,,,
.
, -, . , , - - 1953. , . , , .22 1990 , , , , 1990{10}.
, ,
- -
- , 堠 , . 堠 . . - , , ..
"" , ⠠ , , , , , , .
, . . - - , .
"" - , ,
, .
"":
n ;
n
;
n ;
n ;
n
;
n ( .. ).
""?
""
, .. ( , ""). , : " "" ". , , , , , "" , .
, , "", . , "", , , , .
, 蠠 - . , , , "" .
- , "".
:
-, , "" , , -.
-, "" , .
, ,
. , , "ex works", .. , , . , , :
1. .
,
, , , , , , . " " , . , , , " " " ". , , ,
.
2. .
, , , , , . , . ( ) ( , ).
, .
, , , ( ) . , , ꠠ : " ", " " " ". , , , , , , ( ) . (" "), , .
. . , 젠 , . . , , , , .. . , , , "" . , , .
, " ", , , . . (, , ..). -, , . "-" .
""
"Ex ship" (" ").
. , .
! (, - ), .
, , , , .
, . , .
"Ex quay" (" ").
. . :
1. "ex quay duties paid" (" , "), , ;
2. ex quay duties on buyer s account (" , ").
! , .
"Ex works" (" -" " -")
, . , , . . , , .
(FCA, FAS, FOB) - , .
FCA - (FREE CARRIER) ʔ ( ) - , , , .
FAS - (FREE ALONGSIDE SHIP FAS)
( ) - , , . , . FAS . , .
, .
FOB - (FREE ON BOARD) Ӕ (
) - , . , . FOB .
"Free carrier" (" ").
, , , , (Ro - RoSchiffe). , , . . "Carrier" , , , .. , , .
"FOR/FOT" ("free on rail/free on truck" - " / ").
, "truck" , .
"FOB airport" (" ").
, . , , , . , .
( DAF, DES, DEQ, DDU, DDP) - .
DAF - (DELIVERED AT FRONTIER) ۔ ( ) - , , , , , . , . .
, .
DES - (DELIVERED EX SHIP) ( ) - , . .
.
DEQ - ( DELIVERED EX QUAY (DUTY PAID)) Ȕ ( ) ( ) - , () . , , , .
( - VAT), .
.
DDU - (DELIVERED DUTY UNPAID) ۔ ( ) - , . , ( , , ), , .
.
, , . .
DDP - (DELIVERY DUTY PAID) ۔ ( ) - , . , , , , . , .
, .
, , DDU.
, (, - VAT), , .
.
(CAF, CFR, CIF, CIP) - , - .
CFR - (COST AND FREIGHT) Ҕ ( ) - , . , , , , . CFR .
.
CIF - (COST, INSURANCE, FREIGHT) , Ҕ ( ) - , , CFR, . . , CIF .
.
Ҕ - (CARRIAGE PAID TO...) ... ( ) - , . , , , , . , , , . , , . Ҕ, . , .
CIP - (CRRIAGE AND INSURANCE PAID TO...) ... ( ) - , , CPT, , . . , CIP . , . , .
"CAF" ("cost and freight" - , " ").
, , , ( ) .
! , , . , "CAP l anded", .. " ". (landed) , .
"CIF" ("cost, insurance, freight" - , " , ").
, , , : . .
! , . , , "CIF landed" (", ").
"freight/carriage paid to" (" ")
, , , . , ,
, , . , . , , , .
! , . - , 젠
.
"Freight/carriage and insurance paid to" (" ").
"Freight and carriage paid to". . .
! , "FPA ("free from particular average" - " "). , . , - , , , . "freight/carriage and insuriance paid to" . , , , , .
. , . , ,
10%.
.
, ,
, .
,
, , , , () .
30-
.
.
, ( , ), , , ( ).
, ,
.
.
.
, .
0,5% .
, . 39.
. , -, . ,
Copyright (c) 2024 Stud-Baza.ru , , , .