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2003 .

:

 

1.

2. TCP/IP.

3. IP-

) : (MAC-), (IP-) (DNS-)

) IP-

) : broadcast, multicast, loopback

) IP-: ARP RARP

) IP-: DNS

) IP- - DHCP

4.

5.


1

ISO 7498 (ISO International Organization of Standartization).

. . 1983 .

, , .

. , SNA (System Network Archithecture).

OSI (Open System Interconnection) , ANSI (American National Standarts Institute). CCITT (Consultative Committee for International Telegraphy), ISO. ISO , ISO 7498 .

, , - .

, , .

, , , , , .

, , , . 4 ( ), , , 3 , .. 1 . 1 , .

, , , , , .

 

, 1, 2 .., , , .

. , , , . , 4 3 , 4 , 3 .

, . . , - , . . , , . 3 , , ..

, , , 1 . 1 1 , , . 2, , , , .. , .

, . , 2 . 2 3 4. , 2 1. . . , .

, . . , , , , , - . ( ) .. , , .

ISO 7498 () :

7.

6.

5.

4.

3.

2.

1.

, , , .

() .

 

() , . , , , , , .

, .

 

, . , , , ISO 7498. .

.

 

, , . TCP/IP X.25.

7-5 , , . () . .

1-3 4 OSI. . 4- .

.

 

( - ), (IP-X.25).

 

2 TCP/IP.

TCP/IP ISO/OSI, , , TCP/IP OSI .

TCP/IP . TCP/IP 4 .

( IV) OSI. TCP/IP , : Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, Fast Ethernet, 100VG-AnyLAN, - "-" SLIP PPP, X.25, frame relay. , ATM . TCP/IP RFC, IP .

( III) - , , , . .

( OSI) IP, , , , . IP , . IP , , .

, , RIP (Routing Internet Protocol) OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol). - . ICMP , , , , ..

( II) . TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) UDP (User Datagram Protocol). TCP . UDP , IP, .

( I) . TCP/IP . , FTP, telnet, SMTP, Internet, , WWW . .

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) . , , FTP - TCP. FTP . , , , . , FTP . , , . FTP- Internet , Anonymous.

TCP/IP FTP , . , FTP, , - TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol). , , TCP, - UDP.

telnet , . . telnet , , . telnet , , , Kerberos.

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) . SNMP Internet, . SNMP - , , .. .. SNMP .

. SNMP-, , SNMP-, , . , .

, . , , . SNMP . , MIB (Management Information Base), , , .

 


3 IP-

) : (MAC-), (IP-) (DNS-)

TCP/IP :

  • , , , . , - - , , 11-0-17-3D-BC-01. , . - 6 : 3 - , 3 . , , .25 frame relay, .
  • IP-, 4 , , 109.26.17.100. . . IP- : . , Internet (Network Information Center, NIC), Internet. Internet NIC, .

IP . IP- - , . IP-. IP-, . IP- , .

  • -, , SERV1.IBM.COM. , , , , . , DNS-, , , FTP telnet.

 


) IP-

IP- 4 , , , :

128.10.2.30 - ,

10000000 00001010 00000010 00011110 - .

1 IP-.

0 N N

1 0 N N

1 1 0 N N

D

1 1 1 0 multicast

1 1 1 1 0

. 1. I-

- . , , :

  • 0, , , 3 . 1 126. ( 0 , 127 , .) 216 , 224.
  • 10, 28 - 216. 16 , 2 .
  • 110, 28. 24 , - 8 .
  • 1110, D , - multicast. D, , .
  • 11110, , .

, .

A

01.0.0 126.0.0.0

B

128.0.0.0 191.255.0.0

C

192.0.1.0. 223.255.255.0

D

224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255

E

240.0.0.0 247.255.255.255

 


) : broadcast, multicast, loopback

IP IP-:

  • I- ,
0 0 0 0 ................................... 0 0 0 0

, ;

  • 0,
0 0 0 0 .......0

, , , ;

  • IP- 1,
1 1 1 1 .........................................1 1

, , . (limited broadcast);

  • 1,
1111................11

, . (broadcast);

  • 127.0.0.1 . loopback.

IP- - multicast - , , , . , , . . . .

IP , , . IP-, IP- - , - , , . , .

 


) IP-: ARP RARP

IP- , , , , , IPX. , IP, , , , Internet ( , , Internet').

IP . , , , , -. , IP-, . , , , .

IP- Address Resolution Protocol, ARP. ARP , - (Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI) , (X.25, frame relay), . , - IP- . ARP - RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) , IP-, .

ARP IP-.

, IP- , ARP , , IP-, . ARP IP- . ARP-, IP- , ARP . ARP- . , ARP . 2 ARP Ethernet.

( 0 - 3)
( 4 - 5) IP- ( 0-1)
IP- ( 2-3) ( 0 - 1)
( 2-5)
IP- ( 0 - 3)

. 2. ARP

Ethernet 1. ARP IP, . IP 080016.

Ethernet 6 , IP- - 4 . ARP 1 ARP 2 RARP.

, ARP-, , ( RARP- IP-). , IP-.

ARP-, , , IP- X.25, . ARP . , - , , ARP- . IP- . , IP- .

 

 

) IP-: DNS

DNS (Domain Name System) - , Internet. DNS IP- . DNS RFC 1034 1035. DNS , IP-.

DNS . - DNS- DNS-. DNS- IP-. Internet. DNS IP- DNS IP , IP-.

DNS-, , - DNS- , , DNS-. DNS- , Internet. , . - , , . IP- DNS-, .

DNS , , ( ) . , , .

DNS Internet Network Information Center. , . ISO 3166. , :

  • com - (, microsoft.com);
  • edu - (, mit.edu);
  • gov - (, nsf.gov);
  • org - (, fidonet.org);
  • net - , (, nsf.net).

DNS , . , . 63 . Internet (fully qualified domain name, FQDN), . DNS- : citint.dol.ru.

 


) IP- - DHCP

, IP- . . , , .

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) , . DHCP IP-. , , DHCP .

, DHCP- IP- . DHCP-.

DHCP- IP- (, , ) IP- . DHCP-. IP- -, , . DHCP IP- . IP-.

DHCP- , IP- . IP-, IP-.

DHCP TCP/IP, . " " (lease duration), , IP-, DHCP .

DHCP , , DHCP, . IP- . , . , . .

DHCP -. - DHCP, "", discover (), DHCP- . DHCP-, , offer (), IP- .

- DHCP "" DHCP-. , "" request () DHCP-, .

DHCP- DHCP-acknowledgment (), IP-, , . , DHCP- . , , "", TCP/IP. -, , . DHCP-, IP- , IP-.

DHCP , DHCP-, , IP-. , .

DHCP . -, DHCP DNS. , DNS IP-. IP- DHCP, DNS. DNS DHCP ( Dynamic DNS), .

-, IP- . , SNMP, IP-. , IP-.

, : DHCP- IP- . DHCP, IP-.

4

.

5

1. . . -., 2003 .

2. : http://www.citforum.ru

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. , :