,,,
- 1 . . , . .
() , ,
, : , , , , , , , .
:
,
, . .
.
1. ,
2. .
3. Microsoft Access 2003.
4. .
5. .
, .
() , .. , .
( ).
, .. , .
(.. ), , , , .
( ) , . , .
( Primary )
():
. , .
, - , , - ( NULL) , , . .
.
, . , .. , .
.
- , :
) -- (1:1). , . .
) -- (1:), /0. (1:1) . /0 .
) -- (N:1), N/1. N
) -- (N:M), N/1, M/0. , , M N .
, . : , , ?
(1:), (1:1), . , , , , .. .
(N:1), N/1, , .. , .
(N:M), , .
. : , , .
. ( ) , . , . .
ER- .
(FK Foreigh ) . , :
1 ( PK1) 2 ( PK2) , (F1, F2), 1 2. .
( ), (F), . , .
. , .
1. (NULL)
2. (RESTRUCT);
3. (CASCADE).
. , , . . , , . , , . : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, .
1.
( ) ( ) , . à
2
( ) , ( à ) . : => .
3
(F1 à F2), .
4
(1) , (NULL) , .. 1.
5
(2) , 1 , ( ), .
6
() , 2 .
7
- () , .
8
, , .
() ( ) , , , , .
, , .
:
;
, , .
( ) .
.
1. .
.
2. .
, , .. , .
:
, .
, .
3. .
, :
.
4. .
. .
5. .
, , .
.. .
. ,
, . , , , .
SQL (Structuret Query Language) , ANSI (American National Standart Institute) ISO (International Standart Organization)
SQL , , :
, ,
( )
, .
: (DDL), (DML), (DQL)
DDL.
CREATE TABLE.
:
( , )
(PK FK)
< >:=CREATE TABLE <_>
(<_>[,<_>,]
[< >];
<_>:=<_><_>
[<_>]
<_>:=NOT NULL|UNIQUE|PRIMARY KEY
< >:=<_>
|<__>
|<_>
<_>:=<_>
(<_>[,<_>,])
<_>:= UNIQUE|PRIMARY KEY
<__>:=FOREIGN KEY (<_>
[,<_>,])
REFERENCES<__>
[<_FK>]
<_FK>:=ON UPDATE<>|ON DELETE<>
<>:=CASCADE|SET NULL|RESTRICT|SET DEFAULTNO ACTION
<_>:=CHECK (<>)
DQL
SELECT
SQL, .
SELECT | , | |
FROM | , | |
WHERE | () | |
GROUP BY | ||
HAVING | ||
ORDER BY |
:
2.
: - 1.
: - 1 .
1. - 1.
- 1947 . . . , , , , , . , - .
- 1 , .
1 . , . , , , .
- 1 , . 41 . 14 (88%), :
63% 1 ,
25% 2 .
, .
1 587 , 26,7% , , .
3 452 , , 204 . , 5 . 2 . , , .
3- :
16- (82 .)
49- (384 .)
85- (1128 .)
48- (918 .).
132 , 694 . , 44 . . 2001, 2002, 2003 .; 2002, 2003 . , .
: , , - , , , , .
- :
,
,
- ,
- .
. , , , , .
1 , . , .
.
1.
:
,
:
2. .
:
, ,
:
( )
( )
3. .
( )
4. .
( , ,). ( ) , ( , , , , )
5.
:
,
:
( )
6. / .
:
:
.
:
. , .
-
- -
-
- 1 , ,
-
- 1
-
1
. . .
. , .
-
-
.
|
|
|||
1 | ... | ..._ | ||
2 | __ | |||
3 | __ | |||
4 | _ | |||
5 | _ | |||
6 | __ | |||
7 | __ | |||
8 | (, , , ) | |||
9 | _ | |||
10 | (, ,) | |||
11 | ||||
12 | ||||
13 | ( , , ) | |||
14 | (, ) | |||
15 | ( ,) | |||
16 | ... | ..._ | ||
17 | __ | |||
18 | __ | |||
19 | _ | |||
20 | ... | ..._ | ||
21 | ... | ..._ | ||
22 | _ | |||
23 | _ | |||
24 | _ | (, , , ) | ||
25 | ||||
26 | _ | |||
27 | _ | |||
28 | ||||
29 | (, , , ) | |||
30 | ||||
31 | _ | (, ) | ||
32 | ||||
33 | ( 1 ,) | |||
34 | __ | |||
35 | _ | |||
36 | _ | |||
37 | ||||
38 | , | _ | ( ) | |
39 | _ | |||
40 | _ | |||
41 | ( ) | __ | ||
42 | _ | (, , ,) | ||
43 | ( - ,) | |||
44 | ( , -,) | |||
45 | _ | |||
46 | . | _ | , (,) | |
47 | _ | (, ) | ||
48 | () | |||
49 | _ | - | ||
50 | _ | |||
51 | _ |
( 1,) ( ) |
||
52 | _ | |||
53 | , | |||
54 | __ | |||
55 | __ | |||
56 | ... | ..._ |
|
|
57 | ||||
58 | _ | |||
59 | ||||
60 | _ | |||
61 | ||||
62 | ||||
63 | ||||
64 | __ | |||
65 | __ | |||
66 | , | |||
67 | _ | |||
:
1. , NULL-
2. , .
3. ,
4. .
5. .
6. .
7.
8.
9. .
10. ,
11. .
12.
13. .
14.
15.
16.
17.
():
(_, ..._, __, _, _, _, __, __, , , , _);
(_, ..._, __, _, _, ..._, ..._, );
(_, _);
(_, __, _) [ ];
(__, _);
(_, );
(_, );
(_, );
(_, );
(_, _);
(_, );
(__, );
(_, );
(__, , );
(_, );
:
(_, , _,) [];
(_, _) [ ] [];
(_, _, _, _) [ ];
(_, _, _, __) [ ];
(_, _) [ ] [ ];
(_, _, __, __, __) [ ] [];
(_, _, , _, __, _, _) [] [ ] [ ];
(_, _) [ ] [ ];
(_, _, _, _) [ ] [ ] [];
(__, _, _, _, _, _) [ ] [ ] [];
(_, _, __) [ ] [ ];
(_, _,) [ ] [ ];
(_, _, __) [ ] [];
.
SQL.
CREATE TABLE
(_ INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
..._ TEXT(30) NOT NULL,
__ DATE NOT NULL,
_ CHAR(10),
_ CHAR (100) UNIQUE NOT NULL,
_ CHAR(100) NOT NULL,
__ DATE NOT NULL,
__ DATE,
CHAR (10) UNIQUE,
_
TEXT (1) NOT NULL,
CHECK ( IN (, )));
CREATE TABLE
(_ INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
..._ TEXT(30) NOT NULL,
__ DATE NOT NULL,
_ CHAR(10),
_ CHAR(100) NOT NULL,
..._ TEXT(30),
..._ TEXT(30),
TEXT (1) NOT NULL,
CHECK ( IN (, )));
CREATE TABLE
(_ INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
_ TEXT(20);
CHECK (_ IN ( , , , ͻ, , )));
CREATE TABLE
(__ INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
_ CHAR(10)
CHECK (_ IN ( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, , ӻ)));
CREATE TABLE
(_ INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
TEXT(20);
CHECK ( IN ( , , )));
CREATE TABLE
(_ INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
TEXT(30)
CHECK ( IN ( , , Ի, , Ի, 80- , )));
CREATE TABLE
(_ INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
TEXT(15)
CHECK ( IN (, , )));
CREATE TABLE
(_ INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
TEXT(20)
CHECK ( IN (, , , )));
CREATE TABLE
(_ INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
_ TEXT(20)
CHECK (_ IN (, , , , , )));
CREATE TABLE
(_ INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
TEXT(20)
CHECK ( IN ( , , , , , , , , , , )));
CREATE TABLE
(__ INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
_ TEXT
CHECK ( IN (, , , , )));
CREATE TABLE
(_ INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
CHAR(10)
CHECK ( IN (, , )));
CREATE TABLE
(__ INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
_ TEXT
CHECK (_ IN (, );
(_, _) [ ] [];
CREATE TABLE
(_ INTEGER
_ INTEGER)
PRIMARY KEY (_, _),
FOREIN KEY (_) REFERENCES
ON DELETE CASCADE
ON UPDATE CASCADE
FOREIN KEY (_) REFERENCES
ON DELETE RESTRICT
ON UPDATE CASCADE
CREATE TABLE
(_ INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
_ INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
CHAR(10))
PRIMARY KEY (_),
FOREIN KEY (_) REFERENCES
ON DELETE CASCADE
ON UPDATE CASCADE
CHECK ( IN (û, /-1, /-1, /-1, /-2, /-2, /-2, /-3, /-3, /-3, -1, -1, -1, -2, -2, -2, -3, -3, -3, -4, -4, -4, -5, -5, -5, /-1, /-1, /-1, /-2, /-2, /-2, ̻)));
CREATE TABLE
(_INTEGER NOT NULL,
_DATA
_ TEXT
__ TEXT),
PRIMARY KEY (_),
FOREIN KEY (_) REFERENCES
ON DELETE RESTRICT
ON UPDATE CASCADE
CREATE TABLE
(_INTEGER NOT NULL,
__ INTEGER NOT NULL,
_ DATA
_ TEXT),
PRIMARY KEY (_)
FOREIN KEY (_) REFERENCES
ON DELETE RESTRICT
ON UPDATE CASCADE
FOREIN KEY (__) REFERENCES
ON DELETE RESTRICT
ON UPDATE CASCADE
CREATE TABLE
(_ INTEGER NOT NULL
_ INTEGER NOT NULL)
PRIMARY KEY (_),
FOREIN KEY (_) REFERENCES
ON DELETE RESTRICT
ON UPDATE CASCADE
FOREIN KEY (_) REFERENCES
ON DELETE RESTRICT
ON UPDATE CASCADE;
CREATE TABLE
(_ INTEGER NOT NULL
_ INTEGER NOT NULL
DATA
_ INTEGER
_ INTEGER
__ DATA),
PRIMARY KEY (_, _),
FOREIN KEY (_) REFERENCES ,
ON DELETE CASCADE
ON UPDATE CASCADE
FOREIN KEY (_) REFERENCES ,
ON DELETE RESTRICT
ON UPDATE CASCADE
FOREIN KEY (_) REFERENCES ,
ON DELETE RESTRICT
ON UPDATE CASCADE
CREATE TABLE
(_ INTEGER NOT NULL,
_ INTEGER NOT NULL
TEXT
_ INTEGER NOT NULL
_ TEXT
_ LOGICAL
_ DATE),
PRIMARY KEY (_),
FOREIN KEY (_) REFERENCES
ON DELETE RESTRICT
ON UPDATE CASCADE
FOREIN KEY (_) REFERENCES ;
ON DELETE RESTRICT
ON UPDATE CASCADE
FOREIN KEY (__) REFERENCES ;
ON DELETE RESTRICT
ON UPDATE CASCADE
CREATE TABLE
(_ INTEGER NOT NULL
_ INTEGER NOT NULL),
PRIMARY KEY (_, _),
FOREIN KEY (_) REFERENCES ,
ON DELETE RESTRICT
ON UPDATE CASCADE
FOREIN KEY (_) REFERENCES ;
ON DELETE RESTRICT
ON UPDATE CASCADE
CREATE TABLE
(_ INTEGER NOT NULL
_ INTEGER NOT NULL
_ INTEGER
_ INTEGER NOT NULL),
PRIMARY KEY (_, _),
FOREIN KEY (_) REFERENCES ,
ON DELETE RESTRICT
ON UPDATE CASCADE
FOREIN KEY (_) REFERENCES ,
ON DELETE RESTRICT
ON UPDATE CASCADE
FOREIN KEY (_) REFERENCES ;
ON DELETE RESTRICT
ON UPDATE CASCADE
CREATE TABLE
(__ INTEGER NOT NULL
_ INTEGER NOT NULL
__ INTEGER NOT NULL
TEXT
_ INTEGER NOT NULL
_ DATA
_ INTEGER NOT NULL
_ INTEGER),
PRIMARY KEY (__),
FOREIN KEY (_) REFERENCES ,
ON DELETE RESTRICT
ON UPDATE CASCADE
FOREIN KEY (_) REFERENCES
ON DELETE RESTRICT
ON UPDATE CASCADE
FOREIN KEY (_) REFERENCES
ON DELETE RESTRICT
ON UPDATE CASCADE
CREATE TABLE
(_ INTEGER NOT NULL
_ DATA
__ TEXT),
PRIMARY KEY (_, _),
FOREIN KEY (_) REFERENCES
ON DELETE CASCADE
ON UPDATE CASCADE
FOREIN KEY (__) REFERENCES
ON DELETE RESTRICT
ON UPDATE RESTRICT
CREATE TABLE
(_ INTEGER NOT NULL
_ INTEGER NOT NULL),
PRIMARY KEY (_, _
FOREIN KEY (_) REFERENCES
ON DELETE CASCADE
ON UPDATE CASCADE
FOREIN KEY (_) REFERENCES
ON DELETE RESTRICT
ON UPDATE CASCADE
CREATE TABLE
(_ INTEGER NOT NULL
..._ TEXT
_ INTEGER NOT NULL
TEXT
__ DATA),
PRIMARY KEY (_, _
FOREIN KEY (_) REFERENCES
ON DELETE CASCADE
ON UPDATE CASCADE
FOREIN KEY (_) REFERENCES
ON DELETE RESTRICT
ON UPDATE CASCADE
1. , 2 .
:
(_, _);
(__, _);
(_, );
(_, );
(_, );
(_, );
(_, _);
(_, );
(__, );
(_, );
(__, , );
(_, );
(_, _) [ ] [ ];
(_, _) [ ] [ ];
(..._, ) [ ] [];
(_, _) [ ] [ ];
(_, _,) [ ] [ ];
2. , PK, 2. , .
(_, ..._, __, _, _, _, __, __, , , , _);
(_, ..._, __, _, _, ..._, ..._, );
, .
(, ) [];
: à . .
(, , _, _, _, _) [] [ ] [ ];
: (, _, _, _)à, (, _, _, _)à_. (, _, _, _) . . .. .
(..._, , _, ..._, _) [ ] [ ] [];
: (..._, , _) à..._, (..._, , _) à_. (..._, , _) . . .. .
3. PK.
(_, __, _) [ ];
: (_, __) à .
(_, __) . .
(_, _, _) [ ];
: (_, _) à_
(_, _) . .
(_, _, _, _, __) [ ];
: (_, _) à_, (_, _) à_, (_, _) à__
(_, _) . .
(..._, ..._, _, _, __) [ ] [];
: (..._, __) à..._, (..._, __) à_, (..._, __) à_.
(..._, __) . .
(..._, _, _, ..._) [ ] [ ] [];
: (..._, _) à_, (..._, _) à..._.
(..._, _) . .
(..._, , _, ..._, _) [ ] [ ] [];
: (..._, , _) à..._, (..._, , _) à_
(..._, , _) . .
(..._, _, _) [ ] [ ];
: (..._, _) à_.
.
(..._ , __) [ ] [];
: (..._, ) à__.
.
Microsoft Access 2003 / , Windows 2000 XP.
1. Access , , , . Access 2003 , Internet
2. ,
3. , Internet.
4. ,
5.
6. access
, Access 2003 . , .
1 . . -.
:
. 2.1
:
, 2.2
:
, 2.3
:
, 2.4
:
" 2.5
:
, 2.6
:
, 2.7
:
, 2.8
:
, 2.9
:
, 2.4
:
, 2.10
2.4.3
1. . .
SELECT [ ]. _, [ ]. ..._, [ ]. __, [ ]. _, [ _1]...._, [ ]. __, ., [ ]. __, _1.
FROM [ ] AS [ _1] INNER JOIN ( AS _1 INNER JOIN ([ ] INNER JOIN ( INNER JOIN [ ] ON ._ = [ ]. __) ON [ ]. _ = [ ]. _) ON _1._ = [ ]. __) ON [ _1]._ = [ ]. _;
2. . .
SELECT [ ]. _, [ ]. ..._, [ ]. _, ., [ ]. __
FROM [ ] INNER JOIN ( INNER JOIN [ ] ON ._ = [ ]. _) ON [ ]. _ = [ ]. _;
3. .
SELECT [ ]. ..._, [ ]. _, [ ]. _
FROM [ ] INNER JOIN ([ ] LEFT JOIN [ ] ON [ ]. _ = [ ]. _) ON [ ]. _ = [ ]. _;
4. . .
SELECT [ ]. ..._, [ ].
FROM [ ] INNER JOIN ([ ] INNER JOIN [ ] ON [ ]. _ = [ ]. _) ON [ ]. _ = [ ]. _;
5. -. .
SELECT [ ]. _, [ ]. ..._, [ ]. _, [ ]. _, [ ]. _, [ ]. _
FROM [ ] INNER JOIN ([ ] LEFT JOIN [ ] ON [ ]. _ = [ ]. _) ON [ ]. _ = [ ]. _;
6. .
SELECT [ ]. _, [ ]. , [ ]. _, [ ]. _, [ ]. _, [ ]. ..._
FROM [ ] INNER JOIN ([ ] INNER JOIN [ ] ON [ ]. _ = [ ]. _) ON [ ]. _ = [ ]. _;
7. 1 , , 1
SELECT [-]. _, [-]. _, ., [-]. _
FROM INNER JOIN [-] ON ._ = [-]. _;
8,9,10. , , ӻ.
SELECT Count([ ]. _) AS [Count-_]
FROM [ ]
WHERE ((([ ]. _)=2));
11,12,13,14,15. , 80 , , , 3.
SELECT Count([ ]. _) AS [Count-_]
FROM [ ]
WHERE ((([ ]. _)=2));
16,17,18,19,20,21. , , , , , ͻ 4
SELECT Count([ ]. _) AS [Count-_]
FROM [ ]
WHERE ((([ ]. _)=4));
22,23,24 , , 2
SELECT Count([ ]. _) AS [Count-_]
FROM [ ]
WHERE ((([ ]. __)=1));
25,26,27,28,29. , , , , 2
SELECT Count([ ]. _) AS [Count-_]
FROM [ ]
WHERE ((([ ]. _)=2));
30. - 2.
SELECT Count([ ]. _) AS [Count-_]
FROM [ ]
WHERE ((([ ]. )= ));
31,32,33. , , ӻ.
SELECT Count([ ]. _) AS [Count-_]
FROM [ ] INNER JOIN [ ] ON [ ]. _=[ ]. _
WHERE ((([ ]. _)=2));
34,35,36,37,38. , , , ,
SELECT Count([ ]. _) AS [Count-_]
FROM [ ] INNER JOIN ( INNER JOIN [ ] ON ._ = [ ]. _) ON [ ]. _ = [ ]. _
WHERE (((._)>[ ] And (._)<[ ]))
GROUP BY ._
HAVING (((._)=2));
39. ӻ.
SELECT Count([ ]. _) AS [Count-_]
FROM [ ];
40. ӻ.
SELECT Count([ ]. _) AS [Count-_]
FROM [ ];
41. 2.
SELECT Count([ ]. _) AS [Count-_]
FROM [ ]
WHERE ((([ ]. _)=Yes));
42. .
SELECT [ ]. _, [ ]. ..._, [ ]. __, [ ]. _
FROM [ ] INNER JOIN [ ] ON [ ]. _ = [ ]. _;
43,44,45,46. , , , .
SELECT [ ]. ..._
FROM [ ] INNER JOIN ([ ] INNER JOIN [ ] ON [ ]. _ = [ ]. _) ON [ ]. _ = [ ]. _
WHERE ((([ ]. _)=2));
47. , , , .
SELECT [ ]. _, [ ]. _, [ ]. __, [ ]. _
FROM [ ] INNER JOIN [ ] ON [ ]. __ = [ ]. __;
48.
SELECT [ ]. _, [ ]. ..._, [ ]. _, [ ]. _, [ ]. _, [ ]. ..._
FROM [ ] INNER JOIN ([ ] INNER JOIN ( INNER JOIN [ ] ON ._ = [ ]. _) ON [ ]. _ = [ ]. _) ON [ ]. _ = [ ]. _;
49. , , , , .
SELECT [ ]. _, [ ]. _, [ ]. ..._, ._, [ ]. _, ._
FROM [ ] INNER JOIN ([ ] INNER JOIN ( INNER JOIN [ ] ON ._ = [ ]. _) ON [ ]. _ = [ ]. _) ON [ ]. _ = ._;
50. , , , .
SELECT [ ]. _, [ ]. __, [ ]. _
FROM [ ] INNER JOIN [ ] ON [ ]. __ = [ ]. __;
51. .
SELECT [ ]. _, [ ]. ..._, [ ]. _, [ ]. _
FROM [ ] INNER JOIN ([ ] INNER JOIN [ ] ON [ ]. _ = [ ]. _) ON [ ]. _ = [ ]. _;
52. 1 .
SELECT ._, ._, ., ., ._, [ ]. _, .__, [ ]. _, ._, ._
FROM [ ] INNER JOIN ([ ] INNER JOIN ( INNER JOIN ON ._ = ._) ON [ ]. __ = .__) ON [ ]. _ = ._;
53. .
SELECT [ ]. _, [ ]. , [ ]. _, . , [ ]. _, [ ]. ..._
FROM [ ] INNER JOIN ( INNER JOIN [ ] ON . _ = [ ]. _) ON [ ]. _ = [ ]. _;
54. .
SELECT [ ]. ..._, [ ]. _, [ ]. _
FROM [ ] INNER JOIN ([ ] LEFT JOIN [ ] ON [ ]. _ = [ ]. _) ON [ ]. _ = [ ]. _
WHERE ((([ ]. _)>[ ] And ([ ]. _)<[ ])) OR ((([ ]. _)>[ ] And ([ ]. _)<[ ])) OR ((([ ]. _)<[ ]) AND (([ ]. _)>[ ]));
55. .
SELECT [ ]. _, [ ]. ..._, [ ]. _, [ ]. __, [ ]. __, [ ]. __, [ ]. , [ ]. ..._, [ ]. ..._, [ ]. __, [ ]. _
FROM [ ] INNER JOIN [ ] ON [ ]. __ = [ ]. __;
56. - -.
SELECT [-]. _, [ ]. ..._, [-]. _, ., [-]. _, [-]. _, [ ]. ..._, [-]. _
FROM [ ] INNER JOIN ([ ] INNER JOIN ( INNER JOIN [-] ON ._ = [-]. _) ON [ ]. _ = [-]. _) ON [ ]. _ = [-]. _;
57. .
SELECT [ ]. ..._, ._, ., ., [ ]. _, [ ]. _, ._, [ ]. _, [ ]. ..._
FROM [ ] INNER JOIN ([ ] INNER JOIN ([ ] INNER JOIN (([ ] INNER JOIN ( INNER JOIN ON ._ = ._) ON [ ]. __ = .__) INNER JOIN [ ] ON ._ = [ ]. _) ON [ ]. _ = [ ]. _) ON [ ]. _ = [ ]. _) ON [ ]. _ = ._;
58. .
SELECT [ ]. [Count-_], [ ]. [Count-_], [ ]. [Count-_], [ ]. [Count-_], [ ]. [Count-_]
FROM [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ];
59. .
SELECT [ ]. _, [ ]. ..._, [ ]. __, [ ]. _
FROM [ ] INNER JOIN [ ] ON [ ]. __ = [ ]. __;
60. - - .
SELECT [ ]. _, [ ]. _, [ ]. _, [ ]. _, [ ]. _, [ ]. _, [ ]. __
FROM [ ] LEFT JOIN [ ] ON [ ]. _=[ ]. _;
61. .
SELECT [ ]. ..._, [ ]. _, [ ]. _
FROM [ ]
WHERE ((([ ]. _)>[ ] And ([ ]. _)<[ ])) OR ((([ ]. _) Is Null));
1. , . .
2.11.
2. , . . .
2.12
3. , . . 1.
2.13
4. , . . .
2.14
5.
2.15
6.
2.16
7.
2.17
8.
2.18
9.
2.19
10.
2.20
11.
2.21
12.
2.22
13.
2.23
14. -
2.24
15.
2.25
16.
2.26
17.
2.27
18.
2.28
19.
. 2.29
20.
2.30
21.
2.31
22, 23. .
24, 25 .
26.
2.32
1. . . . 1.
2. . 1 . 2.
3. , . , . 3.
4. . . 4.
5. . - . 5.
6. ӻ. 1, 2, 3, 4 . 6.
7. . -
- 1 . .
:
( 29 );
( 61);
, ( 45), ( 15) ( 10).
:
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
.
, , .
:
;
, :
;
;
;
Microsoft SQL Server, -.
1. . DB2..: , 1988, 320 .
2. .. . .: . , 2001. 1072 .
3. .., .. Microsoft Access 2002. .: -, 2003. 718 .
4. .., .., .. Microsoft ACCESS: . . .: , 2004. 240 .
5. .. : . . : , 2006. 380 .
- 1 . . ,
Copyright (c) 2024 Stud-Baza.ru , , , .