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2 Delphi. , : ( ), . . : - Class Object Pascal. - Component (Class) Delphi. - Control ( ) , , , Windows. OC Windows. , Windows (Standart, Addition, Win32). . , . . VCL. Tlist , . Tstring . Tcanvas, Tgraphic, Tgraphicobject, Tpicture Tpersistent . . , . - , - . Tcomponent :
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3 : . - (Cache Memory) , , RAM. - DRAM ( Wait State). RAM (), . -. - SRAM, 5-20 . .. , , , ( 512 ). , PC 386. DRAM - SRAM. - . - (L2 Cache Level 2 Cache ) ( Pentium Pro, L2 Cache ). SRAM i80386, -. 2 . - (L1 Cache Level 1 Cache ) ( i80486 i80386) 8, 16, 32 . - : 1. WT ( ), , , . . . 2. WB . , , , , (dirty), , . ( ) (clean), . . , , WT. -: (direct-mapped cache), (fully associative cache) - - (set-associative cache). 1. , , , . , = - , - , . 2. . . . 3. - , . , . , , . . , -. |
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2 Automation. . OLE (Automation) , .
COM Automation IUnKnow IDispatch , , --- ., , , . , . Idispatch . Invoke. Function Invoke (DispId: integer; Const Iid: TGId; Locale ID: integer; Flags: word; var params; var Result, ExceptInfo, ArgErr: Point):Integer; , DispId , , . LocaleId Id. Flags . . Params TdispParams . VarResult OLEVariant . Exceptinfo , DispEException. ArgErr , . |
3 . -, . - . ( 1- ) . y = y(x) (1) (. 1- . -) y = a + bx (2)( , .. 1- , b ). ( (2)) : = a + bx + e, e , . :
. . X=(x1, x2, ..., xn), f=f(x1, x2, ..., xn) () , x1, x2, ..., xn g1(x1, x2, ..., xn)=0, ... , gn(x1, x2, ..., xn)=0. , . F=f(x1, x2, ..., xn)+1g1+2g2+...+mgm, 1, 2, ..., m . F. x*1, x*2, ..., x*n *1, *2, ..., *m, () () . Microsoft Excel . , . , (. ). *1, *2, ..., *m x*1, x*2, ..., x*n , .
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2 OLE DB. ADO., , (Universal Data Access, UDA), : Microsoft Open DataBase Connectivity, ODBC; OLE DB; Microsoft ActiveX Data Objects, ADO. (Object Linking and Embedding DataBase ) (Component Object Model -- ). (, , , rtf- . .). OLE DB , , . -, , . , OLE DB-, OLE DB - . OLE DB-, OLE DB- OLE DB- -. OLE DB ODBC. OLE DB- ODBC-. , OLE DB ODBC, , ODBC. ADO - icrosoft ctive (ctive Data bject D). D , . D mmn bjt del (), , , Visual ++, Visual Basic, Visual Basic for Applications (V), VBScript JavaScript. D , Active Server Page icrosoft. ADO , , (DataBase Access Engine), , 9, : onnection. , . ommand. , . Rrdset. , . Field. , . rmeter. , . rrt. , D. rrr. . ADO Delphi (TADOConnection, TADODataSet, TADOTable, TADOQuery,TADOStoredProc TADOCommand), ( - data store), Microsoft. , ADO ADO Delphi. ADO ConnectionString . TADOConnection, ADO . : *.udl; . / Microsoft Data Link Windows. *.udl C:\Program Files\Common\ SYSTEM\ole db\Data Links, Delphi OLE DB. udl- ( 10) . (Provider) . Visual FoxPro Microsoft OLE DB Provider ODBC Drivers, ODBC User DSN, . , . |
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2 . , . SQL (Structured Query Language). SQL , , , . , , (, , ), .. . SQL. , , . , f : R=f(R1, R2, R3Rn) , .. , : - : , , , : , , , A B , A B, , , A, B, . : A UNION B SELECT * FROM A UNION SELECT * FROM B; A B , A B, , , A B. A INTERSECT B SELECT * FROM A INTERSECT SELECT * FROM B; A B , A B, , , A B. A MINUS B SQL:SELECT * FROM A EXCEPT SELECT * FROM B . , , , , , t, , t , , b, . , . A TIMES B SELECT A.1, A.2, , B.1, B.2, FROM A, B; SELECT A.1, A.2, , B.1, B.2, FROM A CROSS JOIN B; (, ) A C , A, , , C . C , A () . C , - ( ..), X Y- A . - (-) -, -. : A WHERE C, A WHERE X@Y SQL: SELECT * FROM A WHERE c; A X,YZ, A, (X,YZ ) , (x,yz ), , A X x, Y y, , Z z. : A[X,YZ] SELECT DISTINCT X, Y, , Z FROM A; , , . : , - (-) , - , . . 8. A B C (A TIMES B) WHERE C C , A B () . , . A B , . |
3 . . , . : . Exception (. ) Delphi Exceptions Exception TObjection | Exception |_Eabaut ( ) |_EInOutError( ) |_EIndError( ) , , 0, , . D5 . Exception. . . Raise. Raise, . SysUtils . 2 :
{ } finally { } end;
{-------------} except { } end. try try end. / try finally finally. finally , try - finally . - , - . 1- finally , except . ONdo. ON c Do. OnDo . try . 1 2 . except - , , . ON Do - else: --- try ----- except On EoutOfMemory do Shomessage(‘ ’) On EoutOfResources do showmessage( ) else showmessage(‘ ’) end; ---. E . Try except On E:EmyException do showmessage(E.message) end. , do. showmessage(E.message) - E.message. on..do Raise. :EmyException=class(Exception) public ErrorNumber:integer; constructor create(Const Msg:string;ErrorNum:integer) end. begin inherited create(Msg) ErrorNumber:=ErrorNum;end; Raise EmyException.Create(). |
1 . , , , , . , .. . : - . , . - . , , - . (relation) + + . (normal form), . , () , () . ( ): . , , . . . 1) , , (, , ). , , . . 2) (, . ). . 3) , . 4) , , . . , . ( ). , , :
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3 , A -> B B -> C, A -> C. |
2 . . , , . . ( , ; , .). , . , , , . . ( , ; , , , .), . . , R-( R 0 1, ; , R 1; ) 1. Microsoft Excel R- . |
3 OLAP- . , OLAP-. OLAP- , (, , ) , OLAP-. , OLAP-. , OLAP- SQL-, GROUP BY, , . , OLAP- ( StatSoft SPSS) . , Microsoft Excel 2000. OLAP- - . , , OLAP- (, , DecisionCube Borland Delphi Borland C++Builder). OLAP- , , ( ) , , . OLAP-, , . ( !) OLAP- , , , . OLAP-, , , OLAP-. . . OLAP- OLAP- : , , , , . , , OLAP-, , Oracle Express Server, Microsoft SQL Server 2000. OLAP- ( , Microsoft Excel 2000 .) OLAP-, , . , OLAP- . |
1 - . - . , , . , . , , .. / . , , / . . : .: . , , , . . . , , . , () (). : 1,2,n . -. Y , . Y= f(x1,x2xn). -. |
2 OLAP-. . :
OLAP- , . OLAP- , (Data Warehouse). , , , , . , , , . . , ( ), . (fact table) (dimension tables). . , , . . : , . (, ); , . (, ) , . ; , . (, ) (, , , ); , . . , , , , /. , , , . , OLAP-. , . . . ( ) , , ( ) . , , , , . . ; , , , , . , , . , . , . , , , . . : , () (On-Line Transaction Processing, OLTP-), (); , (Decision Support Systems, DSS), (). . , . (On-Line Analytical Processing, OLAP-), . Delphi , . , , , , (). TDecisionQuery, SQL - Select. TdecisionCube - . - DataSet. TdecisionGrid . TdecisionGraph , - . |
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2 OLE. , OLE- (automation) . , , . , , . GUID (Global Unique Identifier), . - dispatch object. -, , , IDispatch, . Delphi function CreateOleObject (const ClassName:string):IDispatch. . , . , , Word, Delphi : uses ComObj; var WD: Variant; WD:=CreateOleObject(‘Word.Application.8’); , , . , , , . Delphi :
Type Library (*.tlb, *.dll, *.ocx, *.exe, *.olb)
Excel - c:\Program Files\ Microsoft Office\Office\excel8.olb Word - c:\Program Files\ Microsoft Office\Office\msword8.olb |
3 : ISA, EISA, PCI, AGP. . -. , . (ISA, EISA, MCA, VLB, PCI, AGP). , . , () : ( ) (, ) , . EISA, ISA, PCI, AGP. ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) ( IBM/PC) 4,7 , . ( PC/AT) 36- . 8,33 . 32- i80836 ISA . . 5 / ( 16,7 /). . , ISA 32- ISA. EISA (Extended ISA) , ISA. EISA () ISA. EISA 32- , EISA, ISA ( EISA , () ). EISA 33,3 /c 8,33 . PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect). . 66 64 528 /. . Intel Pentium. PCI ISA/EISA. PCI (Host Bridge). PCI, . PCI (4 ). , PCI . PCI: . , ( ). AGP (Advanced Graphic Port) . , . , (). PCI. AGP , PCI. : - ( 256 ); - 66 532 /. USB (Universal Serial Bus) 90- (Compaq, DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft .) ISA PCI . (hab ), . , - . , ISA PCI. 1,5 /. |
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CopyToClipBoard CutToClipBoard 255 . (cf_BitMap, cf_MeFilePict,...) Tgraphic, TbitMap, Tpicture, TmetaFile . ClipBoard - , . Clear. ClipBoard : Function EmptyClipBoard: boolean;
DDE (Dinamic Data Exchange) . . . . (SetLink) (Conversations) (Topic) (Item). , , , . (Item) Item . Item OnChange. DDE : TDDEServerConv , . TDDEClientConv , : . . TDDEClientItem TDDEServerItem Item , . TDDEServerConv. Name , . , . OnOpenOnClose. |
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, , (Universal Data Access, UDA), :
(Borland DataBase Engine, BDE). ODBC, OLE DB ADO . BDE Borland, (Paradox, Delphi/C++Builder). ODBC, , ANSI ISO, . OLE DB ADO UDA, , , , , . 1. . -, :
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3 Visual FoxPro Create . (Database Designer) . : Fields ; Indexes ; Table , . , . , , . Display , . Caption (, Browse, ..) Field validation . , . Rule : _ > 0 .and. _ < 1000. Message ( ) . , , Default value. , , , DATETIME(). . Expression Builder (. 2), , Visual FoxPro 5.0 (, , , ), ( ). Map field type to classes , . . Field comment , . Insert Delete . Indexes . . , , , ( ). , , , ( Del). |
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( ) ( -). Delphi, , MIDAS. . “” (, ) , , , , . , . ( ) . :
Delphi MIDAS(Multi-tier distributed application services ). Midas , . - (Remote Data Broker) . - - (Business Objects Broker) c Borland OLEnterprise . - (Constraints Broker) , , . Delphi :
, , . : RemoteDataModule DCOM, TCP/IP. MTSDataModule TCorbaDataModule MTS CORBA . - (TDataBase, TTable, TQuery, TStoredProc). , , . TDataSetProvider. . , TCientDataSet TXXXConnection. |
2 . - , .. . , - . , , . ŷt /( , . , ε=yt-ŷt (t=1, 2. ...,n) : , , , . 3 Visual FoxPro. 3.0 VFP , -, , . - , . → . 1. . . .-. . (- -) . , . , . , - -, . . , , , . . , . / , - . , . ( .VCX).
1) 2) 3) / . 4) . 5) . (Checkbox, Combobox) VFP .-. , 3 : 1) 2) 3) |
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EXIXSTS x, WFF . FORALL x WFF . () + + . = + + |
2 . . OLD NEW - , . . . , , . , . . : DECLARE VARIABLE < > < >; : CREATE PROCEDURE FULL_ADR (TOVARCHIK VARCHAR(20)) RETURNS (GOROD_ADRES VARCHAR(40)) AS DECLARE VARIABLE NAIDEN_POKUPATEL VARCHAR(20); DECLARE VARIABLE MAX_KOLVO INTEGER; BEGIN END BEGIN... END, -, , -, . , : = " "; , BEGIN... END. . : = ; , , , , , . : OUT_TOVAR = UPPER(TOVAR); IF. . . THEN. . . ELSE , Object Pascal: IF (<>) THEN < 1> [ELSE < 2>] , , 1, - 2. Object Pascal . SELECT . SELECT INTO : [, ...] , , SELECT ( , SELECT). SELECT KOLVO AVG_KOLVO SUM_KOLVO, , . KOLVO , TOVAR IN_TOVAR ( ). SELECT AVG(KOLVO), SUM(KOLVO) FROM RASHOD WHERE TOVAR = :INJTOVAR INTO :AVG_KOLVO, :SUM_KOLVO; FOR SELECT ...DO : FOR < SELECT> DO < >; SELECT , INTO. FOR SELECT. . . DO . SELECT, , DO. SUSPEND (. ), . , INJTOVAR. CREATE PROCEDURE RASHOD_TOVARA(IN_TOVAR VARCHAR(20)) RETURNS (OUT_DAT DATE, OUT_POKUP VARCHAR(20), OUT_KOLVO INTEGER) AS BEGIN FOR SELECT DAT_RASH, POKUP, KOLVO FROM RASHOD WHERE TOVAR = :INJTOVAR INTO :OUT_DAT, :OUT_POKUP, :OUT_KOLVO DO SUSPEND; END FOR SELECT. .. DO . SELECT, , , TOVAR , IN_TOVAR. ( OUT_DAT, OUTJPOKUP, OUT_KOLVO). . , DO. SUSPEND. . , . SELECT, : SELECT MAX_KOLVO FROM FIND_MAX_KOLVO("") WHILE ... DO WHILE (<>) DO < > : ; , . , . SUM_0_N, 0 , N. WHILE...DO. CREATE PROCEDURE SUM_0_N (N INTEGER) RETURNS(S INTEGER) AS DECLARE VARIABLE TMP INTEGER; BEGIN S = 0; TMP = 1; WHILE (TMP <= N) DO BEGIN S = S + TMP; TMP = TMP + 1; END; END |
3 . . . . . . : Local View Remove View
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. . X=(x1, x2, ..., xn), f=f(x1, x2, ..., xn) () , x1, x2, ..., xn g1(x1, x2, ..., xn)=0,... , gn(x1, x2, ..., xn)=0. , . F=f(x1, x2, ..., xn)+1g1+2g2+...+mgm, 1, 2, ..., m . F. x*1, x*2, ..., x*n *1, *2, ..., *m, () () . Microsoft Excel . , . , (. ). *1, *2, ..., *m x*1, x*2, ..., x*n , .
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3 Visual FoxPro Visual FoxPro , - DBase SQL, . . - - , , , . .-. . (- -) . , . , . - Createobject ( [, 1, 2,]). , , . , Display Objects, : ( ) With Endwith Mouse Click, Double Click, MouseMove, DragDrop , . SQL. SQL - . SQL: SQL . . SQL , . SQL, . . SQL .qpr. DO .QPR. SQL , SQL , : SQL .
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- . , =M0P0+M1P1+...+MnPn Mn - S0Sn. . =1- . (/) 0=λ (/) = *. () W:=/. ( ) WS=WM+1/μ. =N0P0+N1P1+...+NnPn ZN=N-TN. S=+Z |
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- . , =M0P0+M1P1+...+MnPn Mn - S0Sn. . =1- . (/) 0=λ (/) = *. () W:=/. ( ) WS=WM+1/μ. =N0P0+N1P1+...+NnPn ZN=N-TN. S=+Z. |
3 OLAP- OLAP- , . OLAP- , (Data Warehouse). , , , , . , , , . . , ( ), . (fact table) (dimension tables). . , , . . : , . (, ); , . (, ) , . ; , . (, ) (, , , ); , . (, ). : , () (On-Line Transaction Processing, OLTP-), (); , (Decision Support Systems, DSS), (). . , . (On-Line Analytical Processing, OLAP-), . Delphi. . - . Delphi , . , , , , (). TDecisionQuery, SQL - Select. : Select ; ; GroupBy . Select P.Gorod, R.Pocup, T.Type_tovar, R.Tovar, R.Mes, Sum(R.Kol * T.Zena), AVG(R.Kolvo * T.Zena) from “Rashod.db” R, “Tovar.db”T, ”Pocup.db” P Where R.Tovar = T.Tovar and R.Pocup = P.Pocup GroupBy P.Gorod, R.Pocup, T.Type_tovar, R.Tovar, R,Mes TdecisionCube - . - DataSet. TdecisionGrid . TdecisionGraph , - . |
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1 . , , . , . , . . , . . , “ ” , .. , . T R, T t R. . . , , . . , . : Range of R is x1, x2, ,xn T xi(i=1,2,,n) , . xi Ri(i=1,2,,n), R1,R2,,Rn / , T . (WFF) . WFF WFF.
, . , , , t, . , , , t, . , , , t, . , , . . , , , , , t, , t , , b, . , . , , 2 . , , . , , . EXIXSTS x, WFF . FORALL x WFF . |
2 . 4 λ- , , ( ). μ- , (- ). . N- . . μ . - , . , , , . 2 : , λ , . μ. - . . S0- , , , S1- , , , S2- 2 , SN - N , , , SN+1|- N+1 , , , SN+M N+ , , . , . , , . , : ,
- . , =M0P0+M1P1+...+MnPn Mn - S0Sn. . =1- . (/) 0=λ (/) = *. () W:=/. ( ) WS=WM+1/μ. =N0P0+N1P1+...+NnPn ZN=N-TN. S=+Z. 3 . , . .. . :
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linear programming. programming - , . , linear programming , , . , , : , , . , , . : , m . . : ; ; ; ; , ; ; , . , , 75% . , , . . , . , . (, , ). . , , . () , : X1 , X2 , Xn , : A1 1X1 + A1 2X2 + + A1 nXn = B1; A2 1X1 + A2 2X2 + + A2 nXn = B2; Am 1X1 + Am 2X2 + + Am nXn = Bm; Xj ≥ 0, j=1,,n : E = C1X1 + C2X2 + + CnXn max , , .. : Bj ≥ 0, j=1,,n , . : - ; - ; - - ; - , . () f(x1,x2,,xn) , f gi n , bi . () , . , . . , . , , . . n- . |
Uk Uk+1 Uk DUk, , .. Uk+1=Uk+DUk (1) , .. Uk DUk=f(Uk) (2) , (1) Uk, (2) Uk Uk+1=Uk+f(Uk) (3) DUk Uk, DUK=f(Uk) ,Uk-1...,Uk-2 (4) Uk+1=Uk+f(Uk),Uk-1...,Uk-2 (5) , (5) , .. . , - . . R(U) 3- : 1. 2. 3. . . ( ) ( ), f, g1...gm, h1..., hk . (1)-(3) (4)-(5) ( (2) (5)). , , . |
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