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Topic N1 ("Choosing a Career")
Choosing a career is like any other activity; it is best to
work to a plan. Too many people start looking for a specific job
before thinking out their occupational aims. It is a good idea to
begin by attempting to define in clear terms what your
requirements are from a career. This involves taking a realistic
view of your strengths and weaknesses. You may think for example,
that you would like a job which involves organizing people, but
liking such a job is not a sufficient justification if experience
you already may have suggests that this is not your strong point.
On the other hand, you should remember that training willl equip
you to do new things. A further point to consider is how far you
will be willing to do for a time things which you do not like
knowing that they are necessary to achive your longer term
objectives. Having thought carefully about the sort of person you
are, try to work out a realistic set pf occupational requirment.
In particular, you can answer to important questions. First: what
sort of life do you want to lead? For example, do you want to
live in the country or in the town? Is leisure time of great
importance to you? Is the size of your salary important? Do you
want to put down roots or travel videly? Second: what sort of
work do you want to do? For example, do you like working alone or
with others? Does teaching people appeal to you? Do you want to
be an organizer of other people's activities? Do you want to
develop new ideas and initiate changes.
As for me, I have made up my mind to be an engineer. As my
parents are an engineeres they have made a great influence on my
choice and I can say that this profession runs the family. My
choice of this occupation didn't come as a sudden flash. I think
that nowdays this profession is of great need and importance to
our country. It is my aim to be a qualified specialist and to
serve the interests of my country. To be a well prepared engineer
I should have some important qualities: great capability
persistance, knowledge of science and, of course, knowledge of
foreign languages. In spite of these arguments we musn't forget
about everybody's vacation. I think that my facilities combined
with the knowledge would be quiet enough to succeed in my work.
Topic N2 ("At the Doctors")
It is winter now. It is often cold. I can't say that I can
stand colds. So, sometime ago I suddenly fell ill. I mounted a
high temperature. I had a running nose and a sore throat. Also
I had a splitting headache and a cough. My whole body ached. My
mother fixed me a hot lemonade but that didn't help me much. She
wanted to give me some aspirin tablets too, but there weren't any
in our house. My mother told me to stay in bed, then she called
for a doctor. The doctor came, remove his coat and put on his
white gown. The doctor asked me to strip to the waist. He
examined my lungs, felt my pulse and blood pressure, took my
temperature. Then he examined my throat and said that it was a
little inflamed. He said that is was a light case of the flu and
told me to stay in bed and to have a rest. He wrote a
prescription for a gargle and cough medicine. Also he gave me
some sulfa pills, a slip for X-Ray and blood examination. He
prescribed cups and mustard plasters. The prescription, which the
doctor left, was made up at the chemist's. I followed all the
doctor's instructions and very soon I felt much better. In 10
days I fully recovered and resumed my studies.
Topic N3 ("At the Theatre")
I will never forget my first visit to the Bolshoy Theatre.
It was ages ago, but this stands out in my memory quiet vividly.
My mother bought beforehand two tickets for a matinee perfomance
of the ballet "Sleeping Beauty" by Chaikovsky. We came to the
theatre long before the perfomance began. A sign at the entrance
of the theatre said that "house full". Many people were standing
at the entrace of the theatre asking if we had an extra ticket.
We left our coats in the cloak-room and bought a program from the
usher to see what the cast was. I remember we were glad to see
that Ulanova was dancing the main part. When we came into the
hall the orchestra were tuning in their instruments. We found our
seats which were in the stalls and went exploring the theatre. My
mother showed me the boxes, the pitm the dress-circle, the tieres
and balconies. At 12 sharp th lights went down. The conductor
appeared and the overtune began. After the overtune the curtain
went up. I was in raptures at what I saw on the stage. I have
never seen anything more wonderful. The scenery and the dancing
were superb. The ballet seemed to me a fairy-tale. When the last
curtain fell, the house burst out into applause. I applauded so
much, that my hands ached. The cries of encore sounded all over
the theatre. The dancers got many curtain calls and were
presented with many flowers. The perfomance was a great success
with the public. It was one of my brightest memories.
Topic N4 ("Entertaiment")
I am fond of good books and good music, and when I have some time
to spare, I like to go to the theatre or a concert. There are
more
than a dozen very good orchestras in
them are
world famous. Orchestras in
halls of their own, but play in halls rented from local
authorities or private companies. There are 2 big concert halls
in
Hall, which is one of the most modern concert halls in the world.
Theatrical perfomances are given by theatre companies. There are
about
200 professional theatres in
theatre companies usually play in rented theatres, but there are
several theatres which have their own homes. The center of the
actrical
life is
and ballet. I am not particulaly fond of the cinema. Rather then
take trouble of going out to see a film, I would stay at home and
watch television. I seemed to share this attitude with the most
other
people in
limited to young people. Films are placed in one of three
categories
in
suitable for adults, "X" - suitable only for adults. A person
under 16 years of age may see an "A" filem only in company of an
adult. Only person over 16 years of age may see "X" films. Those,
who prefer to stay at home may spend their free time, watching
TV, listening to the radio. They have many TV and radio programs
to choose from.
As for me, I am a great cinema-goer. I like the cinema
tremendously. I see all the best films that are on. I prefer
features films, though I enjoy documentaries almost as much to
say nothing of animated cartoons films, news-reels or popular
science films. I usually go to the cinema for the morning or day
shows. If I want to go to an evening show I book tickets
beforehand. I like to come to hte cinema a couple of minutes
before the movie starts. If there is a long time to wait I can
always look at the portraits of film stars hanging on the walls
of the foyer, or listen to a little concert that is usually given
for the spectators. It is a good idea, that those who are late
are not allowed to enter the hall until the news-reel is over. I
hate being disturbed when a film is on. If I like a movie very
much I go to see it a second time and besides I see many of the
movies televised. I often read the paper "Film Week" to know
which films have been released and which ones are being shot. I
know all the famous script writers, producers and cameramen.
Topic N5 ("Books and
Books can fit almost every need, temper, or interest. Books
can be read when you are in the mood; they don't have to be taken
in periodic doses. Books are more personal and more impersonal
than professors. Books have an inner confidence which individuals
seldom show; they rarely have to be on the defensive. Books can
afford to be bold, and courageou, and explanatory; they don't
have to be so careful of boards of trustees, colleagues, and
community opinion. Books are infinitly diverse; they run the
gamut of human activity. Books can express every point of view;
if you want a different point of view, you can read a different
book.
for success in your studies. You will have to read lengthy
assignments in different subjects with varying degrees of detail
and difficulty. If you you read inaccuratly, you will fail to
understand some of the information and ideas you read. If you
read slowly, you will have to spent too much time reading your
assignments so that your other work may suffer.
Poor reading may be a problem for you, but it is not a
hopeless one. Like other skills your abilty to read English
rapidly and accuratly will depend upon a careful instruction and
purposeful practice. You must continue to practise on your own to
improve your reading skill.
Reading speed is determined in part by how many words your
eyes can see at a single glance. Here is a comparison of three
different readers and how many stops their eyes make.
Slow Reader:
Being ³ able ³ to read ³ by phrases ³ instead of ³ by single ³
words ³ results ³ from ³ practice.
Average Reader:
Being able ³ to read ³ by phrases ³ instead of ³ by single
words ³ results ³ from practice.
Fast Reader:
Being able to read by phrases ³ instead of by single words ³
results from practice.
Notice that the slow reader's eyes must stop fourteen times,
focusing on each word alone before they move on to the next. The
eyes of the average reader stop six or seven times because they
are able to see about two words at a single glance. The eyes of
the fast reader stop only three times. They focus at the center
of a phrase and see three or four words, then move rapidly to the
next phrase. This ability to see words on either side of the
point at which your eyes focus is called peripheral vision. As a
foreign student of English, you may feel, that it is impossible
to recognize so many words at a single glance. It is difficult
for many native speakers, but it can be done - and must be done
if you are to read as rapidly as you should. You can increase
your peripheral vision by eye exercises.
Topic N6 ("My Favourite Writer")
I'm fond of reading. My favourite writer is William Somerset
Maugham and i would like to tell about his biography.
William Somerset Maugham was born in 1874 and spent his childhood
in
parents
at an early age, he went to live in
uncle, who was a clergyman. He was educated at King's school in
in
studying to be a doctor. He was an unsatisfactory medical student
for his heart wasn't in medicin. He wanted, he had always wanted
to be a writer and in the evening after his tea, he wrote and read.
In 1897 he wrote a novel called "Liza of Lambeth", sent it
to a publisher and it was accepted. It was something of a
success. So William Somerset Maugham decided to abandon his
medical profession and he did it with relif. The next ten years
were very hard on him. He learned the terrible difficulties of
making a living by writing. But he survived. He became a famous
writer. He never regretted the five years he had spent at the
hospital. They taught him pretty well all he knew about human
nature.
The novel "The moon and sixpence" (1919) is based on the
life of the artist Paul Gauguin was an immediate success. Maugham
went to
His fame as a short story writer began with "The Trembling of a
leaf". Since then he wrote many collections of books, essays and
criticism. Many of his books and stories came out of his
extensive travels in the East. His autobiographical books "The
summing up" and "A writer's Notebook" are remarkable for both
style and sincerity. His books have been reprinted many times.
In 1927 William Somerset Maugham settled in the South of
Topic N7 ("The Book I've Just Read")
William Somerset Maugham's short stories are most fascinating.
Not long ago I read one of his short stories, it is the story
about a man who is very rich, very powerful, very intellegent,
very successful in his career and yet he is most unhappy. His
name is Lord Mountdrago (the story says: he was an able and
distinguished man who was appointed Secretary of Foreign Affairs
when he was still under forty. He was considered the ablest
politican in the Conservative Party and for a long time directed
the foreign policy of his country). One day he comes to Dr.
Audlin who is a psychotherapist and whose reputation as a
psychotherapist is very good. Dr. Audlin seems to be able to help
almost everybody (the story says: he could relif certain pains by
the touch of his cool, soft hands and by talking to his patients
often induce sleep in those who were suffering from
sleeplessness. He spoke slowly. His voice had no particular
color, but it was musical, soft and lulling. Dr. Audlin found
that by speaking to people in that low monotonous voice of his,
by looking at them with his pale, quiet eyes, by stroking their
foreheads with his long firm hands he could sometimes do things
that seemed miraculous). Lord Mountdrago has a strange dreams.
They get on his nerves. And he is afraid that he will go mad or
commit suicide if it goes on like that every night. He says that
his decision can affect the welfare of the country. When Dr.
Audlin askes to describe one of his dreams, he begins: "the first
i had was about a month ago. I dreamt that i was at a party at
were to be there and many prominent people too. Suddenly i saw a
little man there called Owen Griffiths, who is a member of
parlament from the Labour Party and to tell you the truth, I was
surprised to see him there. The Connemaras were at the top of a
marble staircase receiving their gusets... Suddenly I noticed
that the King and the Queen had come, turned my back on the
Connemaras i understood that i had got my trouses on. You can't
understand what i felt at that monent, an agony of shame. I awoke
in a cold sweat and understood what it was only a dream".
Dr. Audlin can't diagnose the case and soon he learns that
Lord Mountrago has ruined his opponent in the House of Commons.
Whose name is Owen Griffiths. He did cruely and mercilessly. His
conscience
has protested that injury he caused to
story has a tragic end. Lord Mountdrago is unable to get rid of
his terrible dreams. He commits suicide. His antagonist suddenly
dies too. The newspaper wrote that his death was supposed to be
due to natural reason but we know that his death was
supernaturally conditioned by Lord Mountdrago's tragic end. In
conclusion we come to after having read that supernational forces
effect our lives. No matter how sensitive or insensitive we might
be to them. Thus the moral of the story is that doing good is the
only certainly happy action of a man's life.
Topic N8 ("The Weather and Climate Fluctuations")
'Funny weather we are having' is a statment of the obvious we
have used for generations as a greeting. When the deep cold lasts
long and heavy snow and blizzards give us the shivers we replace
"funny" with something stronger, such as "terrible", "ghastly".
At times like these people ask what is happening to the weather.
So we go to the experts, who tells us, in language appropriate to
the subject, what happened yesterday, what is happening today,
and what might happen in the next few years. Weather and climate
specialists all over the world have ammassed a vast quanity of
information. They can describe what is happening around us. With
satellites they can forecast more accurately what might happen in
the immediate future. Their research has produced evidence of why
past climatic changes took place.
There have been many climate fluctuations ovver th 10,000
years
since
and retreats of ice in the northern hemisphere during the past
500,000 years can be accounted for by changes in the warmth from
the Sun.
This was caused by alterations in the Earth's orbit at
periods of 96,000, 40,000 and 20,000 years.
Although that theory is widley accepted as a possible
explanations for ice ages, it has not been proved. More than 50
theories have been put forward, but only a few have not been
completely dismissed.
Not long ago a new theory was published in the science
journal "Nature". According to Dr. Garry Hunt, of University
College, intense radiations from the nuclear explosion of a
nearby supernova - a star - could cause the destruction of part
or all of the ozone layer and in this way trigger an ice age.
As for me, i like Autumn best of all. The days become
shorter and the nights longer. It isn't so hot in the day-time.
The trees are covered with yellow and red leaves. At the end of
summer apples, pears, plums and other fruit become ripe. In the
South there are many oranges, peaches and tangerines. Autumn is
plesant when it does not rain. General Autumn is a rainy season
of the year. When it rains the weather is nasty. The sky is
covered with heavy clouds. It drizzles. It is muddy and wet.
Topic N9 ("The Ecological Crisis: A Myth or Reality")
At the present time the Earth accomodates more then 5 billion
people. Half of which are undernourished. A total of 4 million
deaths occureach year fro starvation. Mankind has finally
realised the threat of an increasing population and has faced the
fact that something must be done. The food-supply increase lags
considerably behind the immense growth of population. Besides
conditions for life grow steadily worse due to numerous facets of
environmental pollution. And worst of all, today's man constently
contributes to his own deadly crisis. We have got too many cars,
too many factories, too much sewage and carbon dioxide, too
little water and food deficiency - all that can be easily taced
to too many people. That is why many western scientists say that
our world is going through an ecological crisis which will mean
the gradual destruction of the human race. Our scientists are not
that pessimistic, although they do think that man's increased
tampering with the world around him is posing a growing threat to
the biosphere. It is not too late to forestall what could be
drastic and irreversible changes in the environment and ensure
that the world will be a healthy place for the present and future
generations to live in.
Topic N10 ("Holidays, Travel and Tourism")
For most people there is no problem in deciding how they are
going to spend the money they earn - it all goes on housing,
food, clothess, transport and, if they are lucky, leisure and
some holidays. Many of us have spent our lives without doing
anything out of the ordinary and now I have got a marvellous
opportunity of doing something exciting and I will. If I win the
prize of 20,000 dollars, I will spend it in the world round trip.
To travel round the world has long been my dream and with
this sum of money behind me this dream is likely to be realized.
I am going to take a trip round the world. I am going to do a lot
of sight seeing. I am goung to put up at expensive hotels and
spend much money on entertaiment and other exciting things.
My travel experience would begin in
one of the world's most modern cities because of its high
buildings
and its dynamic spirit. From
Atlantic
Ocean to
Museum
and visit the shops and pubs along King's Road in
My next
stop would be
its steep narrow houses and canals lined with trees. Flying on to
Coppenhagen I would eat Danish open-faced sandwiches and be
entertainde
at night clubs in
cities by this time I would head South to the Italian Riviera.
setting,
is one of the most charming vacations sports in
Of
course, a serious traveller could not
leave
visiting
are living museums. Continuing South, I would trace the beginning
of
Western civilization. I would make stops in
Certainly a chance to see the pyramids should not be missed.
Next, I
would fly east to visit the shimmering
Here, the traveller finds many precious gems for sale, but the
brightest
jewel of all is
would
travel to
like
mane other travellers, I would be drawn to
shopper's paradise.
Leaving
plane
bound for
sunbathes and eat spicy foods.
At this time it would be necessary to count my remaining
travellers checks.
If a tour of
to stop
in
would probably have run low. So, where would my round the would
trip
end? For me there is only one answer:
will never tire of calling home.
Topic N11 ("Shopping")
I would
like to tell you about shopping
in the
Marks
& Spencer is
too. It attracts a great variaty of customers from house wives to
millionaires. Princess Diana, Dustin Hoffman and the British
Prime-minister are just a few of its famous customers. Last year
it made a profit of 529 million pounds. Which is more than 10
million a week.
It all started 105 years ago when a young Polish immigrant
Michael
Marks had a stall in
things to sell: some cotton, a little wool, lots of buttons and a
few shoelaces. Above his stall he put the now famous notice:
"Don't ask how much - it's a penny." Ten years later he met Tom
Spencer and together they started Penny stalls in many towns in
the
North of
Spencer
all over the world: in
Belguim
and
The store bases its business on 3 principals: good value,
good quality and good service. Also, it changes with the times;
once it was all jumpers and knickers. Now it is food, furniture
and flowers as well. Top fashion designers advice on styles of
clothes. Perhaps, the most important key to its success is its
happy well-trained staff. Conditions of work are excellent. There
are company doctos, dentists, hairdressers, etc. And all the
staff can have lunch for under 40 pence.
Suprisingly tastes in food and clothes are international.
What
sells well in
knickers (M & S is famous for its knickers); for men - shirts,
socks, pyjamas, dressing gowns and suits; for children -
underwear and socks. Best sellers in food include: fresh
chickens, vegetables and sandwiches, "Chicken Kiev" is
internationally the most popular convience food. Shopping in
food stores and very successful supermarkets which has grown
tremendously in the twenty years since it was founded, and now it
has branches in the High Streets of all the towns of any size in
recent years they have diversified enormously and now sell
clothes, books, records, electrical and domestic equipment. The
success of the chain has been due to an enterprising managment
and to attractive layout and display in the stores. It has been
discovered that impulse buying accounts for almost 35 per cent of
the total turn over of the stores. The stores are organized
completly for self-service and customers are encouraged to wander
around the spaciously laid out stands. Special free gifts and
reduced prices are used to tempt customers into the stores and
they can't stand the temptation.
Topic N1 ("Choosing a Career") Choosing a career is like any other activity; it is best to work to a plan. Too many people start looking for a specific job before thinking out their occupational aims. It is a good ide
English topics
Epistemology and methodology: main trends and ends. (Ýïèñòåìîëîãèÿ è Ìåòîäîëîãèÿ)
Financial intermediation
Friedrich Durrenmatt (Ôðèäðèõ Äþðåíìàòò)
Great Britain, Science
Higher Education in The U.K.
Hobby - Travekkung
Hollidays
How telecommunication change the defenition of work Telework
How to negotiate effectively
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