,,,
. , , . , , .
1870 . , . , , , . - , . , .
- , , . . , , .
, , , , , "The Times" (1785), "Observer" (1791) "Sunday Times" (1822). , , .
. , "News of the World" (1843) "People" (1881). . 1896 "Daily Mail", "" . "Daily Mirror" 1903 , , . .
, , , , . . "Morning Herald" , "Daily Express", 1900 "Daily Mail" . "Daily Express" , 50- , .
"Daily Mirror" . , . "Daily Herald" (1911) , 1964 , "Sun" . "Sun", "Express" "Mirror" : "" . - , .
, , . , , , , . , . . , , .
, , 1920 5,5 . 1973 17 . , . , 70- . , , , .
, , . , 15 , . 14 17 , ( ..) , .
, 11 10 , , , , . , , . , , , . , .
70--80- . , , "" .
, . . , . . , , . .
. . "The Times" , . 11 (1979-80) , . , , . , . , . "The Times", .
, . , - . , , , , . , , , , .
"" 1984 . "" - , 1851 , .
- , . , . , "Today" 1986 , , . "" , "The Independent", 1986 . , , "The Independent on Sunday" (1990), "European", , . , , .
"" "" . "" , , . "" , , . , . , . , , .
"" , , . , . , . 1992 15% , .
, , . : .
"Morning Star", , , , . , . , - , . , , "Mirror", , , , "The Times" "The Independent" , , "Guardian", .
. , , .
, , , . , . , , , , . , , , . , , , . . - , , .
- , . , ("Evening Standard") 476 100 , , .
. . - . 1992 21% .
, , "The Scotsman" (), "Glasgow Herald" , " Western Mail " , "Yorkshire Post" () , .
, , . ; , 35 .
7 , , . , , , , . - . , , , . , , .
""New Statesman and Society" ( , ), "Economist" ( ) "Spectator" ( ) "New Scientist". "The Times" , , "Educational Supplement", "Higher Education Supplement" "Literary Supplement". , "Private Eye", , .
. . , , "Woman" "Woman's Own" . "Radio Times" "TV Times", . , , , , , , .
, . 1922 , (British Broadcasting Company) (John Reith).
1927 ( ) . , . , , , , . , .
( , ) 50- . , . () , (Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA)), 1954 , 195 . 1972 , , . , .
: IBA. , , () - IBA. , . .
1988 , 90- . , IBA (Independent Television Commission (ITC)). .
, . , , ITC . ; , , . , 1992 31,7% .
BBC
, , . ; , . -, , . , -.
, . , , 80 . , 1990 , , , , 25% . (Radio Times), , .
, , (World Service) 32 , 1932 , . . , - , 1991 , . .
- , . , . , . , , . , . , , . , .
1994 , , 10 , , . .
, , . ( 1 2). 1 , , , , , . 2 , -: , , , , . , 10% .
, - . 5 , 39 , , , . . : Radio 1 -, Radio 2 - , , Radio 3 - , -, , Radio 4 - , , - Radio 5, 1990 , .
ITC
- 1990 . IBA ITC (Independent Television Commission), ( ) .
ITC . , - ITV/Channel 3 Channel 4.
15 , ITV. , ITV .
, ITV, , . , . : . , , , , , .
ITV - , . , , ITV , , . ITV , - .
Channel 4 1982 , 2. , ITC, . , - , . , .
150 , -, . , , - .
, . Classic FM 1991 , . Virgin 1215 1992 . -. , .
. , . , , - .
1989 . , - BSkyB (British Sky Broadcasting), 15 , , , . . : .
, , , : 31,6% - , 23,6% - 1, 7,4% - 2, 30,5% - ITV 6,8% - Channel 4.
- , . 99% , 95% - , . , , .
, , , . - , . , - .
, , , . , , . , , , , . , , , .
, . , .
, 9 . , , , .
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