx, apoapcx oo ac, 7,1 . axac, 6,3 . oya, 4,2 . ac, 2,8 . coc, 2,6 . aoc, 2,5 . opoacp. 918 . e e aea o oo pe㳿, 150 . y aeca. Pe aa ae ce e epa copo-eopay ceea e pa a ocao ooe oy a pey paec cox poa. Mycya, apa, caa oa 98% acee Mapa, Ma, Tycy, Coa, Mapoo, ey, Aacay a x pa; po aa oa aa xpc a Ma, y apaa, aea, Eaop, Caaop o; p ep acee Taay, yay ao yca, a 䳿 Heay yca. Ae ooec poac; pe㳿 ycpac oa oo e e a ox cx ox, e yo, cao, xpcco cao coo acy Ap, a a cox pax epeax. Mee e ao ca apya axopoecx c, xo e yc opoa oocx oo, a cao, yc oaxa ecoo oxoe. Haepe epeaepe, e yoy co a ce epeao o xpcca, a o, ea e o cay, cac y cax px pax. Hapa, oca p ec cepe opoo acee pa볿 a Beopa yc aepe o epco peo pa apoy opya, a cepe e x aepa o ca epex y a a p pe㳿. B epayp oao oca a aepe xpc a, yc y eco a oo coo cea y. Pea apa cy ca ea poao.

Ocoo ao e poec poopac xpcc. ocao aa, o a oay XX c. y Coyex aax yo e 20 pe, a ap XX c. oa 1500. B oy , o 1800 p. c yo, o pay, 500 xpccx eoa, o poo XX c. x c poca y 3,8 pa, a poo XX c. y 9,8 pa. T a epx c po XX co co xpccx eoa poco 33 800 o 39 c. Ae opy ypoae ao pyx o ya y ex pex pax y, y , ocoo, ca. ee pe ycoe poec, o yac ca XX c. epa e eo po eapaa cay, oae oo apa, aa oc o a-aco cacoo eoyaeay pooc epa aca Moxae a, aaoo co pe㳿 apac epao. p oy, o xpcco yc a ϳe, o ca a Cx, a e apacoo cy, oo Cxoy o Cxo A糿. pa, a oay XX c. poa paa ao c ycyacoo acee y e apac pa: oe (170 . a cay), aca (136 .) a aae (106 .) e ee ep ycya cy apa. e ycyac aop a pooy oc o cac c a, o aa a axo, opy aoay ec apo, pao coya ca e a oa ce aaco oce, cyx yypa oo Cxoy Cxo A糿, ϳo Ap oo. aa, o xoa ca e e o eee cop yyp 55 a cy, ae eee o, a, o 璺y c a aa e y coc. pya ee e cpe poca aco pax poec ca ycya a ea pao cacx pa. CA x a oay co yo 5 ., paax poecoo Coy o 13 ., ao 3,5% acee C.

Mycya y axoy c oc y epeeeoy cao o opy ae x poac paa cooa, ae, op pc epe aoo, poec, o pay, ycya e oc coaoo caycy p eoooo opoyy cepeoo pa, paya. o pay, x acay aae, cao eoy acy a cay y Be pa, y ace apo a o pae, eycya-pa opy pyo y cepeoy a pey ee a x; y pa pe epo cepe ycya y a cepe o pa. He ype pa, ep x oo a 30 po, cpac oc a y pyoy oo, o o e oop eo ao pae, ypeo. ֳay cpa caco eapa y axx cyccax ao . op.

poo co a ap opa 150 pa, a op pyo poay cao p oap CA. o poca e ycx yax e, px pac oopy p. a o cy o, cac c. e c e cp a ap, a cpoy oc cacoo py epe cope oa ea o aopoe y Cayc Apa⳿, poa a e pay, a o ya. Ae oo poy ao, o a, y ycyac a oo aa co , ya copea cae a axo. Cae oy pocop y aocep opyc oa ca, o oc p ca ax. ax e cec epay, a oy a e, o ea e pyyc a oy op oco.

Pe op, apa e ca (pye apoe, aooc a cac, opax ocx, poa px, o aeeya oo) epeyyc opa xpccoo poe, xoa e e e a coo oc oe o xpcco Peopa. c ycx caay cepe pyoo oo ycya axoy, oo ycya, apoc e y axx paax poax pa. Caa a ycyaa oy cec coo cay, cay, aeoo o opa ceco, oao caco coapc oaeoo 򳺿 yypo a eo ooa, o a co py x a. poyo, o y cyacoy c yac e , aeo e oe x epeopc a ee. Toy oopeo e po ee, ac epa. e, epeoc, , oa eopa ee.

M , cae poo 1950-70-x pp., pyyac a eex eopax , ao po cpac a oay XX c. Toy, o oop po ee, pyyc a eopax ax, o o a ox e xpcca a e. 1900 poy caa 81% cx xpc, 2000 poy x cepe xpc 45%. 2005 po pao ao c xpccoo acee y CA, a a pa, o a, o ya Poc. o ee, cy apa cya py pe XX co, epeyc, o 2025 po Poc epecc a 9 ce a c xpc, a 2050 poy aa o ecy pa ao c xpccoo acee, a ae a o: CA, a, pa, oo, , Meca, Hep, Գ, Eo aa. Ae, ao, ec e poco po exae e xpc a e, ec po e, o e e eo po o oco xpcca, o xpcco ca acoap a ape ooe oeao. co Hacye xpcco . ec cepy, o xpcco oc a c eaxa pe apa oo oepac o cox ope. ʳaca, yeoc-Apec, Ac-Aea a Maa acy P, A, ap, oo a H-op. ep ϳ paoacc, ocepa, aoa, a ϳo.

ϳe ep a e epae xpcco x xpcco ce, oo aooy a e po popoax. Cpe poca ocepaoo, oooo xpcca cacoy oec Hep, oe糿, a Գax aaa a e a. o oo co a co ap ocaoo opecc pa 20 ex pa, e coe xpc a ycya ye po oao oco 10 x oa pooya, o ae coe e ye p

Ca aop pooy, oa, ea a, o e cpac. p oy oaa a e a ao p, o x aayc yp opaa, a a ooe peo yxooc. Ha e, o xpc aac aoo o o, o ce eyee ae peo ooa yooecy oeec. aao ae oaoc x, xo oa poa oa ao. Coo, o pay, ooopaa peop HECO pa ooa caaa, o oa e p y o a. Ae o a e e yo, e oa p ao e p. Oa, aocya cee , o oo oy ea, e oa, o eapa pe c, o a cepe xpcca ye poca, a cae coo eye epeopc a ey e oa. Pe peao py ec o cyacoo cy; a paxya ooo, aa p 101 pooo oy, o poopac y c 1989 o 1996 poy, e 6 x y epa, c y ypoepa e, e pe e paa ye ay, ao a aay po. e pyy x, xo aac oa ye cepo poea epopy, oop po eoxy peoo epopy. Bo oc pex o e Paoop oo, o ooac epop eooy xeoo oa x oxo po oo. epa x aapxcc epop 1880-x po, a a aooaa x 1920-x oa paa ec 40 po; pe x aa oaac y 1960- caa o 2000-x pp. Hape 1979 p. oaac pea x , a Paoopo, oa pae ec o cepe 20-x pp. oo co. Pe epop pc epopy ceypoo pc coo.

Ceypc o a coo ocao, pe pay a acao c ep, ceypc cx o co ep cepe poo acee o yy, o opo epee ace opaa, pe o acao oc ep ce x, o copa, o. Cc aay co oᒺ pex aa e e coa, ae c ep. co ppeee ea ae a ec a ppoe aca x peoo epopy? e oy pe ep p aea? a oc .

Eec, eoxy epopy e oa oooa aya e, o c ax. Hapo, e aya e, ca cepeo aa. Tepop e o po ap opcooc, c acoo acoo , op ca ya ax. Oeo, e co yxo pa, a y co oco ooe pao yepcao e, oy c a ee y cpa yopoe cpao xopo. co ppeee ea ae a ec a ppoe aca x peoo epopy? e oy pe ep p aea? a oc .Eec, eoxy epopy e oa oooa aya e, o c ax.

Hapo, e aya e, ca cepeo aa. Tepop e o po ap opcooc, c acoo acoo , op ca ya ax. Oeo, e co yxo pa, a y co oco ooe pao yepcao e, oy c a ee y cpa yopoe cpao xopo. co ppeee ea ae a ec a ppoe aca x peoo epopy? e oy pe ep p aea? a oc .Eec, eoxy epopy e oa oooa aya e, o c ax. Hapo, e aya e, ca cepeo aa.

Tepop e o po ap opcooc, c acoo acoo , op ca ya ax. Oeo, e co yxo pa, a y co oco ooe pao yepcao e, oy c a ee y cpa yopoe cpao xopo. co ppeee ea ae a ec a ppoe aca x peoo epopy? e oy pe ep p aea? a oc .Eec, eoxy epopy e oa oooa aya e, o c ax. Hapo, e aya e, ca cepeo aa. Tepop e o po ap opcooc, c acoo acoo , op ca ya ax.

Oeo, e co yxo pa, a y co oco ooe pao yepcao e, oy c a ee y cpa yopoe cpao xopo. co ppeee ea ae a ec a ppoe aca x peoo epopy? e oy pe ep p aea? a oc .Eec, eoxy epopy e oa oooa aya e, o c ax. Hapo, e aya e, ca cepeo aa. Tepop e o po ap opcooc, c acoo acoo , op ca ya ax. Oeo, e co yxo pa, a y co oco ooe pao yepcao e, oy c a ee y cpa yopoe cpao xopo.

oo cepox ee xpcc, o epo yay e a oy: 1 c XX c. yo ep e ϒeco ep. Baac, o 1 c 1901 poy, e ep e ϒeca, o , xo pac cey Toa, a aac, aoop oa. Hap XX c. ec, xapa cx x, xo ae o po, yo 524 o. oy cec a oepeo oop po eeocaa xpcca, oo po e, o eca a oae xpcco ca ea . Oeo, o yac ea epeoypa cepe cooo oxpoo xpcca.

oa aa ao paocax eyc op e, o c ao poca. Ae c ec, xapax, eoxapax e poca a ea. Hapa, y 2025 po e poca ye po a 4% opo 2000 poo. a pea aa a cpe poca a ax eaex epo, apacx, apo-aepacx apo-aoaepacx eoa. ec x epo ea e poac, x ao ec eec o oc eo xpcco po; xpcco x ao oyc ce pa pya. Cpaa oy, o a cooc ce e ao yco c poac yypoo o xpcca, a apa poco e yc y oec pa, cope y p poeco yyp. opea, apac ao aoeo pec, o , apa, ao co acy y oco a co xpcce oca co ac epoo㳿, a e oooo ea apcoee-occ cce쳔. Apac ao co a y Aococo Co: a ooo, ypya cyca ao pae acya oo, poe a coo oxpccoo, oecoo ay opox py, apo oy opa eca e? oo oy a y coy o, a oo y a ep? Bo ao ee, o o eee apacx pax pya, yypa aya pe, oe o ococo oc e cyepea xpccy. co epy, apac poeca aco e oy poy, oy x oop aoa a yaoy poa ox x aca, a aa e oa epeaa. opea, apac oep pa a y Capoy ao paa oa쳿 ae apacx cyccax oa ya coo eoooo ycxy ap opya ox ac. Bp a opc ooa쳿 epo oaa eo pay coaoo caycy, a, epcoax , poyo, p e po. Haaa o apac ep ya o cec pao poa y cpo aoy coao-ooy oec apacoo oey. Ooaco, poa, epeoc axa, paa po xpccoo acoy pa, y cec, y e o aac o XX c. apao a ceo ooo poopo yxox a, pc epe oa, c opoee cea pce oy poec, cay yo a oc axopoecx pa e e cy. o ce, co, oa oop po e aapccx epax. Hapa, apa oy oax Mecep ayay, o oo apx o e aa a aao poe, oca 40 po, ae o pae y e paaac cyc p a, e caoc a ec. oc apxe糿 2,8 . ao, oop , a oca 30 po apx䳺e paa 300 c. oc. Ha oe xpee paa p oxoa. Ha x ax a e o-aapcc ya ooe po pyay xoy cay axo poo. e oyp a a pac oeoc oo poy. O cap e pooy yp poa poo, e pooy a x py poay poy ca caco pecy Hepa a ecay epe , opo x pa yy ap epx. Cpa, pcyc ycya paax axo po poca aao o, p oy cae po yopc e, o oa aa oa cao, cao, e e oc ec oco ae po a oy, o aac c cao ao axxao. M , y ex paax caoe apao a cae , ace, e ca cope ee cepeoe, e pooy a ap cx oce. Cae oo cepeoa xo peoc, cyooco yac yyp. Boa oycyc pae a epcoaoy a, a acoy oopa opoocax c co a epo. Haooc a epcoaoy yxooy oc cyᒺoy eooy aye ocoo pao c y aooy xapaoy ooe.

Cya acpa aaao cao ao, ac. Xoa acoo c poec oce cy a pex pa, poe e ca axa aeca. Bo a pay ae ceoo, e e a poe oy a epo oopo. apay a acya ao cya, oaea ac pax o pe pya, opeo oco yxooy oc epeax ooo oy, cp a ep yac cyoa pe oc.

pec e aaa a ca po e aeoc e ca a c a opc ee pe㳿 o pao cep pao e coao ayoc. P oce epeoy y aaeoc, cao, a ao oa poa yxo paa (ya ea ay oo eo oypoc y, apa, Hepaax), po epec poe o cxx pe (poe, p y peapa, 1990 p. yo ycoo e a ec co ee a x, xo p y ocpec 22% po 33%), a ao o cxoo xpcca. , ooac, po ye cyy pay y epo. Tpyy ya pa ay cyoax epo aopapo pcya op c pex pya ocpy c ac ap pya, pe a ac opo. ocpy po poe e e pe, ae ae pe a e x oe.

Peya poeco popa e oce (EVS) ca, o axopoe pae eepo, ceyp. 60% poe oo po c apaopa oc, po x xx y , po yx ; oa aa x, xo a ae c aye o aepax pex pa a oc coo. opoo ay, ax poe e ca , x ce acy, ae apapx po, yo. p oy, po o poe pao xpcco a oo, o popoya oy expca y po, ee ca, oop po opoe. c: xoa oopo po ee ep, o, o-epe, ce oo e oo poe, o c poy, ao e peypo y ey pay, 46 % p y pa, oa pea y eo. M oopo po cepoe ee cex oa, ae e ayao, o pao yoc e o aex.

oopo po e, o ex cax Beopa epec ca oc ycyac, ae o e ac y aaox cax ao xpa Beopa e a ycx oxox, o a e pa pxo o, x cao y pa e, aca. Hape, oca a ec ca ooo oo aox po o pae ca ypa yp, Ac, Meop, aa, Cao e oocea, Mocepa, Tee. e yo, 46% poe p y pa, oa pea y eo. caa o pay cooo, o a a, a yy po aep e po, o yye xpcco, oo a a opy. Pao , cae po oe ca pae o opya coapoo poy po䳿 epao, pey ceyp x, e (pae) ca ea o e.

ye pao e apy pe Mococoo apapxay; oeo, eo po o aa ee XVI. cop ypac Poep Moxe, a ce ec ep apao Paepo, ee, o cae aa ee XVI pae, a copya coo poy ocepa epaoa, a y ee , ca aopoo peo cepooy o. poy, a yy P. Moxea, cae ee oxoe a oxy oo o oo: eoe ece aeay a paa oo. yy e, cocepa ece aea o aex oy yyp po eo yyp. Moo, ca opoa paax poooaoo xpccoo acy (oo, a cyoaoaoo) ceypo, oe ca cepoo ee peo-cycoo poy e aoo ec. M , a ac e oaae e xpc eye epce oo, ooa po璺aoc oe xapco oc Oeo, ae oe (, , eye yc oay XX c.) oe yac y, poae, oᒺax cp xpccoo po璺a caay.

ye ao ee y xpcc, a e oe e a c poo y XX c., pae o eepo poc, e e e ae o e poecacx aex, ae, aco, copx epo. Ƴ e caa 10% cx ceocye y CA, 30% cye y eoox aax aaax ; op opcy aopoy ooo ceca ao ep c poxco apa, e a cea, epoa, o cy cpa, a. B Aac cpyoc aoc 1 c. opea, e a ooo ceca. Tee y a a o. o y 1800 p. cepe oc, paa xpccx opaax, oo caa 89%, a 11%, y 1900 p. oa 90% pox ee 10 % oo ; 1970 p. 67% a 33% oo; 2000 p. 60% a 40%; y 2007 p. 59% a 41%. poo a 2025 p. 57% oo a 43% o. e ooo ceca e e a ocpa糿 oo ope copx epax; a, oy a e oe ca ceo oe a ooopax a paocax epe-opyax. peo, poea ooo ceca aa cyc a oepe Mapooo oy oc paocax apo a paocao ep ecx ee Coa y paca Po y cyacoy c: paoca x (2007 p.), a (cyc) e oc eao aa ap ya oo. Booac, epo yay, o ee e oc o ooe.

Ta oepe ya aooya -o pe a eea XVI peaya acy Tpecy ecy opc oocya epe cea o ap, a e o apoy. Ha pe , ac, e ca a ooo yay oa, a oo poa pa o aox eeya, a cepe epecx ao.

Too opy oep opa epooo ao yeo a aa poe capx ypx op, pyx, oopayc ycoayc oepe o o, acox ao, ope cx, cxaccx, apa, yp ceap, poca oypoc yoopx o oo. Booac, epo yay, o ee e oc o ooe.

Ae ay pe㳿 a aeae aoc y ooaco pao, cpoao ay, oaa co cay, ae y o epe . Toy ao opy ooe oepe o capx, aaoc , oo ayx op. Ta oepe ya aooya -o pe a eea XVI peaya acy Tpecy ecy opc oocya epe cea o ap, a e o apoy.

Ha pe , ac, e ca a ooo yay oa, a oo poa pa o aox eeya, a cepe epecx ao. Too opy oep opa epooo ao yeo a aa poe capx ypx op, pyx, oopayc ycoayc oepe o o, acox ao, ope cx, cxaccx, apa, yp ceap, poca oypoc yoopx o oo. Booac, epo yay, o ee e oc o ooe.

Ae ay pe㳿 a aeae aoc y ooaco pao, cpoao ay, oaa co cay, ae y o epe . Toy ao opy ooe oepe o capx, aaoc , oo ayx op. Ta oepe ya aooya -o pe a eea XVI peaya acy Tpecy ecy opc oocya epe cea o ap, a e o apoy. Ha pe , ac, e ca a ooo yay oa, a oo poa pa o aox eeya, a cepe epecx ao. Too opy oep opa epooo ao yeo a aa poe capx ypx op, pyx, oopayc ycoayc oepe o o, acox ao, ope cx, cxaccx, apa, yp ceap, poca oypoc yoopx o oo.

oa cyo, cya oaa oaa, o a ee opy co opae cae ee pa. poy, ae opae aao ce cax ox cex oce.

̲Ͳ ² Ͳ ֲ Ͳ Ͳ в " "

 

 

 

! , , , .
. , :